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Abstract
In this paper, a comprehensive approach for digital video watermarking is introduced, where a binary watermark image is embedded into the video frames. Each video frame is decomposed into sub-images using 2 level discrete wavelet transform then the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) transformation is applied for each block in the two bands LL and HH. The watermark is embedded into the maximum coefficient of the PCA block of the two bands. The proposed scheme is tested using a number of video sequences. Experimental results show high imperceptibility where there is no noticeable difference between the watermarked video frames and the original frames. The computed PSNR achieves high score which is 44.097 db. The proposed scheme shows high robustness against several attacks such as JPEG coding, Gaussian noise addition, histogram equalization, gamma correction, and contrast adjustment.
Keywords: Digital video watermarking, Principal Component Analysis, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Binary watermark.
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1. Introduction
Digital watermarking is a new technology used for copyright protection of digital media. Digital watermarking was introduced at the end of the 20th century to provide means of enforcing copyright protection of digital data. Where, ownership information data called watermark is embedded into the digital media (image, audio, and video) without affecting its perceptual quality. In case of any dispute, the watermark data can be detected or extracted from the media and used as a proof of ownership. Imperceptibility and robustness against attacks are the fundamental issues in digital watermarking techniques [1-2]. Recently, digital video watermarking has emerged as a significant field of interest and a very active area of research [3]. Many digital watermarking schemes have been proposed for video. Most these schemes are based on the techniques of image watermarking, but video watermarking has some issues not present in image watermarking. This is because video sequences have some distinguish characteristics such as the temporal and inter-frame characteristics, which require specific approaches for video watermarking [4-7]. Video watermarking schemes can be classified into two main categories based on the domain which used for hiding the watermark bits in the host video. The first one is the spatial domain watermarking where embedding and detection of watermark is performed by directly manipulating the pixel intensity values of the video frame...