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Web End = Mol Cell Biochem (2016) 417:5765 DOI 10.1007/s11010-016-2713-2
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Web End = Combined effect of astaxanthin and squalene on oxidative stress in vivo
Sangeetha Ravi Kumar1,2 Bhaskar Narayan1,3 Yuki Sawada1 Masashi Hosokawa1
Kazuo Miyashita1
Received: 2 February 2016 / Accepted: 27 April 2016 / Published online: 17 May 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Obesity and diabetes, risk factors for metabolic syndrome, are characterized by oxidative stress and inammatory responses. Marine biofunctionals, astaxan-thin (Ax) and squalene (SQ), were evaluated for their combined effect. Groups of male KK-Ay mice were fed high fat/sucrose diet for 4 weeks, supplemented with either0.1 %Ax, 2 %SQ or 0.1 %Ax ? 2 %SQ. In comparison to control, Sod was elevated in only Ax ? SQ. However, Gpx was highest in Ax ? SQ, indicating the combined antioxidant effect of Ax and SQ. This was supported by elevated mRNA expression of Sod1 and Gpx1. Except adiponectin (elevated in Ax and Ax ? SQ), expression of other inammatory markers was not altered. Blood glucose levels were decreased in SQ and Ax ? SQ while liver triglycerides decreased in SQ group. This is the rst in vivo study demonstrating combined effects of Ax and SQ resulting in antioxidant effects and modulation of glucose/ triglyceride levels. This study highlights the benet of utilizing Ax and SQ together for management of obesity/diabetes.
Keywords Antioxidant enzymes Astaxanthin KK-Ay
mice Lipid hydroperoxides Squalene
AbbreviationsAx AstaxanthinBAT Brown adipose tissueCat CatalaseCox CyclooxygenaseDHA Docosahexaenoic acidDPPP Diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphineEPA Eicosapentaenoic acidERK Extracellular-signal regulated kinaseGpx Glutathione peroxidaseGSH Reduced glutathioneGSSG Oxidized glutathioneHDL-C High density cholesteroliNOS Inducible nitric oxide synthaseMAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinaseMCP Monocyte chemoattractant proteinNF Nuclear factorPPAR Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Sod Superoxide dismutaseSQ SqualeneTG TriglyceridesTNF Tumor necrosis factorWAT White adipose tissue
Introduction
The metabolic syndromea complex condition involving obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, diabetes, hyper-insulinemia, and dyslipidemiais a major risk factor for
& Sangeetha Ravi Kumar [email protected]
& Kazuo Miyashita [email protected]
1 Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1,Minato Cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
2 Present Address: Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental...