A check-list of the nematode parasites of South African serpentes (snakes) and Sauria (lizards)

Abstract

Published records, in combination with own data have been brought together to provide data on parasite/host relationships of reptiles that occur in the Republic of South Africa. A total of 62 nematode species belonging to 23 genera and 11 families are recorded from 20 snake and 21 lizard species. The genera Kalicephalus, Spauligodon, Ophidascaris and Abbreviata are especially well represented with between five and eight species per genus. The most nematode species were recorded from the flap-neck chameleon, Chamaeleo dilepis (eight), the puff-adder, Bitis arietans (eight) and the water monitor, Varanus niloticus (seven). All synonyms of parasites and hosts are given.

Headnote

ABSTRACT

Headnote

HERING-HAGENBECK, S.F.B.N. & BOOMKER, J. 2000. A check-list on the nematode parasites of South African Serpentes (snakes) and Sauria (lizards). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 67:1-13

Published records, in combination with own data have been brought together to provide data on parasite/host relationships of reptiles that occur in the Republic of South Africa.

A total of 62 nematode species belonging to 23 genera and 11 families are recorded from 20 snake and 21 lizard species. The genera Kaficephalus, Spauligodon, Ophidascaris and Abbreviata are especially well represented with between five and eight species per genus. The most nematode species were recorded from the flap-neck chameleon, Chamaeleo dilepis (eight), the puff-adder, Bitis arietans (eight) and the water monitor, Varanus niloticus (seven). All synonyms of parasites and hosts are given.

Keywords: Lizards, nematodes, reptiles, snakes, South Africa

INTRODUCTION

More than 400 species of reptiles occur in South Africa in biomes that vary from the Western Cape macchia to the grasslands of the Free State, the mountainous highlands of KwaZulu-Natal and the arid regions of the Northern Cape. Their helminth parasites, however, have attracted little attention and few records exist in the literature. Those that do exist are mostly of a taxonomic nature and only a single one deals with a survey.

The aim of this check-list is to provide a source of reference to the original records of the nematodes of reptiles occurring in South Africa.

Synonyms of the nematodes and their host species are provided. Only adult worms have been included and doubtful records or host identifications are indicated by a question mark (?). Records from reptiles that also have a distribution outside South Africa are included in this list.

We have partly followed Round's (1968) and Khalil & Polling's (1997) format and thus present the checklist in two parts. In the first part, the parasites are listed under their scientific names together with the synonyms and authorities, and the host and country from which the parasite was reported.

In the second part, the hosts are listed, together with their synonyms and their parasites, the latter in alphabetical order.

The system of classification of the nematodes conforms with the views held by Anderson, Chabaud & Willmott (1974-1983), while the classification and synonymies of the hosts are based on the works by Broadley (1983) and Branch (1998).

Nematode parasites of South African Serpentes and Sauria

PARASITE/HOST CHECK-LIST

Nematoda

Family RHABDIASIDAE Railliet,1915

GENUS RHABDIAS STILES & HASSALL, 1905

1. Rhabdias fuscovenosa (Railliet, 1899) Goodey, 1924

Ascaris humilis Leidy, 1856; Strongylus catanensis Rizzo, 1902; Rhabdias ophida Goodey, 1924; Rhabdias vellardi Pereira sensu Harwood, 1932; Rhabdias annulosa Hsu, 1933

Bitis arietans Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Hemachatus haemachatus Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Naja nivea Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Family DIAPHANOCEPHALIDAE

Travassos,1920

GENUS KALICEPHALUS MOLIN, 1861

Subgenus Kalicephalus (Variabliformis) Lichtenfels, 1980

1. Kalicephalus colubri colubri (Ortlepp,1923) Lichtenfels, 1980

Kalicephalus minutus Boulenger,1926; Kalicephalus minutus Fantham & Porter, 1950; KaJicephalus obliquus Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1937

Bitis arietans Peirce (1984), Zambia Schad (1962), Congo

Naja melanoleuca Schad (1962), West Africa

Peudoaspis cana Schad (1962), Kenya

2. Kalicephalus paracolubriparacolubri Ghadirian, 1968

Naja meianonleuca Ghadirian (1968), Central African Republic

3. Kalicephalus vipers obliquus (Daubney, 1923)

Diaphanocephalus obliquus Daubney, 1923; Kalicephalus obliquus Ortlepp, 1923; Kalicephalus bitisiCampana-Rouget & Chabaud, 1950

Bitis arietans Daubney (1923), Africa Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Bitis gabonica Campana-Rouget & Chabaud (1950), Ivory Coast Ortlepp (1923); Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Causus rhombeatus Daubney (1923), Africa Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Psammophylax tritaeniatus Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Subgenus Kalicephalus (Schadius) Lichtenfels,1980

4. Kalicephalus costatus micrurus (Daubney, 1923) Schad,1962

Diaphanocephalus micrurus Daubney, 1923; Kalicephalus micrurus Yorke & Maplestone, 1926

Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia This paper, South Africa Wahid (1961), Malawi

Dispholidus typus Schad (1962), London Zoo

Macrelaps microlepidotus Daubney (1923); Baylis (1929), South Africa

5. Kaiicephalus simus simus (Daubney,1923) Yorke Maplestone, 1926

Kaicephalus nigeriensis Ortlepp, 1923

Dendroaspis angusticeps Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Dendroaspis polylepis Ortlepp (1926) in Schad (1962), Congo

Naja melanoleuca Van den Berghe (1943); Schad (1962), Congo

Naja mossambica Peirce (1984), Zambia Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Psammophis brevirostris Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Species inquirendae (After Schad 1962)

6. Kalicephalus rotundatus v. Linstow, 1908

Pseudoaspis cana Von Linstow (1908), South Africa

Family PHARYNGODONIDAE Travassos, 1919

GENUS PARAPHARYNGODON CHATTERJI, 1933

1. Parapharyngodon rotundatus (Malan,1939) Freitas, 1957

Thelandros rotundatus Malan, 1939

Agama atra Malan (1939); Freitas (1957), South Africa

Pseudocordylus microlepidotus Malan (1939); Freitas (1957), South Africa

GENUS PHARYNGODON DIESING, 1861

Neopharyngodon Chakravarty & Bhaduri, 1948

1. Pharyngodon sp.

Agama aculeata aculeata Heideman (1995), Namibia

GENUS SPAULIGODON SKRJABIN, SCHIKHOBALOVA & LAGODOVSKAJA, 1960

1. Spauligodon auziensis (Seurat, 1917) Skrjabin et al.,1960

Hemidactylus mabouia Moravec et al. (1987), Egypt

2. Spauligodon morgani (Fitzsimmons, 1961) Barus & Coy Otero, 1974

Pharyngodon morgani Fitzsimmons, 1961 Hemidactylus mabouia Simonsen & Sarda (1985), Tanzania

Mabuya quinquetaeniata Simbotwe (1979), Zambia

Mabuya striata Fitzsimmons (1961), Malawi Simbotwe (1979), Zambia

3. Spauligodon petersi Bursey, McAllister & Freed, 1997

Mabuya sulcata sulcata Bursey et aL (1997), South Africa

4. Spauligodon smithi Bursey, McAllister & Freed, 1997

Pachydactylus bibronii Bursey et aL (1997), South Africa

5. Spauligodon timbavatiensis Hering-Hagenbeck & Boomker, 1998

Pachydactylus turneri Hering-Hagenbeck & Boomker (1998), South Africa

8. Spauligodon vojteki Moravec, Barus & Rysavy, 1987

Mabuya quinquetaeniata Moravec et al. (1987), Egypt

GENUS THELANDROSWEDL, 1862

Avilandros SMabin, Schikhobalova & Mugovoi, 1951

1. Thelandros alatus Wedl, 1862

Oxyuris uromasticola Galeb, 1889; Thelandros micruris Rauther, 1918; Thelandros sahariensis Baylis, 1930; Thelandros avis Maplestone, 1940

Agama mossambica Myers et al. (1960), Sudan

GENUS SKRJABINODON INGLIS, 1968

1. Skrjabinodondossae(Caballero, 1968) Schmidt &Kuntz, 1972

Hemidactylus mabouia Schmidt & Kuntz (1972), Madagascar

2. Skjabinodon mabuyae (Sandground, 1936) Inglis, 1968

Mabuya varia Baker (1987), Uganda

3. Skrjabinodon mabuiensis (Malan, 1939) Inglis, 1968

Pharyngodon mabuiensis Malan, 1939

Mabuya striata Malan (1939), South Africa

Family COSMOCERCIDAE Travassos,1925

Subfamily Cosmocercinae Railliet,1916

GENUS APLECTANA RAILLIET & HENRY, 1916

1. Aplectana macintoshii (Stewart, 1914) Travassos,1931

Aplectana agubernaculum Gupta, 1960; Aplectana asiatica Gupta, 1960; Aplectana schneideriTravassos, 1931; Aplectana stormi Travassos, 1931; Aplectana varelai Rodrigues, Rodrigues & Cristofaro, 1972; Ascaris commutata Diesing, 1851 sensu Claparede, 1859; Neyraplectana range Wang, Zhao & Chen, 1978; Neoraillietnema range Wang, 1980; Neoraillietnema praeputiale Skrjabin,1916; Nematoxys commutatus Rudolphi sensu Schneider, 1866; Oxysomatium stomatici Biswas & Chakravarty, 1963; Oxysomatium longicaudataYuen, 1965; Oxysomatium minutum Rasheed, 1965; Oxysomatium macintoshii kirtipuri Singh, 1969; Oxysomatium mehdii Ilyas, 1980; Raillietnema praeputiale (Skrjabin, 1916) sensu Kozak, 1969; Deshmukh, 1970; Vojtkova, 1976

Varanus niloticus Rasheed (1965), Cameroon

Varanus niloticus Baker (1980), Sudan

Family HETERAKIDAE Railliet & Henry, 1912

Subfamily Spinicaudinae Travassos, 1920

GENUS AFRICANA TRAVASSOS, 1920

Preterakis Freitas, 1956

1. Africana acuticeps (Gedoelst, 1916) Travassos, 1920

Chamaeleo dilepis Baylis (1937), Congo

2. Africana africana (Gendre, 1909) Travassos, 1920

Varanus niloticus

Graber (1981), Congo

GENUS STRONGYLURIS MUELLER, 1894

1. Strongyluris brevicaudata Mueller, 1894

Agama sp. Cowper (1969), Nigeria

Bradypodion pumila Boomker & Petter (unpublished), South Africa

Chamaeleo dilepis Schmidt & Canaris (1968), Kenya Sand-ground (1928), Tanzania

2. Strongyluris capensis Pruedhoe & Harris, 1971

Bradypodion pumila pumila Prudhoe & Harris (1971), South Africa

3. Strongylurfs elegans (Gendre, 1909) Railliet & Henry, 1914

Chamaeleo dilepis Gedoelst (1916), Congo

4. Strongylurfs ornata (v. Linstow, 1897) Railliet & Henry, 1914

Acanthocerus atricollis Harwood (1935), Tanzania

Agama atra This paper, South Africa

Family ASCARIDIDAE Baird,1853

GENUS HEXAMETRATRAVASSOS, 1919

1. Hexametra applanata (v. Linstow, 1899) Sprent, 1978

Chamaeleo dilepis Gedoelst (1916), Zaire

2. Hexametra hexametra (Gedoelst, 1916) Travassos,1920

Chamaeleo dilepis Sprent (1978), Zaire Baylis (1920), Congo Cowper (1969), Nigeria

3. Hexametra quadricornis (Wedl, 1861 ) Kreis, 1944

Ascaris gestri Parona, 1889; Ascaris quadrilobata v. Linstow, 1908; Hexametra anguinea Wu & Hu, 1938; Hexametra daelhlholtzlii Kreis, 1944; Hexametra multicornis Mozgovoi & Romanova 1970; Hexametra boskovi Moravec, 1966; Hexametra skrjabini Markov, Bogdanov & Persianova, 1970; Hexametra dagestanica Markov, Khonyakina & Grigor'eva, 1972; Ophidascaris natricis Yamaguti, 1935; Ophidascaris genoheteromegala Kreis, 1938; Ophidascaris microspicula Kreis, 1938; Polydelphis waterstoni Baylis, 1921; Polydelphis sewelli Baylis & Daubney, 1922; Polydelphis dalmatina Kreis, 1940; Polydeiphis najae Mozgovoi, 1953

Bitis arietans Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa Baylis (1920); Sprent (1978), Africa

Bitis gabonica Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa Sprent (1978), Africa

Causus rhombeatus Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Lamprophis fuliginosus Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Naia melanoleuca Fantham & Porter (1950), Malawi Sprent (1978), Africa

Naja nigricollis

Sprent (1978), Africa

Psammophis subtaeniatus Wahid (1961), Zimbabwe

Pseudoaspis cana Baylis (1920); Sprent (1978), Africa Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Python sebae Sprent (1978), Africa

GENUS OPHIDASCARIS BAYLIS, 1920

1. Ophidascaris amucomata Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1937

Python sebae Sprent & McKeown (1979), Kenya

2. Ophidascaris filaria(Dujardin, 1845) Baylis, 1920

Ascaris rubicunda Schneider,1866; Ophidascaris ajarensis Khera, 1954, pro parte

Lamprophis fuliginosus Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Naja melanoleuca Fantham & Porter (1950), Malawi

Python sebae Aruo (1977) in Baker (1987), Uganda Baylis (1920), Zanzibar Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

3. Ophidascaris intorta (Gedoelst, 1916) Baylis, 1920

Bitis arietans Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Bitis gabonica Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

4. Ophidascaris mombasica Baylis, 1921

Lycodonomorphus rufulus Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Psammophis subtaeniatus Baylis (1920), Kenya

5. Ophidascaris naiae (Gedoelst, 1916) Baylis, 1920

Ophidascaris daubaylisi Baylis & Daubney, 1922; 1923

Naja mossambica Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Naja nivea Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

"Python" Bwangarnoi (1968), Uganda

6. Ophidascaris radiosa (Schneider, 1866) Baylis, 1920

Bitis gabonica Baylis (1920), Africa

Causus rhombeatus Fantham& Porter (1950), South Africa

GENUS ORNEOASCARISSKRJABIN, 1916

Amplicaecum Baylis, 1920

1. Orneoascaris chrysanfhemoides Skrjabin,1916

Ascaris involuta Gedoelst, 1916; Ascaris bufonis Gedoelst, 1916 nec Schrank, 1788; Ascaris colura Baylis, 1919; Amplicaecum africanumTaylor, 1924; Amplicaecum causi Thwaite, 1926; Amplicaecum gedoelsti Yorke & Maplestone, 1926; Amplicaecum novempapillatum Sandground, 1933; Amplicaecum pesteri Rasheed, 1965

Bitis cornuta Vuylsteke (1964), Central Africa

Causus rhombeatus Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

Chamaeleo dflepis Thwaite (1926), Africa

Dispholydus typus Rasheed (1965), Cameroon

2. Orneoascarisschoutedeni(Baylis,1940) Le Van Hoa, 1960

Varanus albigularis Sprent (1985a), Tanzania

Varanus niloticus Le Van Hoa (1960), Zaire

GENUS POLYDELPHIS DUJARDIN, 1845

1. Polydelphis anoura Dujardin, 1845

Ascaris attenuata Molin, 1858; Ascaris oculata v. Linstow, 1899; Ascaris pythonis Retzius, 1830; AscariS rubicunda Schneider, 1868 (pro parts); Polydelphis bicornuta Robinson, 1934; Polydelphis mucronata Panagia, 1933

BItis arietans Von Linstow (1899), South Africa

Python sebae Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa Baylis (1940), Congo Peirce (1984), Zambia

GENUS RAILLIETASCARIS SPRENT, 1935

1. Raillietascaecum monitor varani (Baylis & Daubney, 1922) Sprent, 1935

Amplicaecum monitor Khera, 1954; Amplicaecum iguanus niloticus Wahid, 1961; Amplicaecum mackerrasae Thomas, 1959

Varanus niloticus Sprent (1985b), Congo

Family GNATHOSTOMATIDAE Railliet, 1915

GENUS TANQUA BLANCHARD, 1904

Ctenocephalus v. Linstow, 1904; Tatradenos v. Linstow, 1904; Anomala Travassos, 1920

1. Tanqua tiara (v. Linstow, 1879) Blanchard, 1904

Varanus albigularis Baylis (1939), South Africa

Varanus niloticus Sandground (1933), Tanzania Baylis & Lane 1920), Zanzibar Gretillat & Gaillard (1966), Senegal

Family PHYSALOPTERIDAE (Railliet,1893) Leiper,1908

GENUS ABBREVIATA TRAVASSOS, 1920

Polydefphyoptera Schultz,1927; Didelphyoptera Schultz, 1927

1. Abbreviata affinis (Gedoelst, 1916) Chabaud, 1956

Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Chabaud (1956), Congo

Psammophis brevirostris Fantham & Porter (1950), South Africa

2. Abbreviata baylisi Chabaud, 1956

Physaloptera quadrovaria Leiper, 1908; Physaloptera paradoxa v. Linstow, 1908

Varanus albigularis (?) Chabaud (1956), Central Africa

3. Abbreviata damarensis Prudhoe & Harris, 1971

Chamaeleo namaquensis Prudhoe & Harris (1971), Namibia

4. Abbreviata nyassae Fitzsimmons, 1964

Aconthocercus atricollis Fitzsimmons (1964), Malawi

5. Abbreviataortleppi (Sandground,1928) Morgan, 1945

Chamaeleo diiepis Sandground (1928), Tanzania Morgan (1945), Tanzania

6. Abbreviata polydentata (Walton, 1932) Morgan, 1945

Hemidactylus mabouia Morgan (1945), Tanzania

7. Abbreviata quadrovaria (Leiper, 1908) Schultz, 1927

Varanus niloticus Ortlepp (1922), Sudan

8. Abbreviata sp.

Agama aculeata

Heideman (1995), Namibia

GENUS SKRJABINOPTERA SCHULTZ, 1927

Didelphysoma Schultz, 1927

1. Skrjabinoptera chamaeieontis (Gedoelst, 1916) Schultz, 1927

Chamaeleo dilepis Vuylsteke (1964), Congo

2. Skrjabinoptera simplicidens (Ortlepp, 1922) Schultz, 1927

Unidentified lizard Schultz (1927), South Africa

3. Skrjabinoptera wetzelf Horchner &Weissenburg, 1965

Agama hispida (?) Horchner & Weissenburg (1965), Congo

Agama hispida Simbotwe (1979), Zambia

GENUS THUBUNAEA SEURAT, 1914

1. Thubunaea fitzsimmonsi Ortlepp, 1931

Ichnotropis squamulosa Ortlepp (1931), South Africa

GENUS PHYSALOPTEROIDES WU & LIU, 1940

Thubunaea Seurat,1914 (pro parte)

1. Physalopteroides agamae (Sandground, 1933) Chabaud & Brygoo, 1960

Agama hispida Chabaud & Brygoo (1960), Mozambique

2. Physalopteroides asymmetrica (Baylis, 1930) Chabaud & Brygoo, 1960

Hemidactylus mabouia

Simonsen & Sarda (1985), Tanzania

3. Physalopteroides grayicola (Sandground,1933) Chabaud & Brygoo, 1960

Bitis afietans

Chabaud & Brygoo (1960), Africa

4. Physalopteroides impar impar (Malan, 1939) Chabaud & Brygoo, 1960

Agama atra

Malan (1939); Chabaud & Brygoo (1960), South Africa

Cordylus cordylus Chabaud & Brygoo (1960), South Africa

Family RHABDOCHONIDAE (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira,1928) Skrjabin,1946

GENUS RHABDOCHONA RAILLIET, 1916

Ichthyospirura Skrjabin, 1917; Pseudorhabdochona Liu & Wu, 1941; Rhabdochonoides Janizewska, 1955

1. Rhabdochona puylaerti Moravec, 1983

Causus rhombeatus Moravec (1983), Uganda

Family DIPLOTRIAENIDAE (Skrjabin,1916 subfam.) Anderson,1958

GENUS HASTOSPICULUMSKRJABIN, 1923

Setarospicutum Mirza & Basir, 1939

1. Hastospiculum macrophallos (Parona, 1889) Baylis, 1930

Filaria varani Baylis & Daubney 1922; Hastospiculum spinigerum Chandler, 1929; Setarospiculum varani Mirza & Basir, 1939; Hastospiculum indicumYamaguti, 1961

Varanus niloticus Thurston (1971), Uganda Gretillat & Gaillard (1966), Senegal

Family ONCHOCERCIDAE Leiper,1911

Dipetalonematidae Wehr, 1935; Setariidae Yorke & Maplestone, 1926 subfam.

GENUS BEFlLARIA CHABAUD, ANDERSON & BRYGOO, 1959

1. Befilaria pseudocordyli Gibbons, 1989

Pseudocordylus microlepidotus Gibbons (1989), South Africa

GENUS MADATHAMUGADIA CHABAUD, ANDERSON & BRYGOO, 1959

1. Madathamugadia hiepei Hering-Hagenbeck, Boomker, Petit, Killick-Kendrick & Bain, 1999

Pachydactylus turneri Hering-Hagenbeck et aL (1999), South Africa

2. Madathamugadia ineichi Bain, Wanji, Petit, Paperna & Finkelman, 1993

Pseudocordylus microlepidotus Bain et al. (1993), South Africa

3. Madathamugadia versterae Bain, Wanji, Petit, Paperna & Finkelman, 1993

Mabuya quinquetaeniata margaritifer Bain et al. (1993), South Africa

HOST/PARASITE CHECK-LIST

Serpentes

Family ATRACTASPIDIDAE (African burrowing snakes)

GENUS MACRELAPS

1. Macrelaps microlepidotus (Gunther, 1860) (Natal blacksnake)

Uriechis microlepidotus Gunther,1860; Atractaspis natalensis Peters,1877; Macrelaps microlepidotus Boulenger,1896

Kalicephalus costatus micrurus

Family BOIDAE (Boas and phythons)

GENUS PYTHON

1. Python sebae A. Smith, 1840 (African rock python)

Python natalensis A. Smith, 1840; Hortufia natalensis Gray, 1842

Hexametra quadricornis Ophidascaris amucronata Ophidascaris filaria Polydelphis anoura

Family VIPERIDAE (Vipers)

GENUS BITIS

1. Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820) Gunther, 1858 (Puff-adder)

Cobra lachesis Laurenti, 1768; Cobra clotho Laurenti, 1768; Coluber lachesis Gmelin, 1788; Coluber bitin Bonnaterre, 1789; Coluber intumescens Donndorf, 1798; Vipera (Echidna) arietans Merrem, 1820; Vipera inflata BurcheH, 1822; Echidna arietans Wagler, 1828; Vipera brachyura Cuvier, 1829; Clotho arietans Gray, 1842; Clotho lateristriga Gray, 1842; Echidna clotho Steindachner, 1867; Bitis lachesis Bogert, 1940

Hexametra quadricornis

Kalicephalus colubri colubri

Kalicephalus viperae obliquus

Ophidascaris intorta

Ophidascaris amucronata

Physalopteroides grayicola

Polydelphis anoura

Rhabdias fuscovenosa

2. Bitis gabonica (Dumeril & Bibron,1854) Boulenger, 1896 (Gaboon adder)

Cerastes nasicornis (non Shaw) Hallowell, 1847; Echidna gabonica Dumeril & Bibron, 1854; Bitis rhinoceros (non Schlegel) Peters, 1882; Cobra gabonica Mertens, 1937

Hexametra quadricomis

Kaficephalus viperae obliquus

Ophidascaris radiosa

Ophidascaris intorta

3. Bitis cornuta (Daudin, 1803) (Many-horned adder)

Verpera cornuta Daudin, 1803; Opera lophophris Couvier, 1929; Cerastes cornuta Gray, 1842; Opera lophophrys A. Smith, 1843; Clotho cornuta Gray, 1849; Cerastes lophophrys Dumdril & Bibron, 1854; Cobra comuta Mertens, 1937; Bitis cornuta Boulenger, 1896

Omeoascaris chrysanthemoides

GENUS CAUSUS

1. Causus rhombeatus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Wagler, 1830 (Rhombic night-adder)

Sepedon rhombeata Lichtenstein, 1823; Aspidelaps rhombeatus Jan, 1859; Causus rhombeatus var. taeniata Sternfeld, 1912

Hexametra quadricomis

Kaficephalus viperae obliquus

Ophidascaris radiosa

Omeoascaris chrysanthemoides

Rhabdochona puylaerti

Family COLUBRIDAE (Typical snakes)

GENUS LAMPROPHIS

1. Lamprophis fuliginosus (Boie, 1827) Broadley, 1983 (Brown house-snake)

Lycodon fuliginosus Boie, 1827; Lycodon geometricus (non Schlegel) A. Smith, 1843; Boaedon lineatum (pro parte, non Dumeril & Bibron) Giinther, 1858; Boaedon capense Dumeril & Bibron 1854; Alopecion variegatum Bocage, 1867; Boodon quadrilineatus Peters, 1867; Boaedon quadrilineatus var. variegata Jan, 1870; Boodon geometricus Fischer, 1888; Boodon bipraeocularis Giinther, 1888; Boodon mentalis Gunther, 1888; Boodon lineatus (pro parte) Boulenger, 1893; Boaedon lineatus Cott, 1935; Boaedon mentalis Rose, 1950; 8oaedon fuliginosus Pitman, 1958

Hexametra quadricornis

Ophidascaris Maria

GENUS LYCODONOMORPHUS

1. Lycodonomorphus rufulus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Loveridge, 1953 (Common brown water-snake)

Coluber rufulus Lichtenstein, 1823; Coronella leucopilus A. Smith, 1831; Coronella rufula Schlegel (pro parte), 1837; Lycodonomorphus nifula Fitzinger, 1843; Lamprophis rufulus A. Smith, 1847; Alabes rufula Durn6ril & Bibron, 1854; Ablabophis rufulus Boulenger, 1893

Ophidascaris mombasica

GENUS PSEUDOASPIS

1. Pseudbaspis cana (Linnaeus, 1754) Cope, 1864 (Mole snake)

Coluber cana Linnaeus, 1754; Coluber elegantissimus Laurenti, 1768; Coluber ocellatus Gmelin, 1789; Duberria cana Fitzinger, 1826; Coronella cana Dumergil & Bibron, 1854; Cadmus cuneiformis Theobald, 1868; Coronella phocarum Giinther, 1872; Ophirhina anchietae Bocage, 1882; Dasypeltis scabra (nec Linnaeus) Gaerdes, 1962

Hexametra quadricomis

Kalicephalus colubri colubri

Kalicephalus rotundatus GENUS PSAMMOPHIS

1. Psammophis brevirostris (Peters, 1881) Brandstadter, 1996 (Short-snouted grass-snake)

Psammophis sibilans sibilans (non Linnaeus) FitzSimmons, 1970; Psammophis sibilans brevirostris Broadley, 1977; Psammophis brevirostris Brandstadter, 1996

Abbreviata affinis

Kalicephalus simus simus

2. Psammophis subtaeniatus (Peters, 1882) Boulanger, 1896 (Stripe-bellied sand-snake)

Psammophis moniliger Peters (pro parte, non Daudin), 1854; Psammophis sibilans var. bilineatus Peters, 1867; Psammophis sibilans var. subtaeniata Peters, 1882; Psammophis bocagii Boulenger, 1896; Psammophis transvaalensis Gough, 1908; Psammophis notostictus (non Peters) Isemonger, 1955

Hexametra quadricornis

Ophidascaris mombasica

GENUS PSAMMOPHYLAX

1. Psammophylax tritaeniatus (Gunther, 1868 Loveridge, 1953 (Striped skaapsteker)

Rhagerrhis tritaeniatus Gunther, 1868; Coronella tritaeniata Gunther, 1881; Trimerorhinus tritaeniatus Boulenger (pro parts) 1896; Cerastes tritaeniatus Gaerdes, 1962

Kaficephalus obliquus

GENUS CROTAPHOPELTIS

1. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia (Laurenti, 1768) Barbour & Amaral, 1927 (Herald snake)

Coronella hotamboeia Laurenti, 1768; Coronella virginica Laurenti, 1768; Coluberrufescens Gmelin, 1789; Coluberhitamboeia Gmelin, 1789; Coluber bicolorLeach, 1819; Ophis heterurus Duvernoy, 1833; Ophis albocinctus Duvernoy, 1833; Coronella rufescens Schlegel, 1837; Crotaphopeltis rufescens A. Smith, 1849; Dipsas inornatus A. Smith 1849; Heterurus rufescens Dumeril & Bibron, 1854; Leptodeira rufescens Gunther, 1858; Oxyropus melanocrotaphos Cope, 1860; Crotaphopeltis hitamboeia Peters, 1882; Leptodira rufescens Boettger, 1887; Leptodira hotamboeia Boulenger, 1896; Leptodira hitamboeia Werner, 1898; Leptodira hotamboeia Flower, 1929; Trabophis barnumbrowni Bogert, 1940 Abbreviata affinis

Kalicephalus costatus micrurus

GENUS DISPHOLIDUS

1. Dispholidus typus (A. Smith, 1829) (Boomslang)

Bucephalus typus A. Smith, 1829; Bucephalus jardinii, Bucephalus gutturalis, Bucephalus bellii A. Smith, 1829; Dispholidus lalandii Duvernoy, 1832; Dendrophis colubrina Schlegel, 1837; Bucephalus viridis A. Smith, 1841; Bucephalus capensis A. Smith, 1841; Dendrophis pseudodipsas Bianconi, 1848; Dispholidus typicus Boulenger, 1896; Thrasops jacksonii mossambicus Mertens, 1937; Dispholidus typicus Boulenger, 1896

Kalicephalus costatus micrurus

Omeoascaris chrysanthemoides

Family ELAPHIDAE (Cobras, mambas and their relatives)

GENUS DENDROASPIS

1. Dendroaspis angusticeps (A. Smith, 1849) Hewitt, 1937 (Green mamba)

Naia angusticeps A. Smith, 1849; Dendraspis angusticeps Gunther (pro parte),1858; Dendroaspis intermedius Gunther, 1865; Dendroaspis sjostedti Lonnberg, 1907

Kalicephalus simus simus

2. Dendroaspis polylepis (Gunther, 1864) FitzSimmons, 1946 (Black mamba)

Naia angusticeps A. Smith, 1849; Chloroechis angusticeps (non A. Smith) Peters, 1854; Dendraspis angusticeps (non A. Smith) Gunther (pro parte), 1858; Dendraspis polylepis Gunther, 1864; Dendraspis antinorii Peters, 1873; Dinophis angusticeps Peters, 1882; Dendraspis mamba Gough, 1908; Dendroaspis angusticeps (non A. Smith) Flower, 1937; Dendroaspis mamba Rose, 1950

Kalicephalus simus simus

GENUS HEMACHATUS

1. Hemach.atus haemachatus (Lacepede, 1788) Stejneger, 1936 (rinkhals)

Vipere haemachate Lacepede, 1788; Coluber haemachata Lacdpede, 1789; Coluber haemachates Bonnaterre, 1789; Vipera haemachates Latreille, 1802; Sepedon haemachafes Merrem, 1820; Naia capensis A. Smith, 1826; Naja haemachates Schlegel, 1837; Aspidelaps haemachates Jan, 1863; Sepedon haemachata Flower, 1929; Haemachatus haemachates FitzSimmons, 1946

Rhabdias fuscovenosa

GENUS NAJA

1. Naja melanoleuca Hallowell,1857 (Forest cobra) Naja haje var melanoleuca Hallowell, 1857; Aspidelaps bocagii Sauvage, 1884; Naja hale var. leucosticta Fischer, 1885; Naia melanoleuca Boulenger, 1896; Naja melanoleuca Bogert,1942

Hexametra quadricornis

Kalicephalus colubri colubri

Kalicephalus paracolubri paracolubri

Kaicephalus simus simus

Ophidascaris filaria

2. Naja mossambica Peters, 1854 (Mozambique spitting cobra)

Naja mossambica Peters, 1854; Naja nigricollis (non Reinhardt) Peters, 1882; Naia nigricollis Boulenger, 1898; Naia nigricollis var. mossambica Boulenger, 1896; Naja nigricollis mossambica Mertens, 1937; Naja mossambica Broadley, 1968

Ophidascaris naiae

Kaficephalus simus simus

3. Naja nivea (Linnaeus, 1758) Boie, 1827 (Cape cobra)

Coluber niveus Linnaeus, 1758; Vipera (Echidna) (lava Merrem, 1820; Naja haje var. Schlegel, 1837; Naja gutturalis A. Smith, 1838; Naja intermixta Dumeril & Bibron, 1854; Naja haje var. capensis Jan, 1863; Naia flava Boulenger, 1887; Naja flava Sternfeld, 1910

Ophidascaris naiae

Rhabdias fuscovenosa

Squamata

Family SCINCIDAE (Skinks)

GENUS MABUYA

1. Mabuya quinquetaeniata (Peters, 1854) (Rainbow skink)

Euprepes margaritifer Peters,1854; Euprepes savignyi Peters, 1854; Euprepis gularis Gray, 1864; Euprepis kirkii Gray, 1864; Mabouia quinquetaeniata de Jeude, 1895; Mabouia margaritifer Bocage, 1896; Mabouia binotata Bocage, 1896

Madathamugadia versterae

Spauligodon morgani

Spauligodon vojteki

2. Mabuya striata (Peters, 1844) (Striped skink)

Tropidolepisma striatum Peters, 1844; Euprepes punctatissimus A. Smith 1849; Euprepes sundervallii A. Smith 1849; Euprepis granti Gray, 1864; Euprepes variegatus Peters, 1869; Euprepes wahlbergi Peters, 1869; Euprepes grutzneri Peters, 1869; Euprepes (Euprepis) striatus Peters, 1882; Mabuia wahlbergii Boulenger, 1887; Mabouia grutzneri Boulenger, 1887; Mabouia striata Boulenger, 1887; Mabuya striata Parker, 1936

Skriabinodon mabuiensis

Spauligodon morgani

3. Mabuya sulcata sulcata (Peters, 1862) (Western rock skink)

Euprepes olivaceus (non Gray) Peters, 1862; Euprepes sulcatus Peters, 1867; Mabuya sulcata Boulanger, 1887

Spauligodon petersi

4. Mabuya varia varia (Peters, 1867) (Variable skink)

Euprepes (Euprepis) varius Peters, 1867; Euprepes olivierii (non Dumeril & Bibron) A. Smith, 1849; Euprepes olivierivar. albopunctatus Bocage, 1869; Euprepes (Mabuya) laevigatus Peters, 1869; Euprepes angolensis Bocage, 1872; Mabuya homalocephala part., Boulenger,1910; Mabuya varia Parker, 1936

Skrjabinodon mabuyae

Family LACERTIDAE (Old world lizards)

GENUS ICHNOTROPIS

1. Ichnofropis squamulosa Peters,1854 (Common rough-scaled lizard)

Thubunaea fitzsimmonsi

Family GEKKONIDAE (Gekkos)

GENUS HEMIDACTYLUS

1. Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau de Jonnes, 1818) (Moreau-s tropical house gecko)

Gecko mabouia Moreau de Jonnes, 1818; Hemidactylus mercatorius Gray 1831; Hemidactylus gardineri Boulenger, 1909; Hemidactylus persimilis Barbour & Loveridge, 1928; Hemidactylus mandanus Loveridge, 1936; Hemidactylus platycephalus Peters, 1854; Hemidactylus mabouia Dumeril & Bibron, 1836

Abbreviata polydentata

Physalopteroides asymmetrica

Skrjabinodon dossae

Spauligodon auziensis (?)

Spauligodon morgani

GENUS PACHYDACTYLUS

1. PachydactylusbibroniiA. Smith, 1846 (Bibron's thick-toed gecko)

Pachydactylus bibronii A. Smith, 1846; Homodactylus turneri Gray, 1864; Homodactylus bibronii Gray, 1865; Pachydactylus elegans (non Gray) F. Muller, 1885; Pachydactylus laevigatus Fischer, 1888; Pachydacfylus bibronii laevigatus Methuen & Hewitt, 1914

Spauligodon smithi

2. Pachydactylus turneri Gray,1864 (Turner's thicktoed gecko)

Pachydactylus bibronii A. Smith, 1846; Homodactylus turneri Gray, 1864; Homodactylus bibronii Gray, 1865; Pachydactylus elegans (non Gray) F. Muller, 1885; Pachydactylus bibronii A. Smith, 1846; Pachydactylus laevigatus Fischer, 1888; Pachydactylus stel/atus Schmidt, 1933; Pachydactylus bibronii turneri Parker, 1936

Madathamugadia hiepei

Spauligodon timbavatiensis

Family AGAMIDAE (Agamas)

GENUS ACANTHOSCERCUS

1. Acanthocerus atricollis (A. Smith, 1849) (Southern tree agama)

Agama africoiiis A. Smith, 1849; Stellio capensis A. Dumeril, 1851; Stellio nigricollis Bocage, 1866; Stellio atricoliis Peters, 1881; Agama gregorii Gunther, 1894

Abbreviata nyassae

Strongyluris omata

GENUS AGAMA

1. Agama atra Daudin, 1802 (Southern rock agama)

Agama atra Daudin, 1802; Agama subspinosa Gray, 1827; Trapelus subhispidus Kaup, 1827; Phrynopis atra Fitzinger, 1843; Agama micropholis Matschie, 1890; Agama micropterolepis Boulenger, 1896; Agama holubi Bocage, 1896

Parapharyngodon rotundatus

Physalopteroides impar impar

Strongyluris omata

2a. Agama aculeata aculeata

Abbreviata sp.

Pharyngodon sp.

2b. Agama aculeata distanti Boulenger, 1902 (Ground agama)

Agama aculeata (non Merrem) Boettger, 1889; Agama distanti Boulenger,1902;

Physalopteroides agamae

3. Agama hispida armata Peters, 1854 (Southern spiny agama)

Agama armata Peters, 1854, Agama hispida mertensi Wermuth, 1967; Agama hispida distanti (non Boulenger) Loveridge, 1923

Physalopteroides agamae Skrjabinoptera wetzeli (?)

4. Agama mossambica Peters,1854 (Mozambique agama)

Agama mossambica Peters, 1854; Agama carniventris Peters, 1874; Agama colonorum part. Loveridge, 1920

Thelandros alatus

Family CORDYLIDAE (Girdled lizards and their relatives)

GENUS CORDYLUS

1. Cordylus cordylus (Linnaeus 1758) (Cape girdled lizard)

Lacerta cordylus Linnaeus 1758; Corylus verus Laurenti, 1768; Stellio cordylus Daudin, 1802; Cordylus griseus Cuvier, 1829; Corylus nigerCuvier, 1829; Cordylus dorsalis Cuvier, 1829; Zonorus vertebralis Gray, 1838; Zonorus cordylus var. niger Rose, 1926; Cordylus cordylus Mertens, 1937

Physalopteroides impar impar

GENUS PSEUDOCORDYLUS

1. Pseudocordyius microlepidotus (Couvier, 1829) (Cape crag lizard)

Cordylus microlepidotus Couvier, 1829; Zonurus microlepidotus Gray,1831; Zonurus wittii Schlegel, 1834; Cordylus (Pseudocordylus) montanus and melanofus A.Smith, 1838; Pseudocordylus montanus Hewitt, 1927; Pseudocordylus microlepidotus Boulenger, 1885

Befilaria pseudocordyli

Madathamugadia ineichi

Parapharyngodon rotundatus

Family VARANIDAE (Monitor lizards)

GENUS VARANUS

1. Varanus albigularis (Daudin, 1802) (Rock monitor)

Tupinambis albigularis Daudin, 1802; Monitor (Psammosaurus) albogularis Gray, 1831; Varanus gi/lii A. Smith, 1831; Uaranus albpgularis Dumeril & Bibron, 1836; Empagusia albogularis Gray, 1838; Monitor exanthematicus var. capensis Schlegel, 1844; Regenia albogularis Gray, 1845; Monitor albigularis Peters, 1882; Varanus exanthematicus albigularis Schmidt, 1919

Abbreviata baylisi (?)

Omeoascaris schoutedeni

Tanqua tiara

2. Varanus niloticus Linnaeus, 1762 (Water monitor)

Lacerta nilotica Linnaeus, 1762; Monitor saurus Peters, 1882; Varanus niloticus Dumeril & Bibron, 1836

Abbreviata quadrovaria

Africana africana

Aplectana macintoshii

Hastospiculum macrophallos

Orneoascaris schoutedeni

Raillielascaris varani

Tanqua tiara

Family CHAMAELEONIDAE (Chameleons)

GENUS CHAMAELEO

1. Chamaeleo dilepis Leach, 1819 (Flap-neck chameleon)

Chamaeleo dilepis Leach, 1819; Chamaeleon quilensis Bocage, 1895; Chamaeleon dilepis quilensis Werner, 1902; Chamaeleon parvilobus Boulenger, 1887; Chamaeleon dilepis parvilobus Gunther, 1892

Abbreviata ortleppi ortleppi

Africana acuticeps

Hexametra applanata

Hexametra hexametra

Orneoascaris chrysanthemoides

Skrjabinoptera chamaeleontis

Strongyluris brevicaudata

Strongyluris elegans

2. Chamaeleo namaquensis A. Smith, 1831 (Namaqua chameleon)

Chamaeleo namaquensis A. Smith, 1831; Chamaeleon namaquensis Boulenger, 1887; Chamaeleo tuberculiferus Gray, 1845; Phumanola namaquensis Gray, 1864

Abbreviata damarensis

GENUS BFZADYPODION

1. Bradypodion pumila pumila (Daudin, 1802) (Cape dwarf chameleon)

Chamaeleo pumilus Daudin, 1802; Chamaeleon pumilus Boulenger, 1887; Chamaeleon margaritaeus Merrem,1820; Bradypodium pumilus Fitzinger, 1843; Lophosaura pumila Gray, 1864; Chamaeleon ventralis (pro parte) Warner, 1902; Chamaeleon damaranus (pro parte) Warner, 1902; Microsaura pumila pumila Fitzsimmons, 1943?

Strongyluris brevicaudata

Strongyluris capensis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express our appreciation to the following persons and institutions: Mr Wulf Haacke, Natural History Museum, Gauteng, and Mr Richard Newbery Department of Nature Conservation, Gauteng, for much help as regards the reptiles; the Departments of Environmental Affairs of the Mpumalanga Province, Gauteng Province, North West Province and Northern Province for the collecting permits, and the Timbavati/Umbabat/Klaserie Private Game Reserves, the Hoedspruit Nature Reserve, the Blyderiver Canyon Nature Reserve, the Delftzyl Government Farm and the Molopo Nature Reserve for allowing us to catch the reptiles at these sites.

This study was financially supported by the Arthur & Aenne Feindt Stiftung, Hamburg, Germany.

References

REFERENCES

References

ANDERSON, R.C., CHABAUD, A. & WILLMOTT, S. 1974-1984. Eds. CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. No. 1-10. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology: St. Albans.

BAIN, O., WANJI, S., PETIT, G., PAPERNA, I. & FINKELMAN, S.1993. Filaires Splendidofilariinae de lezards: nouvelles especes, redescription, cycle chez phlebotome. Systematic Parasitoiogy, 26:97-115.

References

BAKER, M.R. 1980. Revision of Old World species of the genus Aplectana Railliet & Henry, 1916 (Nematoda, Cosmocercidae). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4:955998.

References

BAKER, M.R. 1987. Synopsis of the nematoda parasitic in amphibians and reptiles. Memorial University of Newfoundland: Occasional Papers in Biology, 11:1-325.

BAYLIS, H.A. 1920. On the classification of the Ascaridae. II. The Polydelphis group, with some account of other ascarids parasitic in snakes. Parasitology, 12:411-426.

BAYLIS, H.A. 1929. Some parasitic nematodes from the Uluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tanganyika Territory. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 10, 4:372-381.

BAYLIS, H.A. 1937. Some parasitic worms from East African chamaeleons. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser.10, 19:585-593.

BAYLIS, H.A. 1939. Some parasitic worms from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 11, 5:401416.

References

BAYLIS, H.A. 1940. On a further collection of worms from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 10, 19:584-593.

BAYLIS, H.A. & LANE, C. 1920. A revision of the nematode family Gnathostomidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 3:245-309.

BRANCH, B. 1998. Field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers (Pty) Ltd. BROADLEY, D.G. 1983. FitzSimmons' Snakes of Southern Af

rica. Johannesburg, Cape Town: Delta Books Ltd.

BURSEY, C.R., McALLISTER, C.T. & FREED, P.S. 1997. Spauligodon petersi sp. n. and Spauligodon smithi sp. n. from lizards of Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of the He!mithological Society of Washington, 64:234-239.

BWANGAMOI, 0.1968. Helminth parasites of domestic and wild animals in Uganda. Bulletin of Epizootic Diseaese of Africa, 16: 429-454.

References

CAMPANA-ROUGET, Y. & CHABAUD, A.G.1950. Note sur quelques nematodes africains collection Camille Desportes. Annales de Parasitologie, 25:308-324.

CHABAUD, A.G.1956. Essai de revision des physaloptbres parasites de reptiles. Annales de Parasitologie, 31:29-52. CHABAUD, A.G. & BRYGOO, E.R. 1960. Nematodes parasites

de cameleons malgaches. Mdmoires i'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, ser. A, 14:125-159.

References

COWPER, S.G. 1969. Observations on parasites of primates, dogs, and some other hosts in Nigeria, mainly in the Ibadan area. Journal of the West African Scientific Association, 13:3952.

References

DAUBNEY, R. 1923. Notes on the genus Diaphanocephalus (Nematoda: Strongylidae), parasitic in reptiles, with a description of three new species. Parasitology, 15:67-75.

FANTHAM, H.B. & PORTER, A. 1950.The endoparasites of certain South African snakes, together with some remarks on their structure and effects on their hosts. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 120:599-647

FREITAS, J.FT.1957. Sobre os generos The/andros Wedl, 1862 a Parapharyngodon Chatterji, 1933, com descrigao de Parapharyngodon alvarengai sp. n. (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 55:21-45.

FITZSIMMONS, W.M.1961. A new nematode Pharyngodon morgani sp.nov., intestinal parasite of a lizard, Mabuya striata, in Nyasaland. Parasitology, 51:395-399.

References

FITZSIMMONS, W.M. 1964. Abbreviata nyassae n. sp. (Physalopteridae, Spiruroidea) from Agama attricollis in Nyasaland. Journal of Helminthology, 38:21-24.

GEDOELST, L. 1916. Notes sur la faune parasitaire du Congo Beige. Revue Zoologique Africaine, 5:1-90.

GHADIRIAN, E. 1968. Nematodes parasites dophidiens Malgaches. Memoires du Museum National d 'Histoire Naturelle, 109:1-54.

References

GIBBONS, L.M.1989. Befilaria pseudocordyli n.sp. (Nematoda, Filarioidae) from the small-scaled girdled lizard, Pseudocordylus microlepidotus. Revue Zoologique Africaine, 103:35-39.

GRABER, M. 1981. Parasites internes des vertebras domestiques et sauvages autres que les primates de la Republique Populaire du Congo (d'apres la collection Cassard-Chambron, 1956-1960). Role pathogene-prophylaxie. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 34:155-167.

GRETILLAT, S. & GAILLARD, M. 1966. Premiere note sur quelques endoparasites des animaux sauvages de Haute-Casamance (Senegal). Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 18:395-403

HARWOOD, P.D. 1935. Notes on Tennessee helminths. II. Two new species of Strongyluris (Nematoda) and notes on the genus. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 19:132141.

References

HEIDEMAN, N.J.L.1995. Nematode incidence in Agama aculeata aculeata and Agama pianiceps planiceps in the Windhoek area, Namibia. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa, 44:22-23.

HERING-HAGENBECK, S.F.B.N. & BOOMKER, J. 1998. Spauligodon timbavatiensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from Pachydactylus laevigatus turneri (Sauria: Gekkonidae) in the Northern Province, Republic of South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 65:153-158.

HERING-HAGENBECK, S.F.B.N., BOOMKER, J., PETIT, G., KILLICK-KENDRICK, M. & BAIN, 0.1999. Description and life cycle of Madathamugadia hiepei n. sp. (Splendidofilariinae: Nematoda), a parasite of a South African gecko. Systematic Parasitology, in press.

References

HORCHNER, F & WEISSENBURG, H.1965. Drei neue Pysalopteriden-Arten aus Agamiden (Squamata) Zentralafrikas. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 25:491-500.

KHALIL, L.F. & POLLING, L. 1997. Check list of the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes. South Africa: University of the North.

LE VAN HOA,1960. Synonymie des generes Ampiicaecum Baylis 1920 et Orneoascaris Skrjabin 1916. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 35:760-761.

References

MALAN, J.R. 1939. Some helminths of South African lizards. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal industry, 12:21-74.

MORAVEC, F. 1983. Rhabdochona puytaerti sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) recorded from the African viper Causus rhombeatus (Lichtenstein). Folia Parasitologica (Praha), 30: 313-317

References

MORAVEC, F., BARUS, V. & RYSAV'Y, B. 1987 On parasitic nematodes of the families Heterakidae and Pharyngodonidae from reptiles in Egypt. Folia Parasitologica, 34:269-280.

MORGAN, B.B. 1945. The nematode genus Abbreviata (Travassos, 1920) Schulz, 1927. American Midland Naturalist, 34:485490.

References

MYERS, B.-J., WOLFGANG, R.W. & KUNTZ, R.E. 1960. Helminth parasites from vertebrates taken in the Sudan (East Africa). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 38:833-836.

ORTLEPP, R. 1922. The nematode genus Physaloptera, Rud.. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 999-1107. ORTLEPP, 8.1923. Observations on the nematode genera Kali

cephalus, Diaphalocephalus, and Occipitodofus g. n., and on the larval development of Kalicephalus philodryadus sp. n. Journal of Helminthology,1:165-189.

ORTLEPP, R. 1931. Thubunaea fritzsimonsi sp. n., a fourth species of the genus Thubunaea, Seurat, 1914. Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association, 2:128-131.

References

PEIRCE, M.A.1984. Some parasites of reptiles from Zambia and Indian Ocean islands with a description of Haemogregarina zambiensis sp. nov. from Dispholydus typus (Colubridae). Journal of Natural History, 18:211-217.

PRUDHOE, S. & HARRIS, M.T 1971. Helminths from chamaeleons in southern Africa. Revue de Zoologie et Botanique africaine, 84:334-343.

RASHEED, S.1965. Some parasitic nematodes from Cameroons (W. Africa). Journal of Helminthology, 39:67-100.

ROUND, M.C. 1968. Check list of the helminth parasites of African mammals of the orders Carnivora, Tubulidentata, Proboscides, Hyracoidea, Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla (Technical Communication No. 38, Commonwealth Bureau of Helminthology, St. Albans).

SANDGROUND, J.H. 1928. Some new cestode and nematode parasites from Tanganyika Territory, Proceedings of the Boston Society for Natural History, 39:131-150.

References

SANDGROUND, J.H. 1933. Reports on the scientific results of an expedition to the south-western highland of Tanganyika Territory. VI. Parasitic nematodes from East Africa and Southern Rhodesia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, 75:263-293.

SCHAD, G.A. 1962. Studies on the genus Kalicephalus (Nematoda: Diaphanocephalidae). II. A taxonomic revision of the genus Kalicephalus Molin, 1861. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 40:1035-1167.

SCHMIDT, G.D. & CANARIS, A.G. 1968. Records of parasitic nematodes in Kenya. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum, 27:155-156.

SCHMIDT, G.D. & KUNTZ, R.E. 1972. Nematode parasites of Oceanica. XIX. Report on a collection from Philippine reptiles. Transactions of the American Microscopic Society, 91:636.

SCHULTZ, R.E.S.1927. Die Familie Physlopteridae Leiper, 1908 (Nematoda) and die Prinzipien ihrer Klassifikation. Sbornik Rabot ppo Gelmintologii Posvyashchennyy K. 1. Skryabinu, Izdatelstvo Akadermii Nauk SSSR, Moscow: 287-312.

SIMBOTWE, M.f? 1979. Parasites of Zambian reptiles. African Journal of Ecology, 17:177-180.

References

SIMONSEN, PE. & SARDA, R.K. 1985. Helminth and arthropod parasites of Hemidactylus mabouia from Tanzania. Journal of Herpetology, 19:428-430.

SPRENT, J.F.A. 1978. Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Polydelphis, Travassosascaris n.g. and Hexametra. Journal of Helminthology, 52:355-384.

SPRENT, J.F.A.1985a. Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Orneoascaris. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparde, 60:33-55.

SPRENT, J.F.A.1985b. Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Railliefascaris n, g. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 60:601-611.

SPRENT, J.FA. & McKEOWN, E.A. 1979. Studies on ascaridoid nematodes in phythons: development in the definitive host. Dynamic Aspects of Host-Parasite Relationships, 3:155-176.

THURSTON, J.P 1971. Notes on Hastospiculum macrophallos (Filarioidea: Diplotriaenidae) from Varanus niloticus, including observations on body wall muscle cell interconnections. Revue de Zoologie et Botanique africaine, 84:375-380.

References

THWAITE, J.W.1926. Notes on some nematodes in the museum of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 20:273-278.

VAN DEN BERGHE, H.A.1943. Enquete parasitologique. II. Helminthes parasites. Fasc. (2) Mission Van Den Berghe, 1936. Exploration du Parc National Albert, 3-30.

VON LINSTOW, O.F.B. 1899. Nematoden aus der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung. Mitteilungen der Zoologischen Sammlung Berlin, 1:1-28.

VON LINSTOW, O.FB.1908. Nematoden and Acanthocephalen aus dem westlichen and zentralen Sudafrika. Jenaische Denkschriften, 13:19-28.

VUYLSTEKE, C. 1964. Mission de zoologie medicale au Maniema (Congo, Leopoldville), Annales de Musee Royal de 1:4frique Centrale, 132:41-66.

WAHID, S. 1961. On Amplicaecum iguanae n.sp. with notes on Hexametra sewelli, Kalicephalus micrurus and Viguiera euryoptera. Journal of Helminthology, 35:353-360.