Correlation between Umbilical Cord pH and Apgar Score in High-Risk Pregnancy

Headnote

Abstract

Objective: The Apgar score as a proven useful tool for rapid assessment of the neonate is often poorly correlated with other indicators of intrapartum neonatal well-being. This study was carried out to determine the correlation between umbilical cord pH and Apgar score in high-risk pregnancies.

Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional, analytic study performed on 96 mother-fetal pairs during 2004-2005 at Shahid Yahyanejad Hospital, which is affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences. Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes after birth was taken and an umbilical cord blood gas analysis was done immediately after birth in both groups. Mothers came with a labor pain and were divided into high-risk and low risk if they have had any perinatal risk factors. Other data like gestational age, birth weight, need for resuscitation and admission to the newborn ward or Neonatal Intensive Care Unit was gathered by a questionnaire for comparison between the two groups. P-value less than 0.05 was considered being significant.

Findings: The gestational age and birth weight were the same in high-risk and low risk mothers. Mean umbilical artery blood pH in high-risk mothers was significantly lower than in low risk mothers (P=0.004). Mean Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were significantly lower in high-risk mothers than in low risk mothers (P<0.05). According to the Kendal correlation coefficient there was no significant correlation between Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes and umbilical cord pH in low risk group (r=0.212, P=0.1). But in high-risk group there was significant correlation between Apgar score at 1st and 5th minute and the umbilical cord pH (r=0.01, P=0.036 and r=0.176, P=0.146, respectively).

Conclusion: Combination of Apgar score and umbilical cord pH measurement in high-risk pregnant mother could better detect jeopardized baby.

Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 20 (Number 4), December 2010, Pages: 401-406

Key Words: Apgar score; Umbilical cord; Pregnancy, High risk; Blood Gas Analysis; Neonate

Introduction

When oxygen supply to the fetus is significantly disrupted, tissue oxygenation deprivation develops, acids begin to accumulate and acidemia develops. Umbilical cord blood gas measurement in comparison with the fetal scalp pH monitoring could better detect a hypoxic baby[1].

In 1952, Virginia Apgar, proposed a scoring system to assess the condition of newborns during the first minutes of life, and to evaluate anesthetic and obstetrical practices. She proposed five objectives and easily-measured clinical signs: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color [2]. It has been used to assess asphyxia, predict neurological damage and vitality of a neonate during the first minute of life[3]. Umbilical cord blood gas assessment seems to be the most objective determination of the fetal metabolic condition at the time of birth [4-7]. Manganaro and colleagues suggested that the 5th minute Apgar score is useful for immediate clinical assessment and care of the neonate. They found 5th minute Apgar score had a high concordance with metabolic acidemia[8], but Anyaegbunam and colleagues' study revealed that in 20.7% of neonates delivered had an abnormal pH (less than 7.20) and normal Apgar[9]. The present study was carried out to determine the correlation between umbilical cord pH and Apgar score in high-risk pregnant mother.

Subjects and Methods

This was a prospective cross sectional study conducted in a teaching hospital during February 2004 to September 2005. The study was approved by the research ethics committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences.

Study population consisted of mothers who came with labor pain according to the sample size. At the time of admission, they were assigned to high or low risk group according to whether or not they had any perinatal risk factor that categorized them as high-risk pregnancy. High-risk pregnancy was defined as a pregnant mother who is at risk to deliver a neonate with birth asphyxia according to the definition by American Academy of Pediatrics [10]. All normal vaginal and cesarean section (C/S) deliveries included in this study were chosen in accordance with this definition. All mothers who delivered a baby with a major congenital anomaly or had intra uterine fetal death (IUFD) were excluded from the study.

Immediately after delivery, umbilical cords were clamped on both ends and an arterial blood sample was collected anaerobically in a preheparinized insulin syringe. PH, base excess, carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2), PO2 and HCO3 were measured at 37oC by pH and gas analyzer (AVL, Compact3, Australia). The gas analysis was done in less than 30 minutes after sampling.

All women in labor pain were monitored by electronic fetal heart rate monitor. Apgar score was assessed by a trained physician at 1st and 5th minute after birth. In case of an Apgar score less than 8, additional Apgar scores were taken at 10th and 15th minute. Advanced resuscitation means that a baby required positive pressure ventilation, chest compression and/or drugs administration.

All resuscitated babies were transferred to neonatal intensive care unit or newborn services for post resuscitation care. Fetal distress was defined by an umbilical cord pH<7.2.

Demographic data like gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, need for resuscitation and/or newborn ward admissions were collected by a questionnaire in both groups. Sample size calculated 96 mother-fetal pair for each group (if we consider 1-á=0.95, r=0.25 and 1-â=0.80). For each high-risk mother, a low risk mother was selected as control. Analysis was performed by SPSS for windows version 16. Student's t-test, the Mann-Whitney and ÷2 test were used for analysis. Linear regression was used to control potential confounding variables. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Findings

During a 6-month period, 96 mother-fetus pairs, 49 in high risk, and 47 in low risk group participated in the study. The demographic characteristics of mothers and their neonates are shown in Table 1. Frequency of perinatal risk factors in high-risk groups is shown in Table 2.

The most common perinatal risk factors accompanied with low umbilical artery pH were prolonged rupture0 of membranes, breech presentation, and meconium stained amniotic fluid. The Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes in highrisk patients were significantly lower than in the low risk group (Table 3). pH, blood gas, and base excess values are shown in Table 4. pH values in mothers were significantly lower than those in low risk counterpart (P<0.001).

According to Kendal correlation coefficient, there was no significant correlation between Apgar score at 1st and 5th minute and umbilical cord pH in low risk group (r=0.212, P=0.1), whereas in high-risk group, a significant correlation between Apgar score at 1st and 5th minute and umbilical cord pH was found (r=0.01, P=0.036 and r=0.176, P=0.146 respectively).

Discussion

In the current study, we studied correlation of umbilical cord measures of acidosis at birth and the presence of risk factors in pregnancy. The mean±SD value of umbilical pH in high-risk group was lower than that in low risk group. There was also a significant relation between umbilical cord pH and low Apgar score with the incidence of selective neonatal outcomes like NICU admission and need for advanced resuscitation. Other authors reported similar short-term outcomes for hospital based patients' populations giving birth at term [11, 12].

Mean±SD for umbilical cord pH, NaHCO3 and PCO2 in neonates delivered to a high-risk pregnant mother differ significantly with those in low risk mothers but mean (±SD) values for PO2 and base excess did not differ between the two groups. This finding may emphasize the importance of the latter values on prediction of the occurrence of neonatal outcome. In fact metabolic and respiratory acidosis and hypoxia may jeopardize the baby more than a respiratory acidosis alone [13,14].

Apgar score at 1st and 5th minute in high-risk group was lower than that in the low risk group. But there was no significant difference in Apgar score at 10th and 15th minute between the two groups. This finding emphasizes the impact of the perinatal risk factors on the immediate general condition of the babies at birth and also the effect of immediate intervention on the improvement of the neonatal condition.

In our study, there was no significant correlation between Apgar score at 1st and 5th minute and the umbilical artery pH in low risk group. These two parameters, Apgar score at first minute and umbilical cord pH, behave independently. If immediate intervention and resuscitation commence, there would not be enough time to develop persistent hypoxemia and acidosis. On the other hand, in high-risk group both the Apgar score and umbilical cord pH should be employed to interpret the actual condition of the neonate. Socol and colleagues showed that neonates with an Apgar score less than or equal to 3 at five minutes and a complicated clinical course were more likely to have lower umbilical cord arterial pH measurements and higher base deficit values than did their counterparts with an uncomplicated clinical course[15]. Vargas-Origel found a significant difference in the Apgar score at one and five minute, as well as in umbilical cord pH between asphyxiated babies and control group[16].

In a newly published study, Locatelli and colleagues evaluated the predictors of umbilical artery acidemia in term infants and found that evidence of acidemia is present in only 38% of term babies with low Apgar score and it is predominantly associated with intrauterine vascular disease like preeclampsia, abruptio placenta, birth weight less than 10th percentile and placental vascular pathologies[17].

Although Apgar score provides a convenient short hand for the status of the newborn, it is often incorrectly used as a correlate of neonatal acidosis. In fact, only a minority of neonates with low Apgar scores at 5th minute have cord evidence of metabolic acidosis [18].

In order to evaluate how often low 5 minute Apgar score at term is associated with asphyxia, Hogan and their colleagues studied 183 term infants with Apgar score below 7 and concluded that in the absence of malformations, the majority of Apgar scores below 4 and at least half of scores 4-6 could be attributed to birth asphyxia. Signs of hypoxia usually appeared during labor but they were present at admission in 38% of cases with Apgar score below four [19].

The most common risk factor found in highrisk group in our study was emergency C/S. In a local study, no relation was found between the mode of delivery and umbilical cord blood gases[20]. In another local study there was a significant correlation between C/S, low Apgar score and acidemia[21]. Emergency C/S can result in acidemia because of the underlying condition that necessitates the emergency C/S.

Conclusion

Our study highlights a correlation between the presence of perinatal risk factors and umbilical cord pH in high-risk mothers. So we recommend assessing the umbilical cord pH in any mother who has a perinatal risk factor in her history or physical examination.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the deputy of research of Babol University of Medical Sciences for financial support and also the staff of the maternity ward of Yanyanejad Hospital for their cooperation.

Conflict of Interest: None to be declared

References

References

1. Blickstein I, Green T. Umbilical Cord Blood Gases. Clin Perinatol. 2007;34(3):451-9.

2. Apgar V. A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Curr Res Anest Analg. 1953;32(4):260-7.

3. Hubner ME, Tuarez ME. The Apgar score. Is it still valid after half century? Rev Med Chil. 2002;130(8): 925-30.

4. Fields LM, Entman SS, Boehm FH. Correlation of the one minute Apgar score and the pH value of umbilical arterial blood. South Med J. 1993; 46(12):1477-9.

5. Ross GM, Cola R. Use of umbilical artery base excess: Algorithm for the timing of hypoxic injury. Am J Obstetric Gynecol. 2002;187(1):1-9.

6. William KP, Singh A. The correlation of seizures in newborn infants with significant acidosis at birth with umbilical cord gas values. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100(3):527-60.

7. Modarressnejad V. Umbilical cord pH and risk factor for acidemia in neonatal in Kerman. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11(1-2):96-101.

8. Manganaro R, Mami C, Gemelli M. The validity of the Apgar score in the assessment of asphyxia at birth. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Report Biol. 1994; 54(2):99-102.

9. Amyaegbunam A, Fleischer A, Whihy J, et al. Association between umbilical artery cord pH, five minute Apgar score and neonatal outcome. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1991;32(4):220-3.

10. Kattwinkel J, Short J. Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation. 5th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2006; Pp:1-15.

11. Lackman F, Capewell V, Gangon R, et al. Fetal umbilical cord oxygen values and birth to placental weight ratio in relation to size at birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(3):674-82.

12. Throp JA, Dildy GA, Yeomans ER, et al. Umbilical cord blood gas analysis at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175(3 pt 1):517-22.

13. Goodwin TM, Belai I, Hernandez P, et al. Asphyxial complications in the term newborn with severe umbilical acidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167(6):1506-12.

14. Belai Y, Goodwin TM, Durand M, et al. Umbilical arteriovenous PO2 and PCO2 differences and neonatal morbidity in term infants with severe acidosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178(1Pt 1):13-9.

15. Socol ML, Garica PM, Riter S. Depressed Apgar scores, acid-base status and neurologic outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170(4): 991-9.

16. Vargas-Origel A, Murillo Rangel I. Anion gap in perinatal asphyxia. Gynecol Obstet Mex 1999; 67:188-92.

17. Locatelli A, Incerti M, Ghidini A, et al. Factors associated with umbilical artery acidemia in term infants with low Apgar score at 5 min. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;139(2): 146-50.

18. Sykes GS, Molloy PM, Johnson P, et al. Do Apgar scpre indicate asphyxia? Lancet 1982;1(8270): 494-6.

19. Hogan L, Ingemarsson I, Thorngren-Jerneck K, et al. How often is a low 5-min Apgar score in term newborns due to asphyxia? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;130(2):169-75.

20. Raafati SH, Borna H, Haj Ebrahim-Tehrani F, et al. Neonatal Apgar scores and umbilical blood gas changes in vaginal delivery and cesarean section: a comparative study. Tehran Univ Med Sci J. 2006;64(4):61-8. (Persian)

21. Kaveh M, Davari FT, Farahani MSh. Apgar score and arterial blood gas in the first hour of birth in neonates. Iran J Pediatr. 2004;14(1):27-32. (Persian)