Introduction
There is widespread public and professional concern about the increasing rates of caesarean section (CS). In the UK and North America, around 25% and 32% of births respectively were by CS.1 2 In Hong Kong, according to the 2009 territory-wide O[and]G audit report, CS rate has been around 42.1%.3 Previous CS has been the most common indication for caesarean delivery.3 In subsequent pregnancies, CS can be associated with serious maternal morbidities.4 To reduce CS rate and related morbidities, vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) is an alternative advocated in most developed countries.2 5 6 According to the UK and North American guidelines, induction of labour (IOL) can be offered to women with medical or obstetric indications who opt for VBAC after discussion.2 5
Unfavourable cervix, which is a common obstetric problem, can be addressed using pharmacological and mechanical methods to enable cervical ripening. In Hong Kong pharmacological method is more commonly used for IOL. In women with previous CS, the increased risk of uterine rupture is a major concern during IOL.2 5 6 7Mechanical methods apply pressure on the internal cervical os, stretch the lower uterine segment, and increase local production of prostaglandin. There is a lack of compelling evidence suggesting increased risk of uterine rupture because mechanical devices can be readily removed when needed and are stable in room temperature. Compared to conventional Foley catheter, the double balloon catheter (DBC) has a cervicovaginal balloon in addition, allowing greater compression of the cervical os and avoiding the need for traction (Fig 1). Nevertheless, there are limited reports about the experience with the use of DBC. Regarding the question of which IOL method is suitable in women with prior CS, a recent Cochrane review stated that there was insufficient information available to conclude on the optimal method of IOL in women with prior CS.7
Since May 2013, our unit has been offering the option of DBC (Cook Cervical Ripening Balloon; Cook Medical, Bloomington [IN], US) for IOL in women with one previous CS. Therefore, we conducted a study on Chinese women with an objective to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the DBC in IOL with one previous CS and unfavourable cervix at term. Another objective was to identify risk factors associated with unsuccessful VBAC. This is one of the first studies to report using DBC for this indication in Asian Chinese population.
Methods
This retrospective study was conducted in the obstetrics unit of Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital in Hong Kong. The unit provides tertiary care and conducts over 3000 deliveries per year. Prior to the introduction of DBC, the background CS and VBAC rates in our unit was approximately 30% and 1.9%, respectively. The overall success rate of VBAC was more than 80%. In our study, we identified VBAC cases using DBC for IOL between 1 May 2013 and 30 April 2014 through the departmental database. Clinical details were reviewed from the case notes and hospital electronic systems.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria were women with one lower transverse caesarean scar and no contra-indication for VBAC who were given the option of either repeated elective CS or VBAC. Those VBAC cases requiring medically or obstetrically indicated IOL were offered DBC if the cervix was unfavourable (modified Bishop score [lesser than]6) and membranes intact.
The exclusion criteria for using DBC were: women with two or more previous CS, classical CS scar, inverted T or J or low vertical incision in previous CS; previous uterine scar for gynaecological conditions, eg myomectomy, hysterotomy; congenital uterine abnormality; twin pregnancy, non-cephalic presentations, intra-uterine death, suspected fetal distress; uterine fibroids which may obstruct labour, placenta praevia, antepartum haemorrhage, leaking, clinical chorioamnionitis, suspected macrosomia (ultrasound estimated fetal weight [greater than or equal to]4000 g), polyhydramnios (amniotic fluid index [greater than or equal to]25 cm or single deepest pocket [greater than or equal to]8 cm), congenital fetal abnormalities; and maternal diseases or maternal infection which would contra-indicate vaginal delivery or warrant prompt delivery. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the local institutional human research ethics committee.
Induction-of-labour protocol
Eligible patients were admitted into hospital in the evening and an initial Bishop score was obtained. Cardiotocogram for 60 minutes, and ultrasound scan to assess estimated fetal weight, liquor volume, fetal wellbeing by umbilical artery Doppler and placental location were performed. After informed consent, the DBC was inserted according to the manufacturer's instruction. If the DBC insertion failed, women would be offered CS the next day morning. The procedure of DBC insertion in all patients was done by one investigator (KY Cheuk). The uterine and vaginal balloons were inflated in phases to 40-50 mL and 60 mL, respectively using normal saline. After insertion, vaginal examination was performed to confirm correct placement. The catheter was taped to the woman's inner thigh without tension. Following insertion of catheter, continuous fetal heart monitoring (CFHM) was done for 60 minutes. The catheter was kept for 12 hours if spontaneous expulsion did not occur, or removed earlier if there was spontaneous rupture of membranes, excessive vaginal bleeding, fetal distress, scar tenderness, or patient intolerance. Immediately following balloon expulsion or removal, the Bishop score was reassessed, followed by an attempt to have artificial rupture of membranes (ARM) regardless of Bishop score. To reduce the potential inter-observer bias, the same investigator (KY Cheuk) assessed the Bishop score before DBC insertion and immediately after DBC expulsion or removal. Oxytocin infusion (Syntocinon; Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover [NJ], US) was commenced if after ARM the uterine contractions remained suboptimal at a rate of 1 mU/min and the infusion rate was doubled every 30 minutes until the uterine contractions were regular at 3 minutes' interval. The maximum dose was capped at 8 mU/min. Oxytocin was not started without membrane rupture or if the DBC was still in place; CFHM was started after ARM till delivery. Labour was managed by the attending obstetrician and midwives. Assessment of labour progress and administration of analgesia was made according to departmental protocols. Group B streptococcus prophylaxis was given according to departmental protocol. It was commenced after DBC insertion until delivery for group B streptococcus carriers.
Outcome measures
The primary outcome was successful vaginal delivery (spontaneous or instrument-assisted). The secondary outcomes were: induction-to-delivery interval; device-removal-to-delivery interval; cervical score improvement; oxytocin augmentation; maternal or fetal complications during cervical ripening, intrapartum and postpartum period, which included failed device insertion, inability to void during insertion, intolerance of device necessitating early removal, uterine hyperstimulation, uterine rupture, fetal distress, abruption, antepartum haemorrhage, cord prolapse, malpresentation, meconium-stained liquor, intrapartum and postpartum infection, postpartum haemorrhage, readmission in puerperium period, neonate delivery with Apgar score of [lesser than]7 in 5 minutes, cord blood pH of [lesser than]7.2, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, neonatal sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome and neonatal death, and risk factors associated with unsuccessful induction.
Uterine hyperstimulation was defined as either the occurrence of five or more contractions in 10 minutes for two consecutive 10-minute period, or a contraction lasting for at least 2 minutes, with or without changes in fetal heart rate pattern. Uterine rupture was defined as disruption of the uterine muscle extending to and involving the uterine serosa or disruption of the uterine muscle with extension to the bladder or broad ligament.5 Uterine dehiscence was defined as disruption of the uterine muscle with intact uterine serosa.5 Intrapartum infection was defined by maternal fever of [greater than or equal to]38°C during labour. Failed IOL was defined as failed ARM after catheter removal or cervical dilatation of [lesser than]3 cm after at least 8 hours of optimal uterine contractions.
Literature review
We also conducted a literature search on PubMed, Ovid Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library database of systematic reviews and open library using the keywords “double balloon catheter”, “Atad balloon”, “double balloon device”, “Foley catheter”, “induction”, “previous caesarean section”, and “previous scarred uterus”. Bibliographies of all relevant articles identified were searched manually to locate additional studies. We excluded non-English publications, or if the original paper was not available from various sources such as PubMed, local hospital or universities library systems and internet.
Statistical analyses
The statistical analysis was done by PASW Statistics 18, Release Version 18.0.0 (SPSS Inc, 2009, Chicago [IL], US). Fisher's exact test was used for categorical data, while independent t test was used if normally distributed, and non-parametric test (ie Mann-Whitney U test) if highly skewed. Univariate analysis was used to assess the risk factors associated with unsuccessful VBAC. To identify the differential effect over time, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the cervical Bishop scores before and after DBC application. The critical level of statistical significance was set at P[lesser than]0.05.
Results
Twenty-five cases were identified during the 1-year study period, and one non-Chinese woman's data were excluded. The remaining 24 cases were included for analysis. Table 1 summarises the baseline characteristics of study patients.
Enlarge this image.Table 1. Baseline characteristics of women with previous caesarean section induced with double balloon catheter
Figure 2 depicts the induction process and outcomes of the 24 cases; DBC was well tolerated in all cases (Table 2). There was no case of failed insertion. After DBC expulsion or removal, the cervix became favourable (Bishop's score [greater than or equal to]6) in 18 (75%) cases. The improvement in Bishop score 3 (interquartile range [IQR], 2-4) was statistically significant (P[lesser than]0.001). Artificial rupture of the membranes was successful in all 22 cases with intact membranes, regardless of cervical favourability. Oxytocin augmentation was required in 18 (75%) cases. Overall, 75% of cases were delivered vaginally. Among them, the median insertion-to-delivery and removal-to-delivery intervals were 19 (IQR, 13.4-23.0) hours and 6.9 (IQR, 4.1-10.8) hours, respectively. All the four women with previous vaginal deliveries had successful VBAC. Compared with cases without, the balloon expulsion-to-delivery or removal-to-delivery interval was shorter in those with spontaneous balloon expulsion or early balloon removal due to spontaneous membrane rupture during ripening (7.8 vs 3.0 hours, P=0.025). All the cases had good neonatal outcomes with cord blood pH of [greater than]7.25, 5-minute Apgar score of 10, without the need for neonatal intensive care unit admissions (Table 3). One case reported severe scar pain during oxytocin augmentation. Scar dehiscence was suspected and emergency CS performed. Dehiscence was not substantiated intra-operatively. The baby was born in good condition. Apart from a few cases of maternal complications (eg postpartum infection and postpartum haemorrhage), there was no case of uterine rupture or adverse neonatal complications.
Enlarge this image.Table 3. Maternal complications and neonatal outcomes after induction of labour with double balloon catheter
To study the risk factors associated with unsuccessful VBAC, univariate analysis was performed using maternal age, height, body mass index, cervical Bishop score, cervical favourability after DBC removal or dislodgement, gender and birth weight of baby, gestational diabetes mellitus, history of vaginal delivery, history of successful VBAC, inter-pregnancy interval, the indication for previous CS, and the indication for IOL in the current pregnancy as variables. Previous CS for failure to progress was the only factor significantly associated with unsuccessful VBAC (P[lesser than]0.001).
Discussion
Few studies have investigated the use of DBC for IOL in patients with previous caesarean scars.Table 4 summarises the findings from some of the studies8 9 10 11 including the current study. Most of the studies showed significant improvement in Bishop score after using the device and a favourable cervix was achieved in 75% to 85% of cases. The overall vaginal delivery rate was 60.2% (71/118). There was one (0.85%) case of symptomatic scar dehiscence, and no adverse neonatal complications. The cervical ripening success rate in our study was comparable to those in other studies, and also our study achieved a higher vaginal delivery rate. One explanation for this would have been due to differences in the IOL protocols. Some authors would offer CS directly if the cervix failed to ripen after the DBC.9 Our practice was to continue induction with ARM and oxytocin even if the cervix remained unfavourable after the DBC. In our patients, 83.3% (5/6) in this group delivered vaginally with continued induction. A second potential reason for better outcomes in our study would lie in the differences in inclusion criteria. Some studies had excluded women with previous vaginal delivery,10 a factor known to be associated with successful VBAC. A third reason could have been differences in ethnicity. Studies have shown that ethnicity does impact VBAC success rates.12
Enlarge this image.Table 4. Analysis of studies using DBC and Foley catheter for IOL in women with previous caesarean section8 9 11 14 20 21 22 23 24
With increasing rates of CS worldwide, it is estimated that 10% of women requiring IOL have a history of CS. However, the optimal induction method for this high-risk group is unknown. To counter unfavourable cervix with intact membranes, prostaglandins and mechanical methods such as Foley or DBC have been used. Prostaglandins appeared to be associated with a higher uterine rupture risk.13 14 Ravasia et al14 found that the relative risk of uterine rupture with prostaglandins versus spontaneous labour was 6.41, whereas the risk with the use of Foley catheter was comparable to spontaneous labour. Although infective morbidity associated with mechanical induction is a concern, the evidence is contradictory.15 16 A systematic review by Heinemann et al15 on studies using Foley catheter for IOL showed that use of mechanical devices was associated with significant increase in maternal morbidity due to infectious morbidity when compared with pharmacological agents. On the other hand, a recent Cochrane review showed no increase in serious maternal morbidity with the use of the Foley catheter.7 Further support was provided from the recent open-label randomised controlled trial PROBAAT,16 which compared Foley catheter to vaginal prostaglandin in 824 women without previous CS. The study showed that Foley catheter had similar CS rates, less uterine hyperstimulation, fewer maternal and fetal morbidities, and no increase in infectious morbidity. Although Foley catheter was featured in all these studies, DBC potentially has additional utility for an unripe cervix as it applies pressure on both the external and internal os, avoiding the need for traction and reduces the associated patient discomfort. Double balloon catheter has a larger inflated volume compared with Foley catheter (80 mL vs 30 mL) and therefore IOL with a bigger balloon volume may shorten duration of labour with better cervical dilatation.17Nevertheless, clinical data comparing DBC with Foley catheter in the presence of a caesarean scar are lacking, while those on intact uterus are scarce and inconclusive.18 19
Table 4 summarises the results of studies using Foley catheter for IOL in the presence of a caesarean scar.14 20 21 22 23 24 It appears that DBC achieved comparable vaginal delivery rate (60.2% vs 58.0%) and similar uterine rupture/dehiscence rate (0.85 % vs 0.65%). There was no case report of neonatal death in studies using DBC while there were two cases reported with Foley catheter. One was due to uterine rupture; another was due to rupture of vasa praevia which was independent of the method of induction.23 Further research to compare the efficiency and safety of the two devices for IOL in women with previous CS is warranted. Although uterine rupture and infectious morbidity seemed rare with DBC in women with previous CS, the number of women studied was too small to allow solid conclusion on its safety.
The complication rate for VBAC attempt was highest in those who failed to achieve VBAC in the end.25 Knowledge of the factors associated with successful VBAC would therefore enable better counselling on the choice of mode of delivery. Landon et al12 in a large cohort of 14 529 women showed that previous vaginal delivery and previous successful VBAC were the best predictors of successful VBAC; the success rates were 86.6% and 89.6%, respectively. In our study, all four cases with previous vaginal delivery (including one with previous VBAC) had successful VBAC. In the study by Landon et al,12factors associated with unsuccessful VBAC included obesity, previous CS for dystocia, IOL, birth weight of [lesser than]4000 g, advanced maternal age, short stature, more than 2 years from previous caesarean, gestational age of [greater than or equal to]41 weeks, and previous preterm CS. Despite our small sample size, we concurred that previous CS for failure to progress was a significant factor associated with unsuccessful VBAC.
Conclusions
This is the first report from East Asia on the use of DBC for IOL in the presence of caesarean scar. A success rate of 75% was achieved using VBAC in Chinese women with a caesarean scar and an unfavourable cervix. The procedure of DBC was well tolerated, and no major complications were observed. Our favourable experience with DBC in Asian Chinese women lends support to further research exploring the potential of this promising modality in averting the rising CS rates in this part of the world.
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Queenie KY Cheuk 1; TK Lo 2; CP Lee 2; Anita PC Yeung 1
1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Chai Wan, Hong Kong
2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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