CPU Scheduling Algorithms: A Survey

Abstract

Scheduling is the fundamental function of operating system. For scheduling, resources of system shared among processes which are going to be executed. CPU scheduling is a technique by which processes are allocating to the CPU for a specific time quantum. In this paper, the review of different scheduling algorithms are perform with different parameters, such as running time, burst time and waiting times. The reviews algorithms are first come first serve, Shortest Job First, Round Robin, and Priority scheduling algorithm.

Headnote

ABSTRACT

Scheduling is the fundamental function of operating system. For scheduling, resources of system shared among processes which are going to be executed. CPU scheduling is a technique by which processes are allocating to the CPU for a specific time quantum. In this paper the review of different scheduling algorithms are perform with different parameters, such as running time, burst time and waiting times etc. The reviews algorithms are first come first serve, Shortest Job First, Round Robin, and Priority scheduling algorithm.

Keywords - Burst Time, CPU Scheduling, Operating System, Round Robin, Scheduling Algorithms.

Date of Submission: January 23, 2014 Date of Acceptance: March 05,2014

INTRODUCTION

Operating system support wireless communication. As we know that wireless communication occurs in number of applications and traditionally in wireless network portable devices such as laptop's and cell phones are connected to a single access point where each device deal rigid pond of data speed [1, 2]. But current and future mobile devices are able to provide high bandwidth to users and we know that information is playing vital role in today world so that distributed virtual disk storage system (DVDSS) is fully reliable system for storage of information [3, 4]. Operating system also support and manages parallel and distributed computing and these two technologies plays an important role in today scheduling [5]. Wireless network is more flexible than wired network and wireless mesh network is a wireless network model which attracts current industry [6, 7]. We know that computer is dependent on both hardware and software and lot of advancements have done in this field [8]. CPU scheduling means process assigned to CPU for a particular time of interval. We know that scheduling avoids starvation of each job within CPU also assigning of processes to CPU done by scheduler as in [9, 10] and [11].

Advanced operating systems have the multitasking environments capabilities which also depend upon the scheduling algorithms, so core component of computer is CPU and Round Robin is the one of the effective algorithm among other scheduling algorithms and broadly applied in scheduling of CPU. In multitasking and multiprocessing the strategy by which the jobs or processes are assigning to the CPU is known as scheduling. Its main objective is to utilize the maximum, throughput and also minimize the waiting time, response time as in [12].Scheduling also used in real time application such as routing of data in networking and in the all type traffic control system like airways, roadways, railways. Scheduling is the strategy by which jobs or processes are given access to the system resources. By that the system load are manage efficiently or quality of service are achieve as in [13].

There are many types of algorithms for scheduling the CPU jobs. Each of these algorithms have different in efficiency and depend upon the environment. Following are some measurement for good scheduling algorithms.

Maximize the CPU utilization.

* Maximize the efficiency.

* Maximize the response time.

* Maximize the throughput.

There are two basic types of scheduling algorithms, pre- emptive and the non-preemptive algorithms.

Some properties of non-preemptive scheduling algorithms are mentioned below. Short process are wait for the longer process but the overall process handling is fair. The scheduling discipline is preemptive if a process has given to the CPU can take away when high priority jobs arrive. In pre-emptive algorithm when the high priority process come it automatically takes the CPU, and non-preemptive algorithms works on FCFS (first come first serve) rule even though eminent priority job comes in execution time as in [14]. Scheduling is the core function of operation system and operation of scheduling is to deal system resources among multiple processes. The main resource of computer is the CPU. So that programming of CPU is primal operation of design phase and have significant role in field of computer sciences as in [15]. To improve the speed and utilization of the CPU for that purpose several processes are kept in memory at a time means we use Schering concept as in [16]. According to [17, 18, 19] the CPU scheduling play an important role when they switching among more than one processes. In order to maximize the CPU utilization the operating system allows several processes to run all times. Scheduling is the core function of any operating system, since all the resources of computer is schedule before use as in [20]. In [21] the architecture of grid for scheduling are discussed which generate a list of resources and then select a suitable set. Scheduling algorithm is the important part of operating system invention. Scheduler decides among processes which process is first to executed by the CPU.

Resource Sharing: The web server and FTP server are the applications that partition the resources such as CPU, the bandwidth of the network and space between the connections can benefit the overall resource allocation. The second is the physical resource partitioning such as practical machine as in [22, 23]. According to [24] scheduler assigned by the operating system to CPU, disk and port of network. Unique features of the auxiliary scheduler are to get the hierarchical partitioning in multiprocessor environment as in [25, 26] and [27, 28]. The adaptive scheduling policies for multimedia and workload are discussed in [29], which present flexible scheduling. The system engineering approach to CPU scheduling for mobile multimedia system are discussed in [30]. According to [31] the virtual CPU scheduling in the quest operation system are describes which have the three main goals predictability, safety and the software execution. There are many factors that affect the efficiency of disk I/O schedulers like workloads file system and its execution enhanced near changing scheduler parameters as in [32]. According to [33] apriority based algorithm are proposed which calculates the time quantum of individual jobs and changed after each process. This algorithm adopted the dynamic quantum idea. According to [34, 35] have study the use of load-balancing model to overcome diligence performance time in different types of system environment and this will assumed that the resource performance will never occurred with slowly.

2. SCHEDULER

First is the long term Scheduler determines which processes will go first to the ready queue that type of decision will take by the long term scheduler. In this decision the dispatcher authorized or delayed the processes. Second is the mid-term in this type of Scheduler some processes or jobs are removed from the RAM and placed them on the secondary memory, such as hard disk. In operating system these terms are known as swapping out and swapping in of the process. And third is the short term in this type of scheduler decides which process will be in ready queue, in memory to be executed. This type of scheduler is much frequent making decision then the long-term and the mid- term scheduler. This scheduler can be pre-emptive and non- preemptive as.

3. SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS

The core algorithms for scheduling and their characteristics are describes in this section.

3.1 First Come First Serve

The merest techniques that permit the first job arrive to execute first. This access is called first-come, first serve (FCFS) scheduling algorithm. In this approach the late coming processes are waiting in a queue form, the processes are inserted into the tail of the queue and when they are submitted as in [36]. The processes are taken from the head of the queue when a process finishes its running. The efficiency of the first-come first-serve is discussed in [37].This Scheduling technique has poor performance, longer waiting time and low throughout as discussed in [38]. A comprehensive study of Cup scheduling are perform in [39], it also discuss the importance of Cup scheduling algorithms.

3.2 Shortest Job First

In this approach low execution time jobs are assigned to CPU. In this technique the scheduler kept the jobs in a queue such that the head of queue has the shortest jobs and the tail has the longest jobs. In SJF the average waiting time is minimized because it process the little jobs before it take the prominent ones as in [40]. In this algorithm the jobs with prominent execution time will never be executed. According [41] to the scheduling technique is describes which is based on this technique. In [42] a task is divided into two mandatory and optimal portions, the optimal part is schedule using shortest job first.

3.3 Round Robin

The round Robin scheduling algorithm assigns the time slice or quantum for each process. The ready process are kept in queue and new jobs are infixed into the tail of the queue as in [43, 44].In this algorithm the CPU efficiency will low when set the time slice too short, and too long time will cause poor response time. As in [45, 46] and [47, 48] Round Robin is the old, simple algorithm and especially designs for the time sharing system. It is the effective and good responsive but the waiting time and turnaround time are wicked because of the determined time amount nature. The scheduler gives a determined time slice to each job and repeats them in cycle. It is just like to the FCFS but pre- emption is performing to switch them among the processes as in [49, 50]. In Round Robin scheduling the equality is given to each process, process gets equal time of the CPU because of time quantum, so it is better than other scheduling algorithms and it gives low turnaround time, waiting time. In [51] the new dynamic quantum scheduling algorithm is proposed. In [52, 53, 54] a new round robin algorithm are presented which decrease context switching and provides better waiting time, turnaround time then RR scheduling algorithm.

3.4 Priority Scheduling

The operation system assigns fixed priority to each process. The low priority is interrupted when the high priority processes are arrived. The high priority processes have a smaller waiting time and the starvation can happen to the low priority processes as in [55]. The priority queuing scheduling algorithm can provides. According to [56] the improved priority scheduling algorithm are presented it also discussed in static and dynamic scheduling algorithm the lower priority process are postponed. It also describes the longest pre-empted process in ready queue and on it micro scheduling model in ready queue is built up. In [57, 58] a priority scheduling algorithm are describes, the process are schedule based on their antecedence rate and allocate to processor equating with the subsisting programming algorithm based on its duration and resource employment.

The above table is about the performance result of different algorithms which are discussed in this respective paper and about some other algorithms relevant to the discussed scheduling algorithms in terms of data set and performance.

4. CONCLUSION

Different scheduling algorithms are reviews in this paper are according to their CPU overhead, throughput, turnaround time and response time. The FCFS have low throughput, low turnaround time, high turnaround time and low response time. SJF have the Medium CPU overhead, high throughput, medium turnaround and medium response time. RR has the high CPU overhead, medium throughput, medium turnaround time and high response time. Priority Scheduling have the medium CPU overhead, low throughput, high turnaround time and high response time.

References

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