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The authors prove that Bakhtin's works are basically connected with the structural approach. The philosopher analysed this methodology, especially ideas of Saussure, Russian formalism and others. He defined both its advantages and weak sides. The authors examine the specifics of Bakhtin's methodology which were effectively used in the creation of an original humanistic philosophy of act. In the article the causes of popularity of Bakhtin's works in the West philosophy discourse are revealed. The authors are making an accent on Bakhtin's criticism, which was directed against the dehumanized tendencies of structuralism. This criticism is adequately used in modern times, because it helps to establish new humanism as well as to focus on the existence of man in the world.
Keywords: act, humanism, dialogism, poststructuralism, structuralism
Santrauka
Straipsnyje teigiama, kad M. Bakhtino veikalai iš esmės susiję struktūralistiniu požiūriu. Filosofas analizavo šią metodologiją, ypač Sausureo idėjas, rusų formalizmą ir kt. Jis apibrėžė tiek jos privalumus, tiek silpnybes. Pateikiamas Bakhtino metodologijos tyrimas, kuris buvo veiksmingai panaudotas kuriant originalią humanistinę akto filosofiją. Straipsnyje atskleidžiamos Bakhtino darbų populiarumo Vakarų filosofiniame diskurse priežastys. Pabrėžiamas Bakhtino kritiškumas, nukreiptas prieš struktūralizmą nužmoginančias tendencijas. Šis kritiškumas adekvačiai taikomas dabar, nes jis padeda steigti naująjį humanizmą ir sutelkti dėmesį į žmogaus buvimą pasaulyje.
Raktažodžiai: aktas, humanizmas, dialogas, poststruktūralizmas, struktūralizmas
INTRODUCTION
The predominant paradigm in the Humanities is largely related to the poststructuralism which is a methodological foundation of postmodernism. This paradigm also experienced a significant influence of structuralism which is classified as one of the directions of modern formalism and rationalism. In his works Bakhtin produced the constructive criticism of formalism prevailing in Russia in the 1920s, and also considered advantages and disadvantages of structuralism, offered new approaches to the language, text and the prospects of development of the Humanities. Bakhtin envisaged the trends of postmodernism that in the course of their development inevitably led to negative results in cognition and social practices. All this becomes popular under conditions of the crisis of the existing paradigm of humanitarian cognition. The deep scientific interest in Bakhtin's work was shown by the international forums dedicated to his research that took place in the 20th century (Brazil 2003, Finland 2005, Canada 2008, Italy 2011, Sweden 2014) (Vasiliev 2014: 81-84) and also recent publications in authoritative magazines (Vassoler...