DIMENSION STONE DEPOSITS IN CROATIA

Abstract

The geology, petrographycal composition and properties of dimension stone deposits in Croatia are described. Dimension stone deposits in the conception of mobilistic view of the genesis and structure of Dinarides, as well as after stratigraphic units, are considered. Valuation of the dimension stones of the active quarries is exposed. The marketable categories of dimension stone in Croatia are different varietes of limestones and calcareous clastites, primarly of Cretaceous age, and to lesser degree of Jurassic and Paleogene. The greatest part of deposits is concentrated in the Adriatic carbonate platform or Adriaticum. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Headnote

Key-words: Dimension stone, Deposits, Geology, Petrography, Properties, Croatia

The geology, petrographycal composition and properties of dimension stone deposits in Croatia are described. Dimension stone deposits in the conception of mobilistic view of the genesis and structure of Dinarides, as well as after stratigraphic units, are considered. Valuation of the dimension stones of the active quarries is exposed. The marketable categories of dimension stone in Croatia are different varietes of limestones and calcareous clastites, primarly of Cretaceous age, and to lesser degree of Jurassic and Paleogene. The greatest part of deposits is concentrated in the Adriatic carbonate platform or Adriaticum.

Kljucne rijeci: Arhitektonski kamen, Lezista, Geologija, Petrografija, Svojstva, Hrvatska

Opisani su geologija, petrografski sastav i svojstva lezista arhitektonskog kamena u Hrvatskoj. Lezista arhitektonskog kamena razmatrana su prema koncepciji mobilistickog pogleda na genezu i grab Dinarida, kao i prema stratigrafskim jedinicama. Izlozeno je vrednovanje arhitektonskog kamena aktivnih kamenoloma. T&ne kategorije arhitektonskog kamena Hrvatske su razliEiti vapnenci i karbonatni klastiti, prvenstveno kredne starosti, a manje jurske i paleogenske. Najveci dio lezista koncentriran je u Jadranskoj karbonatnoj platformi ili Adrijatiku.

Introduction

Dimension stone in Croatia in about 30 quarries, nowdays, exploit the following firms:

- >>JADRAN-KAMENU in PuEilf6a and Selca, exploits dimension stone on the island of BraE,

- .KAMEN<< in Pazin, exploits dimension stone in Istria, and

- PKAMEN-SPLIT& Split, exploits dimension stone in the ,continental parts of Dalmatia.

Apart from the mentioned firms, dimension stone exploit also nZADRUGAa in Matulji, nGRADEVNO PODUZE~E<in< KorEula, and some private stone-masons on the islands of Bra2 and Kor- Eula. From the year 1991 there are no data on the activities of the quarrying of the firm >>KAMENU in Obrovac.

In the nearer past (1950/60) dimension stone was exploited by 10 companies in 50 quarries:

- "GRANIT" in Zagreb, 11 quarries (Bizek near Zagreb, Marici and Romanovac near Obrovac, Velebit Portoro near Gospic, Bogomolja on the island of Hvar, Roza Val on the island of Vis, and the others),

- "INDUSTRIJA JADRANSKOG KAMENA I MRAMORA" in Split, 11 quarries (on the island of Brae, and the continental part of Dalmatia),

- "ISTARSKI RUDNICI NEMETALA" in Pula, 11 quarries (in the region of Istria),

- "KAM£NOLOM" in Buje, 5 quarries (in the region of Istria),

- "KAMEN" in Pazin, 4 quarries (in the region of Istria),

- "SADRA" in Sinj, 4 quarries (in the region of Dalmatinska Zagora),

- "KOMBINAT VELEBiT" in Rijcka, 3 quarries,

- "ISTARSKI BOKSITI* in Rovinj, 2 quarries,

- "VRNIK" in KoruiUi. 2 quarries, and

- "KLESARSKA ZADRUGA" in Matulji, 1 quarry.

In the last 30 or more years the number of companies and quarries and accordingly the stone varieties have been considerably decreased. Dimension stone quarrying was primarilly stopped in deposits of the supporting coloured carbonate and clastic sediments. The mentioned deposits are regularly of small stretching and complex geological structure, with the impossibility of extraction the larger blocks for manufacturing and market. Part of these deposits, regarding the implementation of the new stone carving technology in thin plates-marmetes, would probably be reactivated. That wouldn't be the case in the touristic areas.

The data about our dimension stone deposits could occasionally be found in periodicals and literature.

So Muller (1984) for our regions writes literally this: "Zu behaupten, die gesamte Adriakiiste sei ein einziger grosser Steinbruch, ware nicht iibertrieben. Sowohl auf der Halbinsel Istrien, als auch in dcr Umgebung von Split und Dubrovnik sowie auf mchreren der vorgelagerten Inseln reiht sich eine Abbaustelle an die andere: vorwiegend heller Kalk-stein mit reichem Fossilbesatz." At the same time, on the shematic map he marked a number of locations of the known stone deposits present on market today (Lucija, Groznjan, Kanfanar, Kirmenjak, Vin-kuran, Rozalit, Dolit, Oklad, Diokles, Adria Grigio, Veselje, Kupinovo, San Giorgio, Rasotica, Adria Verde), but also the deposits of dimension stones which are not present on market today (Kremenje, Bale, Marcana, Crna Kricka, Mosor, VisoCani).

The main part of the enumerated and mentioned dimension stone deposits is located in "the specially productive Istrian-Daimatian belt Adriatic type of the Cretaceous age develope" (B i I b i j a et al. 1974).

Similar is with the presentation of our dimension stone in INSK (International Naturstein-Kartei) in 10 volumes (Miiller, 1986):

- in the 6th volume of INSK the data on conglomerates Rozalit and Multikolor, breccias Romanovac and Oklad. and porous limestone Vinkuran unito are present,

- in the 7th volume the data on the coloured limestones Unarot, Rasotica and Crna Kricka are present, and

- in the 8th volume are the data on the limestones Lucija, Adria Verde, Groznjan, San Giorgio, Adria Grigio, Kanfanar, Kupinovo, Diokles and Dolit.

Among the different varieties of our dimension stone in Naturstein Lexikon (M e h I i n g, 1986) are mentioned the following: Adria Grigio. Adria Verde, Dolit, Kanfanar, Multikolor, Marici, Kupinovo, Oklad, Piano, Rasotica, Romanovac, Rozalit, San Giorgio, Santa Lucia, Seget, Veselje, Vinkuran and Vrsine, as well as the types which are not present on market today: Bale, Belgris, Mima, Salamin, Crne Kricke, Crni Velebit, Glavica, Granitelo, Mosor, ReStovo and Visocani.

The development of dimension stone industry is most evident in growth of stone blocks exploitation:

Of the greatest importance in the forementioned industry are the following companies:

- "KAMEN" in Pazin (21,510 m^sup 3^ of the exploited blocks in 1985, and 21,825 m^sup 3^ in 1990), and

- "JADRAN-KAMEN" on the island of Brae (19,150 m^sup 3^ of the exploited blocks in 1985, and 22,184 m^sup 3^ in 1990).

The dimension stone industry in Croatia with quarrying and processing of natural resources in the world relation is insignificant, neither 50,000 m^sup 3^/year in compared to about 10,000,000 m^sup 3^/year total world production. Only one marketable category of dimension stone in Croatia is calcareous stone, different varieties of limestones and clastites. This is the limitation factor of larger expansion on the world market today.

Essential preferences to existence of dimension stone deposits

The definitions of dimension stone: "Building stone that is quarried and prepared in regularly shaped blocks accordnig to specifications" (Bates and Jackson, 1980) and "Stone which is marketed in blocks or slabs of a specified size. Much of it is used for building, either for structural purposes, or for cladding, facing or flagging. The minerals in dimension stones should be stable in humid atmosphere, and the rock should be crystalline or well consolidated. Individual blocks should be free of weakness planes, and if the stone is to be used for structural purposes it should be strong. The principal rock types used as dimension stone are granite, diorite, syenite, sandstone, limestone, some ironstones, gneiss, slate and serpentine. When a rock mass is being considered for working as a dimension stone, it is important that a sufficiently plentiful supply of material of the same colour and texture is available, and that the stone can be worked with the minimum of blasting, a process that is liable to introduce cracks into otherwise intact blocks. Stone to be used for statuary purposes should generally be attractive, not too hard, even-grained and workable by hand. Marble is probably the best-known stone used by sculptors" (Dineley et al., 1976) incoporate the basic demands which rock mass should meet for the existence of exploitable deposits.

The essencial preferences to the origin of the dimension stone deposit are genetic processes and poslgenetic occurances. They make condition on:

- decorativity of the stone,

- physical-mechanical properties, and

- rock mass integrity or spacial distribution of the primary and secondary discontinuities.

Dimension stone decorativity depends on the whole range of genetic and postgenetic factors, such as:

- quantity and spacial distribution idiochromatic or coloured minerals (hematite, limonite, epidote, chlorite, etc.),

- pigment finely dispersed in alochromatic minerals (hematite in orthoclase),

- pigment differently generated and arranged in stone (graphite in marbl, bitumen in limestone),

- existence of minerals of the special luster (sericite of pearly luster),

- shell fragments and debris different shapes, dimensions, uniformity and heterogenity, and

- marked texture and fabric characteristics, such as schistosity (without parting along the schistosity planes), eyed structures, feldspar porphyroblasts, stylolitcs, intersections of the coloured veins (with caicite or other minerals filled fractures), micro-folds, etc.

Physical-mechanical properties of the stone depend especially on:

- mineral composition and the characteristics of minerals,

- textural elements, especially on spacial distribution of minerals, its shape and dimensions, in clastic sediments on the composition of particles and the characteristics of cement,

- in sedimentary rocks on the degree of lithification,

- intergranular bond,

- defects in crystals, as well as crypto and micro defects in stone, hidden or visible by microscope, as well as macroscopically visible defects (fine fissures),

- porosity and the size of pore space, and

- the freshness of stone.

The rock mass integrity depends on discontinuities which stipulate natural fragmentation and separation in blocks of different shape and size. Discontinuities are primary or syngenetic and secondary or postgenetic.

Primary discontinuities are;

- in magmatic rocks cooling joints,

- in sedimentary rocks bedding planes, and primary sedimentary structures (sequences, biostromc. bio-herme etc), and

- in metamorphic rocks foliated planes.

Secondary discontinuities are all the fractures of tectonic origin.

All the given suppositions should be supplemented by two fundamental claims: durability of stone and stability of its colour, under the influence of exogen natural and technogenic factors in conditions of urban environment.

Finally, the important factors are the economic exploitation of the manufactured stone blocks, as well as their attractability on the home and world market.

On the basis of the given preferences and demands comes out that it is not simple on fields to find areas suitable for exploitation of dimension stone, or limits their deposits, as well as find the potential productive zones.

Outline of geology

Croatia is characterised by the variety of petrographic composition and geological structure, but with great differencies in spreading of the particular rocks. The spread of magmatic and metamorphic rocks in comparision to sedimentary and especially to carbo-natic rocks, is small. The spread of magmatic and metamorphic rocks, and postgenetic processes in them are the main restrictive factors of finding the dimension stone deposit of silicatic composition, as well as marble. As opposed to that, spread of the carbonate sediments of different stratigraphic unit represent the basis of the present dimension stone industry, with the rich tradition of exploitation and usage of dimension stone from the ancient times.

Even the superficial look at the simplified geological map of Croatia (after Kranjec, 1974) is sufficient for seeing the differencies between geology and petrographic composition of the particular areas (fig. 1). These differences are present in spreading of the particular stratigraphic units, as well as in petrographic composition. The regional division of Croatia is based on these differences, and the whole territory Crnkovie (1974) divided into 5 regions.

Taking into consideration the mobilistic view of the genesis and structure of Dinarides (Herak, 1991), from the point of view of the potential productivity of li most rat igraphic units, Croatia can be devided into 6 regions (fig. 2):

- The region of Hrvatsko Zagorje, or northwestern part of Croatia, covers the area between the Sava and Drava Rivers, on the east it spreads till the Cesma River towards north as far as to Koprivnica,

- The region of Slavonija, or northeastern part of Croatia, covers the area between the Sava and Drava Rivers, east of Cesma River,

- The region of Banija and Kordun, or Karlovac area, covers the teritory south of the Sava River, southeast and south of Karlovac,

- The region of Gorski Kotar-Lika-Primorje, covers the territory of Gorski Kotar, Lika and Primorje,

- The region of Istria, covers the territory of Istria, and

- The region of Dalmatia, covers the coastal area and islands, as well as Dalmatinska Zagora,

The region of Hrvatsko Zagorje

The region is conspicuously marked with Mountains Medvednica, Kalnik, Macelj, Ivanscica and Ravna gora, of different petrographic composition and the large range of stratigraphic units, from Paleozoic to Quaternary,

On the Mt. Medvednica dominate the greenschists (para and ortho metamorphites), and argilhtes, mar-bleized limestones and marbles. Limestones and dolomites of the Triassic age can be found at the Mts. Medvednica, IvanScica, Kalnik and Ravna gora, while clastites and carbonate sediments with erupti-ves at the Mts. Medvednica, IvanScica and Kalnik. Along the rims of the mountains it is very important development of clastic and carbonate sediments of Neogene, especially Miocene age.

After Herak (1991) this area belongs to structural complex of the Inner Dinarides or Supradinari-cum. The border area of Dinarides and Alpides is on the north, while on the east are Pannonian structures of Pre-Alpine structural complexes. Some of the presented Hcrak's thoughts on the situation of the area, are the following:

- ".. .some parts of the Inner Dinaridic area take position virtually different from the place of their origin ...",

- ". ..lack of the clear inner zoning, that is the consequence of the neotectonic desintegration of the prime covering structures, which existence prooves the numerous marked but also masked phenomena of alochtony...",

- "... appearance of ultramaphites in. .. Mts. Medvednica and Kalnik are in alochtonic position. ",

- "... the structure of the Inner Dinarides (Supradi-naricum) is very heterogenious, that causes the difficulties in the internal classification ..."

show that in this area, except the "young" sediments of the Neogene, we can not expect the rock mass wholeness and also not dimension stone deposits. In this respects, potentially are productive only the carbonate sediments of Miocene (Crnkovie et al. 1974/75). Those are lithothamnion limestones of the south-western part of Mt. Medvednica and the rim of Mt. Ravna gora in the area of Vinica.

The region of Slavonia

The marked petrographic element of the Slavonian Mountains (Papuk, Psunj, Krndija and Moslavacka gora) is Crystalline. In the part of the Slavonian Mountains J a m i c i c (1988) separated three complexes; those of "Radlovac", "Papuk" and "Psunj", which consist of magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the wide range of textures and compositions. For this area is important the existence of series of orogenesis (Baycal, Caledonian, Laramian) to which are linked prograde and retrograde metamorphoses as well as the corresponding tectonics.

With the monotoniously gray and uniform grainly granites of the Mt. Moslavacka gora, potentially perspective for the dimension stone deposits could be considered granites and gneisses of the "Papuk complex".

After Herak (1991) this area belongs to Panno-nian structures of Pre-Afpine structural complexes. They were exposed to strong compression and corresponding desintegration until then of homogenious structural unity. This was the one of the preconditions for the later (Neogenic) differentiated movement of the particular parts, and for the partial changes of the stretching some of them.

Southern and western of these structures, there is the structural complex of Inner Dinarides (Supra-dinaridic). The border line between those two complexes is placed south of the Slavonians Mountains, west of Mt. Moslavacka gora, to east of Mt. Kalnik (Herak et al. 1990).

By prospections and researches the existence of the whole >>oases<o<f the rock mass are estimated in the areas of Mts. MoslavaCka gora and Papuk. Howewer, the consequences of the still presented processes, which in the geological past took place here, are evident in the mentioned >>oases<S<o. J o v i C i 6 et al. (1992) describes the tectonics of the *Zebrato<<g ranite deposit: >>. . .T ectonic disturbances are evident through the intensive cracking. . . . The complex tectonic elements devide the deposit in the separate units-blocks . . .with restriction and narrowing of the exploitable fields. . . and worsen geological conditions of the deposit and negatively influence to the blockage.<<

The region of Banija and Kordun

The area in its southwestern part is clearly marked with the interrupted zone of clastites of Younger Paleozoic, general striking NW-SE. The Triassic sediments and the narrow ophiolitic zones of the Jurassic with especially complex structure are of the same stretching (M a j e r, 1984, and Ma j e r and L u g o - v i 6, 1985). The significiant proportion take the flysch and molasse of Eocene, and the clastic sediments of Pliocene.

This area belongs to the former described Supradinaridic.

In regards to the complex geological structure and the petrographic composition, including the sediments of Paleogene and Neogene, there is no possibility of finding dimension stone deposits in this area. The presented statements we base on the description of some, for our consideration, eventually interesting rocks (M a j e r and L u go v i 6, 1985): >). . . the major part of amphibolite . . .has. . . clearly marked foliation . . . the whole rock mass is divided into smaller blocks of differentiated movements. . . some parts suffered intensive deformations . . .<<

The region of Gorski Kotar, Lika and Primorje

It is clearly marked with the general striking of the lithostratigraphic members NW-SE, as well as the predominant sediments of Mesozoic, The northwestern part, Gorski Kotar and Lika characterize the clastic sediments, as well as dolomites and limestones of the Younger Paleozoic. In Mesozoic, from Triassic to Cretaceous prevaile the carbonate sediments of marine shallow environments, limestones and dolomites. Lithiotis limestone of Liassic, as well as rudist limestones of Upper Cretaceous indicate the shallow environments. In some parts of Gorski Kotar and Lika dolomites are continually present from the Upper Triassic through Jurassic. The sediments of Paleogene are present in the lesser degree.

After Herak (1991) this area belongs to Structural complex of the Dinaridic carbonate platform (Dinaricum). It is rather difficult preciselly differentiate the relation between Dinaric carbonate platform (Dinaricum) and Adriatic carbonate platform (Adriaticum). The reason is the complex overthrust relations and because the units of Dinaricum are placed directly on the elements of Adriaticum on some localities.

For that structural complex are characteristic the overthrust structure, namely, with the overthrust complexes of the Paleozoic and Triassic on the Jurassic carbonate complexes.

On the basts of the presented data, this area, regardless to favourable genetic conditions in formation of the wide range of different varieties of limestone, postgenetic occurences, that is to say, tectonic units of the overthrust structure and disturbancy, arc the limiting factors of finding and existence of dimension stone deposits. If there are some deposits, they are characterized by the unfavourable geological conditions.

The region of Istria

The significant stratigraphic-structural element is Jurassic-Cretaceous anticline with carbonate sediments from Upper Jurassic to Lower and Upper Cretaceous. By the north is placed Buje anticline. The remarkable surfaces cover clastic and carbonate sediments of Paleoccne and Eocene. The favourable condition of Jurassic-Cretaceous anticline are subho-rizontal layers.

After Herak (1991) this area belongs to the Adriatic carbonate platform or Adriaticum. This platform due to its main features has much in common with Dinaricum, so that some of the authors take them as an integral unity. Regardless to some common elements named by Herak, this area and from the point of view of the productive zones and dimension stone deposits, justifies its separation. After Olujic et al. (1972) differently from the conception of Herak (1991) this area represents autochton. From the continental part of Istria, Adriatic stretches across the Kvarner Islands to the southeast, partly surrounding seaside Dinaricum from the southwest.

In this area all the other stratigraphic units except flysch are potentially productive. Dimension stone deposits are placed in the limestones of Jurassic, Lower and Upper Cretaceous as well as in limestones and carbonate clastites of Paleogene.

The region of Dalmatia

It is clearly marked with the significant part of Cretaceous carbonate sediments and carbonate clastites and flysch of Paleogene. The Jurassic sediments are slightly represented on the furtherest south island Lastovo and Mljet, while the sediments of Triassic and Jurassic are represented in the northern part of the region.

This area presents the continuation of Adriaticum. It is structurally different from Istria, and can be divided into three zones. The southern part includes mainly the islands, and it is characterized by clearly marked anticlines. For that anticlines is characteristic regularly slighter slope of its northern layers. The central part is characterized by ovethrust structures formed by the sediments of Cretaceous and Paleo-gene. The northern part is of the complex structure with the greater participation of the sediments of Triassic and Jurassic.

The main productive lithostratigraphic member of this area is the rudiste limestones of Upper Cretaceous, although are present a numerous deposits the other stratigraphic levels too.

Dimension stone deposits

Dimension stone deposits will be described according to regions (fig. 3), and separated into three groups:

- deposits of current exploitation,

- deposits of temporary exploitation, not exploitable at the present time, and

- deposits in the phase of exploration,

The region of Hrvatsko Zagorje

From the point of view of dimension stone exploitation, in this region are only the limestones of Miocene age of interest. At the present time there are no active quarries here, while in the past dimension stone was exploited in four deposits.

Vinica

The deposit is situated on the eastern hillside of Mt. Ravna Gora, west of Varazdin. The stone of this area was exploited in the ancient times. It's considered to be the stone of Varaidin's baroque. The stone of Vinica in the past was known even across the borders of our country. Among the deposits of Lithotamnion limestones of Badenian age, Kieslingcr (1932) mentions: "... Von altoster-reichischen Vorkommen seien nur erwahni: Briinn (in Mahren), Mokritz (in Krain) und Vinica (in Kroatien)."

There are generally two distinguished types of the yeliowgrayish exploitable stone in the deposit:

- porous and soft limestone, recentlly called Vinicit, and

- macroporous and megaporous Lithotamnion lime stone.

Petrographically are the carbonate rocks of Vinica determined as: biomicrite and biomicrudite (prevail), recrystallizcd biomicrite, biosparite, biosparrudite and clayish biomicrite.

The deposit could be devided into three parts: Pecina and Kocevec (predominant Vinicit), and Jezero (predominant Lithotamnion limestone) with about 20 old quarries out of exploitation at the present time (fig. 4).

Pisana pecina

The deposit is placed on the southwestern hillside of Mt. IvanScica, western of Novi Marof, along the ridge stretching E-W. The old quarries with remnants of block extraction are cut in the ridge at some places. In deposit exist 8 layers of different thickness (fig. 5).

Limestones are yeliowgrayish and gray colour, porous, soft and shelly. Petrographically are determined as intra biosparite, intrabiosparrudite and intrabiomicrosparite.

Kuopanec

In limestones of Badenian age in the Mt. Varazdin-sko toplitSko gorje western of Varazdinske toplice (Varazdin spa) there are old quarries with the remnants of block extraction. Badenian is represented by grayish and yeliowgrayish, porous and soft limestones. Petrographically are determined as biomicrite, biosparite, biomicrudite and biosparrudite.

Bizek and Vrapce potok

Clastic and limestone sediments of Miocene surround Mt. Medvednica from the western, southern and eastern side. Like dimension stone, Lithotamnion limestone was exploited only in the southwestern hillside of Mt. Medvednica, west of Zagreb, in the quarries of Bizek and Vrapce potok. In not so distant past Lithotamnion limestone represented the building stone of the city of Zagreb, known as Bizek stone. Its characteristics in deposits and on buildings, as well as the influence of the polluted air of urban surroundings on limestone with the formation of plaster was in detail elaborated by Marie (1938).

Nowdays dimension stone is not exploited in these deposits, because these areas are situated in the Natural Park of Mt. Medvednica.

The region of Slavonia

For dimension stone exploitation in this region of the greatest interest are primarily magmatic and metamorphic rocks of Crystalline, Those are granites and gneisses.

Samarica

The numerous old quarries exist in granites of Mt. Moslavacka gora. In the quarry Samarica, south of Bjelovar, in the past granite was exploited as dimension stone. Granite is fine-grained and of evenly gray colour without special decorativity. For the deposit is of importance the existence of the thick surface weathering crust.

Metla-Ravna gora

On the southern slopes of Metla, northeast of Pakrac, experimental exploitation has been carried out. After J o v i £ i £ et al, (1992) the quarry is open in porphyroblastic granites (fig, 6). Granite is of greengrayish and pinkgrayish colour and on the subsoil weathering part browngrayish colour. It is characterized by porphyroblastic texture and the marked foliation of mica. Slabs cut opposite or vertical to foliation are of striped appercance, with marked feldspate porphyroblastes and foliation of mica. Because of that granite was comercially called Zebra-to.

Jankovac>Radetina

An old little quarry with some small left blocks of granite is placed west of Jankovci on Mt. Papuk. Because of the fact that this location is placed in the Natural park of Jankovci, the explorations are carried out in the eastern part. In the Creek Radetina detailed porphyroblastic granite-gneisses of gray and sometimes of pinkgrayish colour can be found.

The region of Banija and Kordun

According to our knowledge in this region in the past there were no dimension stone exploitation, neither, with respect to geology, exists such a possibility.

The region of Gorski Kotar-Lika-Primorje

The main characteristics of this region are great spreading of sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic, a slight presence of sediments of the Younger Paleozoic (Carboniferous, Permian), and the Cenozoic (Eocene, Oligocene) with the general striking of lithostratigraphic units NW-SE with inclination to WNW-ESE in the southern part of region, as well as the complex tectonic framework (fig. 1).

Apart from rare exceptions, the greatest part of dimension stone deposits exploited in the past, or potentially prospective areas are placed in Lika.

CARBONIFEROUS

Clastic sediments, redish sandstones and fine-grained conglomerates were exploited in the surroundings of Brusani in Lika, and locally used in the building of houses as ashlar.

TRIASSIC

The smaller part of Triassic sediments belongs to clastic development, but the greater to carbonate, mainly to dolomites. In the big area of dolomites is illusory trying to find the possible dimension stone deposits.

In the vicinity of Saint Rok in Lika, in nearer past, the carbonate conglomerates as dimension stone were exploited. Conglomerates are of reddish to gray colour. In rock mass five exploiting layers of thickness from 0.5 to 1.0 m, can be separated (fig. 7).

JURASSIC

Of the greatest spreading in this region are carbonate sedimentary rocks, limestones and dolomites of the Jurassic. Dimension stone deposit are situated in limestones of the Lower and Upper Jurassic.

The remarkable member of Lower Jurassic (Middle Lias) is very decorative Lithiotis limestone. Lit-hiotis limestone is dense, dark-gray to black with longish white remnants of the shell Lithiotis proble-matica. This limestone is petrographicalty determined as biomicrudit i. e. coquina. Regularly in under wall and/or hanging wall there are dense dark-gray to black limestones, sometimes with the larger, whitish skeleton debris. Those limestones are petrograp-hically determined as biomicrites, biopelmicrites, biomicrudites and biointrasparites. Pigment of the enumerated limestones is bituminous matter, and consequently of the strictly restricted usage for interior coverings.

Lithiotis limestones with the belonging rocks were exploited in the following quarries:

- CvituSa, near Lovinac, layer 1.2 m of thickness (fig. 8), and

- Gradina, near Ricice, layer 3 m of thickness.

As perspective can be separated the areas Mazin-Lapac and on Alan, north of Obrovac.

The stone, on market known as Velebil Portoro, was exploited in the vicinity of Gospic, in nearer past. It is the dense limestone of brown-gray, dark-gray to brown-black colour. The special decorativity to the stone gives the interesection of whitish, yellowish, brownish and redish veins, that daple it. The deposit consists of 6 layers, in total 3.75 m of thickness. Petrographically are determined as micrites, pelmicrites, biomicrites, oointrasparites and dolomi-tic dismicrites.

Of the Upper Jurassic age are dense, dark-gray, partly oolitic limestones, west of Brinje, The layers are 30-80 cm of thickness. The polished surface of oolitic variety is of the spawnly appearance. Petrographically are determined as oosparite and biomi-crite/biosparite. The deposit is of the restricted area.

Near Donji Lapac, the stone commercially known as Unarot was exploited. It is red to red-brownish limestone, partly of the conglomeratic appearance. In calcite matrix are the oval intraclasts or mud pebble. Petrographically is determined as intraspari-te.

CRETACEOUS

Near Prozor, southeast of Otocac, on the occasion of archaeological excavation, the ancient quarry was discovered (Saric, 1980), The site is earlier known and in literature described as carved in rock "stone benchcs" and "wathering-places carved in stone". The ancient quarry is illustrated in detail (fig, 9). The quarry is opened in brown-grayish brecciform limestone, dappled with whitish and redish veins, and petrographically determined as brecciated micrite and biomicrite.

North of Obrovac, in the sediments of Lower Cretaceous are exploited the stones on market known as Romanovac and Tulovac or Kastania. After Jovicic et al. (1988J this stones belong to dense brecciated limestone and limestone breccias. The Romanovac type is of redish, while Tulovac of dark brownisgray colour. The boath types are intersected with the veins of calcitc. Petrographically are determined as micrites, intramicrites and intrabiomicrites.

Limestone breccia Mus"kovci was exploited southwest of Gracac. The breccia is of brown-gray colour, with intersection of whitish and redish veins.

The yellow-gray brecciaform limestone of Upper Cretaceous age was exploited west of Karlovac in Restovo.

In sediments of the Lower Cretaceous, as potentially productive areas can be separated Markovice-vo, northeast of Otocac, and Glavica, along the road Otocac- Dabar (Crnkovic et al., 1979/80), where the decorative brecciaform limestones of brown-gray, gray and brownish colour, intersected with whitish veins and lenses of calcite, can be found.

The stone is according to its appearance similar to the matheriais of the ancient quarry near Prozor. The space disposition of natural discontinuities on the location of Markovicevo is unfavourable (fig. 10). But regardless to this fact, the stone blocks separated along measured natural discontinuities according to its shape and magnitude are unfavourable (fig. 11), but also favourable (fig. 12).

PALEOGENE

The sediments of Paleogene that cover smaller area are mostly clastic. Limestone are rarer.

Not far from Bunici, northeast of Li£ki Osik, were exploited yellow-grayish foraminiferal limestone as ashlars. Petrographically is determined as cataclasti-zed biomicrite/bio spa rite.

As potentially productive areas in sediments of the Paleogene we can separate Ostrac west of Kosinjski Bakovac and Kosinjski Bakovac, where redish, pinkish, pink-grayish, yellow-gray and of the "coffee with milk colour" limestone breccias intersected with pinkish veins can be found.

The region of Islria

The region of Istria is built up of sedimentary rocks of the Upper Jurassic, Lower and Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene and Eocene, and of Quaternary (fig. 13).

Upper Jurassic limestones form the core of the Jurassic-Cretaceous anticline and they are at the same time the oldest strata found at the surface in Istria.

Lower Cretaceous sediments lay concordant on Jurassic limestones. They consist of limestones interchangeably for early-diagenetic and late-genetic dolomites.

Upper Cretaceous limestones have typical neritic elements of sedimentation in shallow sea water with an expansive development of rudistic fauna.

Paleocene sediments are discordant and transgre-sive to the eroded surface of Cretaceous iimestones, and Eocene sediments was sedimented continuously on Paleocene.

Quaternary sediments were formed by mechanical, chemical and biochemical weathering of carbonate and flysch base.

Some of the characteristics of geology important for dimension stone deposits can be partly explainable from tectonic outline of Istria. In tectonic structure of Istria together with Jurassic-Cretaceous anticline are conspicous the tectonic break Savudrija-Buzet or anticline Buje and thrust nappe structures of Mts. Cicarija and Ucka along the direction Koro-macno-Labin-Lupoglav (fig. 14). Tectonic lines with the prominent horizontal shifts practically segmentated the area of Istria. The striking horizontal movements from the point of view of dimension stone deposits are important because the exploitable beds are interrupted and shifted horizontally. Therefore their continuation after interruption, regularly, need not be searched along the vertical cuts, but in the latheral sense.

The region of Istria is characterized by the numerous dimension stone deposits which are situated in limestones and clastites of Upper Jurassic including Lower and Upper Cretaceous till Eocene (fig. 15). The exploitable deposits will be shown according to the stratigrapliic belongings.

UPPER JURASSIC

The core of the western istrian anticline is built of the sediments of Upper Dogger. Oxfordian, Kim-meridgian and Tithonian. The sediments of Upper Jurassic are elaborated and described in detail (Tisljar, 1976 and 1978, Tisljar etal. 1983, Velic i Tisljar, 1988).

To Kimmeridgian belong perireefal and shallow marine limestones (btosparites, biosparrudites, intra-sparkes, oosparites and biomicrites), and to Tithonian belong peritidal and lagoonal cyclic deposition of micrites, desiccation breccias, intraformationa! pebble conglomerates, intrasparites and oncolites (fig. 16).

In the limestones of Upper Jurassic, dimension stone known as Orsera or Vrsarian or in the past known as "Ia pietra bianca in strati a Orsera" (So-spisio, 1922) is exploited. The stone is dense, whitish, grayish, ivory, browngrayish and from green to blue tones. It is characterized by stylolites, parallel to bedding. Stylolites are particularly evident in the case of sawing the stone vertical to bedding and styloliics, In respect to colour the following types can be distinguished: white, ivory, gray and green. The stone is polished to the high lustre.

Today is exploited in two quarries:

- Kirmenjak (3 km southwest of Zbandaji), and

- Valkarin (5.5 km southeast of Porec), on market known as Kirmenjak stone.

In nearer and farther past the exploitation was carried out in these quarries too (fig. 15):

- Zlatni rt, the deposit southwest of Rovinj, not exploited because of tourism and the protection of environment,

- Funtana, northern of Vrsar,

- Radmani, northern of Vrsar,

- Gradine, south of Kirmenjak,

- Bralici, in the vicinity of Gradine,

- Mondelaco, north of Rovinj,

- Signori, NNW of Rovinj,

- Soline, NNW of Rovinj,

- KloStar, east of Vrsar,

- Monteriko, southeast of Vrsar, and

- Limski kanal.

LOWER CRETACEOUS

To the lowest part of Lower Cretaceous belong dolomites with a few interbedded micrites, pelmicri-tes and stromatolites (Berriasian). In these sediments, the nonactive quarry Fantazija (east of Rovinj, today geologically protected object), is situated.

After TisTjar et al. (1983) Vaiangian-Hauteri-vian sediments are fenestra! micrite/biomicrite, bio-sparite, pelmicrite/pefsparite, intrasparite, stromatolite and oncolite.

Barremian sediments are white to yellowish bio-sparites, intrasparites, fenestral micrites, pelsparites/ pelmicrites and stromatolites, as well as sporadical peritidal breccias and mud pebble conglomerates,

Aptian sediments in lower part are mainly composed of subtidal to lagoonal limestones. Higher part of Aptian is characterized by sporadical and short emersions with formations of intraformational breccias and mud pebble conglomerates. Occasionally, there are thin layers of oncolites which contain algal ball oncoides, intraclasts, as well as gastropodes and micritized foraminifera.

Albian is characterized with deposition of large quantities of detritic limestones. Biomicrites, rudist coquinas, microcoquinas and biostromes appear sporadically.

In the limestones of Lower Cretaceous of numerous quarries "Giallo d'Istria" or "Istrian yellow" was exploited.

From, in the past numerous quarries, today is Istrian yellow exploited in the quarries of Kanfanar and Seline. After TiSljar (1976) in the Kanfanar quarry is visible the rythmical alternation of micrite and oncolite (fig. 17). The two cycles may be distinguished:

- long cycle represented by a micritic layers and several oncolite layers, and

- short cycles contain micritic layers with macroids and strata built up of macroid dominantly.

Due to higher organic matter content in macroids, their colour is darker than light-brown and yellowish colour of micrites and thus they are easily seen on the polished slabs. Polished surface of slab has nutty appearance. It is probable that after its appearance in the past the stone was named "karst rose*. Deco-rativity of the particular lower beds is evident in the cuts of skeleton Requienia ammonia.

Except in the active quarries of Kanfanar (SSW of the railway station in Kanfanar) and Seline (SE of Lovrec), dimension stone was in past exploited in the following quarries (fig. 15):

- Zminj, SW of Zminj,

- Jadran zeleni, SE of Tar,

- Lakovici, SE of Lovrec,

- VoStani, east of Lovrec,

- Movica, SE of Rovinjsko selo,

- Sorici, ESE of Rovinjsko selo,

- VeStar, SE of Rovinj,

- Bale, near Townlet Bale, and

- Negrin, south of Bale.

The large spreading of Istrian yellow in detail is introduced in present time successful explorations (fig, 18). Clearly are visible horizontal displacements of Istrian yellow beds along faults. This is excelent "sing-post" for farther searching the new dimension stone deposits of Istrian yellow. Authors are grateful to Mr. I. Velic, Mr. B. Sokac and Mr. J. Tisljar, for the permission of first publishing represented data, and map. After Velic et al. (1987) the thickness of Istrian Yellow varies in the broadly limits. It is lacking on north in the Heraki area, and their total thickness is about 14 m in the Dvigrad area (fig. 19). This is result of different paleoenvironmen-lal conditions and frequent changes of some lithostra-tigraphic units.

UPPER CRETACEOUS

Upper Cretaceous sediments are represented by perireefal and reefal limestones.

After TiSlj ar et al. (1983) lithological composition of the Ccnomanian limestones in souther Istrta is quite uniform. Thick biostromal layers with local bioherms built up of large rudist shells, and large masses of rudist fragments of different size and roudness, forming coquinas, coquinites and microco-quinites. Textural difference among these rudist limestones are particle size, roundness, soilness and quantity of matrix and cement.

The mechanism of genesis of the described types of limestones is explained and ilustrated by Tisljar (1976) at the example of dimension stone deposit Valtura (fig. 20).

Senonian limestones are represented by thin micrite layers which alternate with biostromes or bioherms of rather small size, and thin bedded micri-tes in alternation with foraminiferal biocalcarenites and intraclastic limestones.

In the limestones of Upper Cretaceous there are numerous dimension stone deposits, of which are today active the following:

- Saint Lucia, in the anticline of Buje, with varieties of "unito" and "fiorito", depending, whether the stone contains fine skeleton debris of rudist, or larger rudist skeleton in fine grained matrix, of different nuances of gray colour, often banded structure from the thin layers of the bituminous matter,

- Groznjan-Kurnerija. in the anticline of Buje, in the vicinity of Marusici, whitish to yellowgrayish colour, skeleton debris gives to the stone grained appearance, therefore very much alike to mathe-rials known on the market as "Granitetlo",

- Valtura, northeast of Pitla, different nuances of yellowgrayish colour, with the difference of varieties "unito" (microcoquinite) and "fiorito" (coqui-na), depending on dimensions of skeleton debris,

- Vinkuran, old "Cava Romana", southeast of Pula, the stone of whitish colour, with the varieties of "iinito" or "statuario"(microcoquinite) and "fiori-lo" or "travertino" (coquina), belonging to soft and porous varieties of limestone.

In nearer and further past the exploitation was carried out in these quarries too:

- Marcana, northeast of Pula, soft and porous limestone of white colour, for which Kieslinger (1932) describing instability of certain limestones wrote: "Ganz besonders gut haben sich die Kalke von Marzan in Istrien als Bausteine hewahrt...",

- Gaderi, north of Buje,

- Ponte Bracano, in the valley of the River Mima.

- Saint Stjepan, in the valley of the River Mima, the only quarry with the underground exploitation in the past, for which Marie (1951) wrote, that this big quarry in Tslria takes the significant place in civil engineering,

- Mirna-Bazgalji, south of Pazin,

- Saint Magdalena-Culen brdo, south of Pazin,

- Lovrinici, south of Pazin, redish, pinkish, grayish and brownish limestone and limestone breccia,

- Planik. not far from Lanisce, shelly limestone,

- Golt otok (island), breccia of orange colour with calcite-hcmatite and limontte cement, and limestone, and

- Krk (island), limestone breccia.

EOCENE

At the present moment, dimension stone is not exploited in the sediments of Eocene. In the further and nearer past limestone conglomerates, breccias and limestones were exploited in numerous deposits, some of them here mentioned:

- Istranka, in the past exploited in the vicinity of Lupoglav, nummulitic limestone of dark brown colour with numerous light skeletons of large num-mulites, and others large benthic foraminiferas, pigmented with bituminous matter, the stone of great decorativity and remarkable appearance,

- Granitcllo-GraciSce, in the past exploited near Gracisce, nummulitic breccia, lower units of Tur-bidite sequence, of grayish and brownish colour, with greenish nuances,

- Mandorlato, nummulitic breccia, lower units of Turbidite sequence, of yellow-grayish and grayish colour, the quarry situated in the town of Pazin.

- Mandorlato and Unilo, nummulitic breccia, lower units of Turbidite sequence, of yellow-grayish colour and bluish nuances, in the past exploited near Trviz {locations: Brtoska, Stenicc. Ctze),

- Ukotici, near far from Trviz. nummulitic breccia,

- Sorbar, northeast of Marusici, limestone conglomerate of brownich colour, and

- Merisce. northeast of Jelicici, marmorizated limestone breccia of whitish and pinkish colour, intersected with yellow calcite-ltmonite veins.

The region of Dalmatia

The greatest spreading in this region enclose sedimentary rocks, rudistic limestones of the Upper Cretaceous age. As far as dispersion is concerned, the carbonate clastic rocks of Paleogene follow to the greater extent. The other lithostratigraphic units are represented to the lesser degree. Therefore is logical that greatest number of dimension stone deposits are placed in various varieties of rudisiic limestones.

TRIASSIC

There are no dimension stone quarries in the sediments of triassic age. In them of some interest can only be the smaller part of limestones of the Middle Triassic age, what menlious Kieslinger (1932) when describes "Bunte Alpenmarmore" and refers location "Muc bci Spalato (Trias)". North of Muc is situated the narrow zone of unbedded limestone (Ladinian) of the east-west striking.

JURASSIC

In sediments of the Lower Jurassic near Trilj, occasionally was exploited Lithiotis limestone, on market known as Negris florito. Geological conditions of the deposit are unfavourable, with vertical layers.

As dimension stone, apart from Lithiotis limestone, the surrounding limestones of completely black colour could be exploited, but without significant decorativity.

Southeast of Drnis", in the sediments of Lower Jurassic, the limestone Crna Kricka was exploited. After TisTjar (1980a) in the tectonic block of smaller area, the thickbedded, dark-gray to black limestone dappled with redish and yellowish veins and stylolites used to be exploited. Because of tectonic framework and density of discontinuities, only tombolones and smaller blocks can be taken out. The use of this stone is strictly limited to covering of interiors. Not far from this quarry Lithiotis limestones are spreading.

On the southwest slopes of the Mt. Dinara, east of the Cctina River, are situated thickly bedded, dense limestones of white colour with stylolites, alike to the stone on market known as "bianeone" and "Hoch Jura", as well as limestones of gray and brown-gray colour, investigated on several locations. In the area of Cesnia, the explorational drilling was carried out. The thickness of layers vary from 0.75 to 2.5 m. Petrographically are determined as pclmi-crites and micrites.

CRETACEOUS

The slightly dispersed sediments of the Lower Cretaceous age in continental part and the islands of Hvar and Korcula are not significant from the point of view of dimension stone exploitation. All the deposits are placed in different varieties of the Upper Cretaceous limestones.

One of the varieties is yellowish-whitish and brownish-grayish dense limestone, massive or thick bedded, on the market known as Dolit. This limestone is exploited in the deposit Donji Dolac east of Dugopolje. Petrographically is determined as micrite and brecciated micrite. Because of the tiny and spaee restricted cracks, it is recommended to use them primarily for production of thicker slabs and elements. Limestone of same quality is Diem it. in the past was exploited in Dicmo on the northern part of Krusvarsko polje.

From the Ancient times, through the Middle Age, till present days in exploitation is whitish limestone, on spots of bluish nuances, well known as Segel. The deposit is on the hill of Saint Ilija near Trogir. This is one of the rare quarries in our region, where (he exploitation was carried out by English company in 1920/30 (Marie, 1930 a). Petrographically is determined as biosparite, but the skeleton debris is not macroscopicaiy observed.

In continental part of this region important are fosiliferous rudisi limestones which consist of the abundance skeleton debris, in the first place, rudists of different dimensions, roundness and sorting. The fragments of skeleton are regularly of darker yellowish and brownish nuances, differing from the calcitc matrix, that visually emphasize their decorativity. Petrographically are determined as biosparite.

The limestones of that sort are nowdays exploited in the quarries:

- Vrsinc, NNE of Vrsine, west of Trogir (figs. 21 and 22), and

- Piano, NE of Trogir,

while the following quarries were exploited in the past:

- Voluja, in the bay of Voluja south of Marina, petrographically determined as biosparite and fos-siliferous dismicrite,

- Okrug, western part of island Ciovo, petrographically determined as dismicrite, while people of that time called it "glassy", because the surfaces of calcite cleavage reflect the beams of light, and therefore glaze, the quarry is placed in the touristic zone,

- Mosor, on the northern slopes of the Mt. Mosor, south of Donji Dolae,

- Dubrava, north of Sibenik,

- Kremenovo, near Dubrava, and

- Krsevine and Krtoline, east.of Dubrava.

The deposit of fossiliferous and partly rudist coquina limestones Vrdovo on the southern slopes of the Mt. Dinara, north of Sinj, was in the phase of investigation.

The Fantazija stone exploited southeast of Donji Dolac differs from the enumerated dimension stones. The stone is of brecciated and marbleized appearance, wax lustre, yellowish-gray and brownish colour, with greenish nuances.

After Jovicic et at. (1989) the dimension stone deposit Roristina on the island of Dugi otok is placed in rudiste limestones of Upper Turoni an-Lower Senonian age. Three types of limestones can be visually separated in the deposit:

- graybrownish limestone, stylolitic biomicrite, lower bed,

- white rudiste limestone, petrographically determined as biomicrite/biosparite and biosparruditc. exploitable layer of 20-odd m thickness,

- white plate limestone, biosparite and biosparrudi-te, hanging bed.

In the region of Dahnatia, regarding the dimension stone exploitation, the island of Brae takes a significant place, being famous of "the marble of Brac". The island is almost completely built of the carbonate sediments of Upper Cretaceous age (Turonian-Seno-nian), and than slightly dispersed foraminiferal limestones and clastites of Eocene.

In the tecionically-struciural sense the island is asymetric anticline, where layers along the northern limb slightly plung the north. Because of that structure all dimension stone deposits, from the ancient times till nowdays, are dispersed on the northern and eastern side of the island. Therefore exploitation covers the wide zone of the east-west striking (fig. 23).

From the point of view of dimension stone exploitation of the forementioned zone, from Splitska on west to Povija on east, after Tomasic (1979), we can distinguish lower beds and hanging beds (fig. 24).

Lower bed is exploited not far from Pucisca in the open-pit quarry, beneath the sea level. This is dolomitic limestone Sivac (Gray stone), pctrographi-cally determined as dolomitic micritc/biomicrite. On the market are known two varieties of stone: Adria Grigio Macchiato (Adria gray spotty) and Adria Grigio Venato (Adria gray veined). The first is of homogenous structure, uniform gray colour, and the other is intersected with darker-gray veins and oval stains.

In hanging beds alternate vertically and lateraly fossiliferous rudiste limestones of the "unito" and "fiorito" type (fig. 25). The limestone of "unito" (monotonous) type contains fine-grained skeleton debris of the uniform dimensions. Limestone of the "fkmto" (blooming) type in fine-grained skeleton debris contains large skeletons of rudiste and other fossils. Limestones are of different yellowish-gray nuances. It's decorativity is marked with skeleton debris which is of regularly darker nuances than the matrix. Petrographically are determined as biomi-erite/biosparilc and biomicrudite/biosparrudite.

Numerous quarries are placed from the western to the eastern part of the island:

- Splitska, Skrip, Postire and Rasohe, out of exploitation,

- Punta and Barbakan near PuciSca, on market known as Veselje unito and Veselje fiorito,

- Kupinovo, and Kupinovo novo, east of Pucisca, on market known as Kupinovo unito, Kupinovo fiorito and Diokles.

- Lozna, east of Kupinovo, out of exploitation,

Fossiliferous rudiste limestones in the eastern part of the island are of yellowish, yellow-whitish and yellowish-grayish colour. Sometimes, on surface, because of intraelasls and fine-grained skeleton debris are of the spawnlv appearance. They contain skeleton debris of rudistes and foraminiferas. as well as intraclasts in micrite and sparite matrix. Petrographically are determined as biomicrite/biosparite, bioin-tramicrile/biointrasparite and dolomitic biomicriteV biospante. The varieties of "unito< and .>veuato" are differed. The variety of venato contains dark brown bituminous and dolomitic enriched veins. On market the stone is known as San Giorgio Unito and San Giorgio Venato, and exploited in the quarries Zecevo and Giava.

In the vicinity of Selce, m the past period, the stone of same quality was exploited in the quarries Saint Nikola and Glavice.

On the eastern part of the island, in Zaganj Dolac near Sumartin, there i^ the rudiste limestone deposit of remarkable decorativity, known on marked as Rasotica. In darker brown matrix, Ihe lighter finegrained and Sarg skeletons of rudiste, and banded accumulations of bituminous matter accentuate the decorativity. Sporadically, near fractures, limestone is of lighter nuances, most probable because of bituminous matter oxidation, under the influence of rain circulations. The stone of Rasotica is petrographically determined as bituminous biomicriie/biospa-rite, and biomicrudite/biosparrudite. The use strictly restricted to covering of interiors, because of fading, under activity of exogene, oxidating factors.

Not far from NcreziSca, fossiliferous rudiste limestone is exploited in the Dragonjik quarry. The stone is of yellowish whitish and yellowish-grayish colour, with clearly marked grained skeleton debris, and therefore alike to the stone varieties called "Granitcllo" (grained). Petrographically is determined as dolomitic biointramicrite/biointraspartte and biomicrite/biosparile.

North of the Dragonjik quarry in the wider surroundings of Dracevica, there are several quarries in which private stone-masons exploit the stone. The small quarry of nicely brownish and the colour "of coffe with milk" is placed near Praznica.

After the short elaboration of the main characteristics of dimension stone deposits, we should take a look at the incorrect interpretation of the part of these deposits in the monograph of GuSic and Jelaska (1990). The mentioned authors described carbonate sedimentary rocks of the island according to formations. In the Dol Formation they described the stone Sivac, commercially called Adria Grigio, which they identify with the stone Zecevo and Glava, commercially called San Giorgio. They lite rally write ".., in the quarries of Glava and Zecevo quarrymen pick stone (home term for stone extraction) similar to Sivac. The similarity includes some differencies, which wouldn't necessarly be sufficient for the different commercial name of dimension stone, ,. .Therefore, it would be extremely unusual that the quarrymen froma Selca also pick the Sivac, because of that this kind of stone is there for the need of world market named San Giorgio.*

But it is not correct! There are important and essential differencies between the types of stone commercially called Adria Grigio and San Giorgio:

- in stone appearance and deeorativity of the polished surface, Adria Grigio or Adria Gray, as its name tells itself, is of gray colour and in the same time "macciato", which means spotty, with clearly marked ova! and longish darkgray spots, and venato with clearly marked darker gray veins; San Giorgio is of yeilowish-whitish and yellowish-grayish colour, not spotty, but of spawnly appearance, with fine-grained but evident skeleton debris, while venato has darker brown veins pigmented with bituminous matter;

- in genesis and the environmental conditions of the sedimentation, both sediments could be of the same age, and deposited in the same time, but in different conditions, that resulted in the described visual differencies; Adria Grigio is exclusively micrite limestone, deposited calcite mud, while darker gray oval and longish spots are remnants of the worm boring in that mud; such bio-activity is not evident in the stone San Giorgio, its main components are fine-grained skeleton debris and intraclasts;

- therefore it is logical that two in its essence and visually different limestone's represent two different facies and have different commercial names.

On the island of Hvar, after M a j e r and C r n k o - vie (1977), in the quarries of Krizna Luka, Pokonji Do and Bogomolje, whitish limestones were exploited. Coloured limestones are also dispersed and were exploited in the past:

- Saint Nedjclja, red-yellowish and greenish-gray limestone breccia, and

- Vrankovic and the bay of Jagodna, pinkish striped limestone.

On the island of Vis, in Labotovo, was exploited greenish limestone of pinkish and greenish nuances, on market known as Roza Val.

The island of Korcula is also known of its dimension stone exploitation.

In the present time the only active quarry on the island is Humac, southeast of the town Korcula. After J ovi cic et ai. (1991) three types of limestone can be separated in the deposit:

- dense gray limestone, lower bed,

- fossiliferous rudiste limestone of orange colour, exploitable layers thickness from 0.8 to 1.7 m,

- thick bedded rudiste limestone, hanging bed.

Exploitable layers petrographically are determined as biomicrite/biosparite and biomtcrudite/biosparru-dite.

In nearer and further past exploitation was carried out in these quarries loo (fig. 23):

- Krkmaca, not far off the quarry Humac; where two types of exploitable fossiliferous limestones can be separated in the deposit of olive-gray and gray colour, petrographically determined as biomi-crite, biopelmicrite and biointramicrite,

- Oskorusica, west of the town Korcula, fossiliferous limestone of light gray and rosy-gray colour, petrographically is determined as biomicrite/biosparite, biopelmicrite and biorudite,

- Vrbovica, on the north part of the island, with two types of fossiliferous limestones, of whitish rosy and brownish colour so called Pigavac, petrographically are determined as biosparitc and bio-sparrudite

- Vaja, in the bay of Vaja west of Rocisce, white limestone.

The exploitation was carried out in the quarries of the small islands of Vmik, Kamenjak, Badija, Sestrice and Sutvara, east and northeast of Korcula.

From the enumerated most significant is the island of Vrnik (fig. 26). The height of old multi-benches quarry is 50 in. The fossiliferous rudiste limestone of unito and fiorito types, of whitish-rosy and grayish-rosy colour, petrographically are determined as biomicrite/biosparite and hiomicrudite/biosparrudtte.

Of the deposits in continental part of the region, we should mention Visocani, northwest of Dubrov-nik. In the deposit fossiliferous rudiste limestone was exploited, visually alike to the stone from the quarries near Pucisca on the island of Brae. During the aggression and violence of chetniks 1991/92 all the plants are partly looted, and partly destroyed, while the quarry is demolished, therefore we fear that it would be out of use for the longer time.

PALEOGENE

The sediments of Paleogene cover the remarkable area in the northwestern part of the region, that would in another parts stretch in a form of narrow zones, mostly in overlap faults. In the northwestern part the general striking of Paleogene is NW-SE with the change in striking WNW-ESE and partly to W-E in central part, that would in the southern part take the same striking NW-SE. In the Paleogene mostly are represented carbonate clastic sediments, to the lesser degree limestones, with flysh as important lithostratigraphic member.

Dimension stone deposits are primarly situated in differently coloured limestone conglomerates of the "Promina formation^. The colour of conglomerate depends on the colour of pebbles and cement. Conglomerates are thickly bedded with the conspicuous layer's discontinuities. Sporadically in deposits alternate thiner and thicker layers of limestone.

The following dimension stone deposits are in the clastic sediments of Paleogcne:

- Marici, east of Obrovac, thickly bedded, conglomerate of grayish and pinkish colour,

- Gradina, east of Obrovac, out of exploitation,

- Rozalii, near Pakovo Seio, SSW of Drnis, conglomerate of pinkish colour, after which got the name; the deposit of exchangabte layers of conglomerates from 0.5 to 6 m thickness, and layers of redish limestones from 0.3 to 1 m of thickness (fig- 27).

- Multikolor, near Radosici, west of Sinj, with different nuances of gray colour, and diversly coloured pebbles, after which got the name, and thickly bedded structure.

In Poljicka Zagora, not far from Donji Dolac in Putisici, biocalcarenitc on marke known as Jadran zeletti (Adria Verde or Adria Green) is exploited. The main components represent the abundance of densly packed small foraminiferal skeletons and intraelasts, some detrital minerals, therefore the stone according to its appearance is called Granitello. The colour is green-grayish, and sporadically, along the fractures yellow-grayish. The layers are nearly of 1 m thickness.

The limestones of Paleogenc age are regularly of pastel colours, very decorative, but of limited stretching,

The extremely decorative dense limestone Alkasin is from time to time exploited in the deposit near Radosici, west of Sinj. The limestone is intcrbedded in limestone conglomerates. The colour is redish, redish-brownish and rosy-yellowish. Sporadically are noticed yellowish stylolites. Petrographically is determined as micrite.

Of the potentially prospective areas built of decorative foraminiferal limestones should be noticed Cvrljevo and Vinovo, SW of Drnis. Limestone are pinkish, yellowish and redish. Petrographically are determined as biomicrite/biosparite.

The numerous small deposits, which mentions M a r i c (1930 b) on the occasion of visiting the areas such as Zitnic, Sedramic and Plan jane, are out of exploitation, and represent the small deposits of decorativeiy coloured limestones, limestone breccias and conglomerates. There are some that were formerly exploited, such as Finor, Karneol, Salamin and Belgris.

And finally, Benkovac platy stone, fine-bedded, dense limestone of yellowish and grayish colour, is exploited northwest of Benkovac, in Kukolj-Kave quarry, Petrographicaliy is determined as micrite.

We should mention here the limestone-dolomitic breccia Oklad, south of Novo Selo on the island of Brae, of unidentified age. The breccia lie discordant on the Senonian limestones and it is evident younger than the limestones of the Senonian age (fig. 28). It is of different nuances of gray and brown-gray colour and contains angular fragments of limestones and dolomites of the Upper Cretaceous base. The pigment of breccia is of bituminous matter, therefore its application is restricted to covering of interiors.

Final considerations

After Crnkovic and B j 1 b i j a {1984) dimension stone and its deposit are evaluated by means of:

- geological criteria (si?.e of deposit, the possibility to extract blocks, uniformity of appearance of the stone mass in its deposit, and the quantity of the stone mass),

- technological and economical criteria (quality of blocks and possibility of economical industrial processing),

- technical criteria (applications of the stone, depending on its physical and mechanical properties, and its durability), and

- criteria of decorativity (the general appearance of the stone, it is very important for the stone's marketability).

The sume of all these values of a deposit leads to its assessment and ranking as:

- of international importance,

- of restricted international importance,

- of national importance, and

- of local importance,

On the basis of these criteria after Ivekovic and C r n k o v i 6 (1987) the active quarries of dimension stone are evaluated on Table 3.

Received: 11. I. 1993.

Accepted: 27. V. 1993.

Sidebar

Lezista arhitektonskog

B. Crnkovic

Prema kracim ili opsirnijim dcfinicijama (Bales and Jackson, 1980 i Dineley et al., 1976) arhitcktonskim kamenom smatramo onu prirodnu tvorevinu koju vadimo iz stijenske mase LI pravilno ohlikovanim blokovima i koja sc odlikuje odgovaraju-cim svojstvima. O Sirokom rasponti genetskih i postgenetskih procesa i cimbenika ovise dekorativnost kamena, njcgova fizifika i mehanicka svojstva i ejelovitost stijenske mase u leziStu,

Hrvatska je okarakterizirana raznolikoscu pctrografskog saslava i geoloske grade. Razlicitosti grade pojcdinih njenih pod-rucja uocavaju se na geoloSkoj karti (si. 1), Na temelju mohili-siicke koncepcije geneze i grade Dinarida (Herak. 1991) a sa stanovista postojanja leziSta arhitektonskog kamena. Hrvalsku mozemo podijcliti u Sest regija (si. 2). LeziSta arhitektonskog kamena opisanasu po tim regijama i litostratigrafskim jedinicama.

Regija Hrvatska Zagorje

Prema He raku (1991) regija pripada struklurnom kompleksu Umttarnjih Dinarida ili Supradinaridiku. Iz opisa grade toga komplcksa i provedenih istraiivanja, kao potendjalno produktivne naslage izdvajamo karbonatne sedimente miocena (Crnkovic el al., 1974/75), U toj su se regiji u daljoj ill b1i2oj proSIosti kao arhitektonski kamen eksploatirali porozni i mekani vapnenci te litoiamnijski vapnenci u lezistima Vinica, Pisana Pefina, Ruopa-nec, Bizck i Vrapce potok (si. 3).

Regija Slavonija

Ta regija pripada Panonskim slrukturama Pre-Alpskog struk-turnog kompleksn. Na lemelju opisanih serija orogeneza i grade (Jamicie, 1988), kao i diferencijalnih kretanja pojedinih njenih dijelova (Herak, 1991), u toj regiji mozemo ocekivali oEuvanije "oaze" u kristalinu, 5lo su potvrdila istrazivanja leiista granila Zebrato na Ravnoj Gori (Jovicic, et al, 1992) i u podrucju Jankovac-Radetina,

Regija Banijo i Koniun

Regija pripada Supradinaridiku. S obzirom na gcoloiku gradu i intenzivne deformacije stijena (Majcr, 1984 i Majer i Lugovic, 1985) u loj regiji nema mogucnosti nala^enja leiiSta rliitektonskog kamena.

Regija Gorski Koiar, Lika i Primorje

Regija pripada struklurnom kompleksu Dinarske karbonatne platforme, Dinarikumu. Intenzivna tektonika i navlacne strukture (Herak, 1991) su ogranieavajuci cimbenici nalazcnja vecih lezista arhitektonskog kamena,

Klastiini sediment i karbona kod BruSana ekspkmtirani su i kao klesanci lokalno koriiteni u gradnji stambenih objekata.

Karbonatni konglomerati kod Sv. Roka eksploatirani su kao arhitektonski kamen u proSIosti.

U juri jc znacajan kao arhitektonski kamen litiotis vapnenac, cksploatiran u Cvitusi kraj Lovinca i Gradini kraj Riiiea. Gusli vapnenac smedosive, tamnosive i smedocrne boje proSaran bjeli-caslim, zu£kastira, smedastim i crvenkaslim zilicama, komercijalno nazvan Velebil portoro, eksploatirao se nedaleko Gospica. Nedaleko Donjeg Lapca eksploatirao se crveni do ervenkastosmedasti vepnenac, mjestimice konglomeraticnog izgleda, komercijalno nazvan Unarot.

Kredne starosti je brecoliki vapnenac kraj Prazora jugoistocno od Otocca u kojemu je otkriven anticki kamcnolom (SariC, 1980). Sjeverno od Obrovca eksploatiraju se ervenkasti i smedasto-sivi brecasti vapnenci i vapnena£ke hrece Romanovac i Tulovac ili Kaslanija,

Regija Intra

Podrucje Istre pripada Jadranskoj karbonatnoj platformi ili Adnjatiku, koja ima mnogo zajednickih elemenata s Dinariku-mom (Herak, 1991), aprema Olu j icu et al. (1972) predslavlja antohton. Osim eocenskog fliSa, sa slanoviita eksploatacije arhitektonskog kamena, sve su stratigrafske jedinice potencijalno produktivne, Zbog toga je Istra okarakterizirana brojnim leziitima arhitektonskog kamena i danas aktivnim kamenolomima (si. 15). Sedimente gornje jure te donje i gornje krede detaljno je obradio Tisljar (1976).

U vapnencima gornje jure eksploatira se kamen na trzistu poznat kao Orsera ili Vrsarski, u kamenolomima Kirmenjak i Valkarin.

U vapnencima donje krede eksploatira se Istarski zuli u kamenolomima Kanfanar i Seline. Protezanje Istarskog zutog utvrdeno je detaljnim islrazivanjima ekipc Inslituta za geoloska istrazivanja 1982/84. godine (si, 18). Autori zahvaljuju tlanovima ekipe gospodi I. Velicu, B. Sokacu i J. Tisljaru, Sto su dozvolili da se u ovom clanku po prvi puta objave podaci i karta iz njihovog i/.vjeSlaja prC7.cntiranog poilnzecu *KameO' u I'n/imi

U naslagama gornje krede eksploatiraju se rudistni vapnenci Sveta Lucija, Groinjan-Kornerija, Valtura i Vinkuran.

Tamnosmedi i posebno dekorativni numulitni vapnenci, poznati na triiStu kao (stranka, eksploatirali su se u blizoj proSIosti kraj Lupogtava.

Regija Dabnadja

U ovoj regiji koja takoder pripada Adnjatiku danas su u naslagama gornje krede eksploaiacijom obuhvaceni rudistni vapnenci, u kojima se nalaze aktivni kamenolomi u kontinentalnom dijelu i na otocima.

U kontinentalnom dijelu u okolici Trogira nalaze se kamenolomi Scgct, Piano i Vrsinc.

Na otoku Brafu. od brojnih poznatili leiista u proslosti, eks-ploatacija je danas uglavnom koncentrirana a okolici PuciKa (kamenolomi Sivac, Punta, Barbakan, Kupinovo i Kupinovo novo, poznati arhitektonski kamenovi Adria Machiato, Veselje unito i Tiorito, Diokles), kao i Sclca (kamenolomi Zecevo, Glave i Zaganj dolac. poznati arhitektonski kamenovi.San Giorgio i Rasotica). a aktivni su jos kamenolomi Dragonjik kraj Nerezisca i Prainica.

Na otoku Korculi aktivan je kamenolom llumac, a po brojnim neaktivnim kamenolomima poznat je otok Vrnik.

U sedimentima paleogena u kontinentalnom dijelu regije eksploatira se Jadran zeleni u Pulisicima, konglomeral Rozalit u Pakovom selu te povremeno konglomerat Mullikolor i dekorativni vapnenac Alkasin nedaleko Sinja.

Arhitektonski kamen koji se danas eksploatira i nalazi na trzistu vrednovan jc prema kriterjjima: geoloSkom, tehnoloskom, tehnickom i dekorativnom (Crnkovic i Bilhija, 1984), Na temelju obavljcnog vrednovanj a (Ivekovici Crnkovic, 1987) dio arhitektonskog kamena je ogranicenog svjetskog, a dio nacio-nalnog znafenja (tablica 3).

References

REFERENCES

Bates, R. and Jackson, J. A. (1980); Glossary of Geology, Sec. Ed., American Geological Institute, X + 751 pp, Falls Church, Virginia

Bilbija, N., Crnkovic, B. i GrimSicar, A. (1974): Per-spektivna podruSja za eksploataciju arhitektonsko-gradevnog kamena u SFRJ, Konferencija o nemetahma, Zbomik radova Simpozijuma ukrasni i tehnicki kamen, 1-16, Opatija

Crnkovic. B. (1974): Arhiiektonsko-gradevinski i tehnicki kamen u SR Ilrvatskoj, karta kamenoloma mjerila 1:1,350.000, Planerski atlas Socialist icke republikc Hrvatske, RepubliEki sckretarijat za urbanizam. gradevinarstvo, sram-bene i komunalne poslove, Zagreh

CrnkoviC, B. i Saric, Lj. (1967): Rezullati ispitivanja prirod-nog kamena 1963., 1964., 1965 i 1966. godine, ObavjeStenja Ittstituta gradevinarslva Hrvatske, 16 (lipanj), 43 pp. Zagreb

Crnkovic, B. i Bilbija, N, (1984): Vrednovanje arhiteklon-sko-gradevinskog kamena, Geot. vjesnik 37, 81-95, Zagreb

Dineley, D., Hawkes, D., Hancock, P. and Williams. B, (1976): Earth Resources, a dictionary of terms and concepts, Arrow Books, 206 pp, London

GusiC, I. i Jclaska, V, (1990): Stratigrafija gornjokredm'h naslaga otoka BraSa, Djeia HAZU, 69, 160 pp, 20 tank Zagreb

Herak, M. (1991): Dinaridi - Mobilistifiki osvrt na genczu i strukturu, Prirodosiovna istrazivanja 63, Acta Geologica 2112, 35-117 (t-83), HAZU, Zagreb

Herak, M., JamiCii, D., Simunic, A. and Bukovac, J. (1990); The northern boundary of the Dinarides, Prirodo-slovna istrativanja 60, Acta Geologica 20/1, 5-27, HAZU, Zagreb

Jam i Ei C, D. (1988): Struktumi sklop slavonskih planina, Disertacija, Rudarsko-geoloSko-naftni fakultet SveuEiliSta u Zagrebu, 158 pp, Zagreb

J o v i Ei C, D. i 0 re S k i, E. (1988): LeZiSte arhitektonsko-grad evnog kamena Romanovac kraj Obrovca, Geol. vjesnik 41, 291-316, Zagreb

JoviEiC, D., OreSki, E., BodroZiC, D. i PekaS, 2. (1989): Vrednovanje l e s t a arhitektonsko-gradevnog kamena na Dugom otoku (SR Hrvatska), Geol. vjesnik 42, 311-332, Zagreb

JoviEiC, D., OreSki, E. i K r a l j e t a , B. (1992): LeZiSte arhitektonskog kamena granita ~Zebratou (Ravna Gora - Papuk, H~atska)R, udarsko-geolojko-Mflni zbornik 4, 127- 138, Zagreb

K i e s 1 in g e r, A. (1932): Zerstorungen an Steinbauten, Franz Deuticke Ver., WI-346 pp, Leipzig und Wien

Kra njec. V. (1974): GeoloSkj sastav i grada podrucja SR Hrvatske, GeoloSka karta mjerila 1:1,350.000, Planerski atlas Soci-jalistiike republike Hrvatske, Republicki sekrelarijal za urbanizam, gradevinarstvo, stambene i komunalne poslove, Zagreb

Majer, V. (1984): Metamorfne stijene u ofiolitnoj zoni Banije, Jugoslavia I., Metapeliti, RadJAZU, 411 (20), 35-82, Zagreb

Majer, V, i Crnkovic, B. (1977): Hvarski kamen, Zbornik Simpozija Hvar u prirodnim znnnostima, 23-29, JAZU, Zagreb

Majer, V. i Lugovic, B. (1985): Metamorfne stijene it ofiolitnoj zoni Banije. Jugoslavia II., Melabaziti, Prirodoslovna istrazivanja 51, Acta Croatica 15. 1-25, Zagreb

Marie, L. (1930 a): Kanadski spomcnik iz dalmatinskog kamena - Kroz kamenolome u Dalmaciji, u Scgctu kraj Trogira. Novosti 216, 9, Zagreb

Marie, L. (1930 b): Kroz kamenolome na otoku Braiu. Novosti 219. 23, Zagreb

Marie, L. (1932): O izboru kamena za gradevne i uresne svrhe. Gradevinski vjesnik 1/6. 85-87, Zagreb

Marie, L, (1938): Litotamnijski vapnenjak (kreinjak) u prirodi i tchniei, Tisak jugosl. Stampe D, D., 22 pp, Zagreb

Marie, L. (1951): Pctrografija za studente arhitekture, gradevi- narstva, likovne i primijenjene umjelnosti, Skolska knjiga, 167 pp, Zagreb

Mchling, G. (1986); Nalurstein Lexikon, 3. Auflage, 655 pp, Verlag Georg D. W. Callwey, Miinehcn

Muller, F. (1984): Gesteinkunde, 216 pp, Ebner Verlag GmbH and Co. KG. Ulm/Donau

Muller, F. (1987): International Naturstein Kartei, Band 1-10 (Band 1 - Textband, band 2-10 Naturstein Kartei), Ebner Verlag, UldDonau

OlujiC,M., GrandiC,S., HaEek,M. i Hanich,M. (1972): Tektonska grada Vanjskih Dinarida Jugoslavije, Nafia 2311-2, 3-16, Zagreb

Po IS a k, A. (1970): TumaE OGK SFRJ za list Pula, Savemi geoloSki zavod, Beograd

Po IS a k, A. i Si k iC, D. (1973): TumaE OGK SFRJ za list Rovinj, Savemi geoloSki zavod, Beograd

S o s p is i o, E. (1922): Le risorse minerarie deU'Istria, Circolo di studi economici, 17 pp, Libreria aditrice c, u. Trani, Trieste

SariC, I. (1980): AntiEki kamenolom u Prozoru, Znanstveni kolokvij Materijali, tehnike i strukture predantickog i antiEkog graditeljstva na istoEnom jadranskom prostoru (Zadar, 1976), Zbornik radova 115-123, 7 tabli, Zagreb

Ti S 1 j a r, J. (1976): PetroloSka studija krednih sedimenata zapadne i juhe Istre, Disertacija Rudarsko-geoloSko-naftni fakultet SveuMiSta u Zagrebu, Zagreb

TiSljar, J., VeliC, I., RadovEiC, J. and CrnkoviC, B. (1983): Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous peritidal, lagoonal, shallow marine and perireefal carbonate sediments of Istria, IAS, Contributions to sedimentology of some carbonate and clastic units of the coastal Dinarides, Excursion Quide-book, 13-35, Split

VeliC, I., TiSljar, J. and SokaE, B. (1987): The variability of thicknesses of the Barremian, Aptian and Albian carbonates as a consequence of changing depositional environments and emersion in Western Istria (Croatia, Yugoslavia), Memoire deh Societa Geologica Italim, 40, 209-218, Roma

VeliC, I. i TiSlj ar, J. (1988): Litostratigrakke jedinice u dogeru i malrnu zapadne Istre (zapadna Hrvatska, Jugoslavija), Geol. vjesnik 41, 25-49, Zagreb

Unpublished

C r n k o v i 6, B. (1971): Investicioni program za eksploataciju i preradu arhitektonskog-gradevnog kamena poduzeh .Kamena Trogir, Knj. I., Geololki prikaz i sirovinska baza, Arhiva Rudarsko-geoloSko-naftnog fakulteta, Zagreb

Cr n k o v i 6, B. (1979): Elaborat o sirovinskoj bazi IeZiSta arhitektonsko- gradevnog kamena Oklad na otoku BraEu, Arhiva Rudarsko-geoloSko-naftnog fakulteta, Zagreb

CrnkoviC, B., VragoviC, M., TomaSiC, I., BabiC, V., Slovenec, D., Maver, D. i MatkoviC. D. (19'74175): Studija o arhitektonsko-gr&evnom kamenu ~ k a t s k zba~g& - ja, Arhiva Instituta za geoloSka istraZivanja, Zagreb

CrnkoviC, B., TomaSiC, I., MarinEniC, S., BabiC, V., Peh, Z. i MaleSeviC, D. (1979180): Potencijalna IeZiSta arhitektonsko-gradevnog kamena u LiEkoj regiji, Arhiva Instituta za geoloSka istraZivanja, Zagreb

C r n k o v i 6, B. i L u Ei n, J. (1989): Studija o moguhosti razvoja sirovinske baze le2iSta arhitektonsko-gradevnog kamena u kopnenom dijelu dalmatinske regije, Arhiva Rudarsko-gwloSkonaftnog fakulteta, Zagreb

Iv e k o v i 6, D. i C rn k o vi 6, B. (1987): Problematika istrdivanja, eksploatacije i prerade arhitektonskog kamena s prijedlogom mjera, RepubliEki komitet za energetiku, industriju, mdarstvo i zanatstvo SRH, Zagreb

J o v i Ei 6, D. i 0 r eS k i, E. (1991): Elaborat o sirovinskoj bazi IetiSta arhitektonsko-gradevnog kamena Humac (KorEula), Arhiva INA-geologki konzalting, Zagreb

TiSl j ar, J. (1980 a): Elaborat o sirovinskoj bazi IeZiSta arhitektonsko- gradevnog kamena &me KriEkesc kod DrniSa, Arhiva Rudarsko-geoloSko-naftnog fakulteta, Zagreb

Ti S 1 j a r, J. (1980 b): Elaborat o sirovinskoj bazi le2iSta arhitektonsko- gradevnog kamena Rozalit kod Pakovog sela, Arhiva Rudarsko-geoloSko-naftnog fakulteta, Zagreb

To m a S i C, I. (1979): Elaborat o sirovinskoj bazi IeZiSta arhitektonsko- gradevnog kamena PuEiSCa na otoku BraCu - kamenolomi Sivac, Punta, Barbakan i Kupinovo, Arhiva Rudarskogeoloiko- naftnog fakulteta, Zagreb

VeliC, I., SokaE, B. i TiSljar, J. (1984): IstraZivanja arhitektonsko- gradevinskog kamena u Istri - Istarski Zuti, Arhiva Instituta za geoloSka istrativanja, Zagreb