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Abstract
Rationale: Disrupted energy homeostasis in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may lead to weight gain. Paradoxically, treating OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may also promote weight gain, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear.
Objectives: To explore the underlying mechanism by which patients with OSA gain weight after CPAP.
Methods: A comprehensive assessment of energy metabolism was performed in 63 newly diagnosed OSA study participants (51 men; 60.8 6 10.1 yr; apnea-hypopnea index .20 h21) at baseline, CPAP initiation, and at a 3-month follow-up. Measurements included polysomnography, body weight, body composition, basal metabolic rate (BMR), hormones (norepinephrine, cortisol, leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor-1), dietary intake, eating behavior, and physical activity.
Measurements and Main Results: BMR significantly decreased after CPAP (1,584 kcal/d at baseline, 1,561 kcal/d at CPAP initiation,and1,508kcal/datfollow-up;P, 0.001),whereasphysical activity and total caloric intake did not significantly change. In multivariate regression, baseline apnea-hypopnea index, Durine norepinephrine, and CPAP adherence were significant predictors of DBMR. The weight gainers had higher leptin levels, lower ghrelin levels, and higher eating behavior scores than the non-weight gainers, indicating a positive energy balance and disordered eating behavior among the weight gainers. Among the parameters related to energy metabolism, increased caloric intake was a particularly significant predictor of weight gain.
Conclusions: Although a reduction in BMR after CPAP predisposes to a positive energy balance, dietary intake and eating behavior had greater impacts on weight change. These findings highlight the importance of lifestyle modifications combined with CPAP.
Clinical trial registered with http://www.umin.ac.jp/english/ (UMIN000012639).
Keywords: appetite-regulating hormones; basal metabolic rate; body weight; eating behavior; energy balance
Obesity has become a serious public health concern worldwide in recent decades, leading to multiple health consequences and adverse outcomes (1). Obesity is also a major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and as high as 70% of patients with OSA are obese (2). Conversely, prior studies revealed a disruptive impact of OSA on energy metabolism, and there is an emerging concept that OSA itself may in turn reinforce the obese state (2-5). In fact, studies have indicated that OSA may affect energy expenditure (i.e., elevated basal/sleeping energy expenditure plausibly because of increased sympathetic activity and breathing efforts) (6-11) and energy intake (i.e., increased preference for high-fat or calorie-dense food) (12-15) via a complex...