The Dynamic Mutation Characteristics of Thermonuclear Reaction in Tokamak

Abstract

The stability and bifurcations of multiple limit cycles for the physical model of thermonuclear reaction in Tokamak are investigated in this paper. The one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau type perturbed diffusion equations for the density of the plasma and the radial electric field near the plasma edge in Tokamak are established. First, the equations are transformed to the average equations with the method of multiple scales and the average equations turn to be a [subscript]Z2[/subscript] -symmetric perturbed polynomial Hamiltonian system of degree 5. Then, with the bifurcations theory and method of detection function, the qualitative behavior of the unperturbed system and the number of the limit cycles of the perturbed system for certain groups of parameter are analyzed. At last, the stability of the limit cycles is studied and the physical meaning of Tokamak equations under these parameter groups is given.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)

Jing Li 1 and Tingting Quan 1 and Wei Zhang 2 and Wei Deng 3

Academic Editor:M. Han and Academic Editor:Z. Jin and Academic Editor:Y. Xia

1, College of Applied Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
2, College of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
3, Beijing Electrical Research Institute, Beijing 100124, China

Received 18 February 2014; Accepted 11 March 2014; 29 April 2014

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

Periodic solution theory is mainly about the existence and stability of periodic solution of dynamical systems. The bifurcation theory of periodic solution, as the main method to study the periodic solution, reveals the connection between the topology of the solutions and the parameters. The investigation and application of bifurcations and chaos of nonlinear dynamical systems are frontier topics in the world.

Recently, a large number of important results of multiple limit cycles of polynomial planar vector fields have been achieved. Arnol'd [1] examined the problem on equivariant fields and their topologically versal deformations in the functional space of all equivariant fields and these results yield the first approximation for the stability loss problem. Perko [2] studied the local bifurcation and global behavior of one-parameter families of limit cycles of a planar analytic system. They obtained some new results on the global behavior of one-parameter families of limit cycles. Wang and Mao [3] gave an algorithm for computing the Lyapunov values and a new criterion for determining the centers of planar polynomial systems which have quartic nonlinear terms. They found that there are 11 small limit cycles in a kind of planar polynomial systems. Chan et al. [4] showed that the numerical examples of different quadratic differential systems had three limit cycles surrounding one singular point. Li [5] investigated Hilbert's 16th problem and bifurcations of planar polynomial vector fields and gave the detection function method of two dimensional Hamiltonian systems. Armengol and Joan [6] perturb a vector field with a general polynomial perturbation of degree n and study the maximum number of limit cycles that can bifurcate from the period annulus of the origin in terms of k and n . Their approach is based on the explicit computation of the Abelian integral that controls the bifurcation and on a new result for bounding the number of zeroes of a certain family of real functions. Han and Li [7] obtained some new lower bounds of Hilbert number H(m) , and H(m) grows at least as rapidly as (1/2ln...2) (m+2⁾² ln...(m+2) for all large m . Zhao and Fan [8] studied the number of small amplitude limit cycles in arbitrary polynomial systems with degree m , denoted by M(m) , and obtained the lower bounds for M(6)-M(14) and proved that M(m)...5;^m2 if m...5;23 . They also showed that the least growth order of M(m) is equal to that of H(m) (in [9]); however, the growth coefficient of M(m) is 25/18 that of H(m) .

The symmetry of dynamical systems is also widely studied by many researchers and a lot of results have been achieved. Li et al. [10] analyzed a _Z6 -equivariant perturbed polynomial Hamiltonian system of degree 5 and found that there exist at most 24 limit cycles. Li et al. [9] investigated a rotor-active magnetic bearings (AMB) system with the time-varying stiffness and found that there exist, respectively, at least 17, 19, 21, and 22 limit cycles under four groups of parametric controlling conditions. Li et al. [11] investigated the bifurcation of multiple limit cycles of a _Z2 -equivariant perturbed polynomial Hamiltonian system of degree 5 and found that the _Z2 -equivariant fields have up to 23 limit cycles. Li et al. [12] studied bifurcations of limit cycles at three fine focuses for a class of _Z2 -equivariant nonanalytic cubic planar differential systems proved that there exist 12 small amplitude limit cycles created from the critical points.

In recent years, theories are widely used in mechanical systems. An important issue is the bifurcation of multiple limit cycles for Tokamak system. The Tokamak is the most promising device so far to attain the conditions for fusion. It is a toroidal device (shaped like a car tire) in which a vacuum vessel contains a plasma ring confined by twisting magnetic fields. In the past 20 years, researches and applications of the Tokamak have great achievements, especially with the implementation of the construction named EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak). EAST is one of Chinese national fusion projects.

In this paper, the mechanism of the transition from L-mode to H-mode in Tokamak is an important and difficult problem. We mainly discussed the transition phenomenon between low confinement mode (L-mode) and high confinement mode (H-mode) observed in Tokamak. S. Itoh and K. Itoh [13] presented a new model of the transition from L-mode to H-mode in the Tokamak plasmas and discussed the catastrophic phenomenon of it. Viana [14] used a Hamiltonian description for magnetic field lines in a large aspect ratio Tokamak for describing the effect of resonant helical windings in a perturbative way, taking into account the toroidal correction. Zhang and Cao [15] found that in Tokamak there existed not only the static L-mode to H-mode transition but also to the dynamic L-mode to H-mode transition, and the Hopf bifurcation and limit cycle oscillations correspond to the L-mode to H-mode transition near the plasma edge in Tokamak.

This paper focuses on the bifurcations of multiple limit cycles for a Ginzburg-Landau type perturbed transport equation which can describe the L-mode to H-mode transition near the plasma edge in Tokamak. The average equation of Tokamak system turns out to be a _Z2 -equivariant perturbed Hamiltonian system. Using the bifurcation theory and the method of detection function, the number of limit cycles of the average equation under a certain group of parameters is given. The stability of these limit cycles is analyzed and the diffusion coefficients of H-mode and L-mode are obtained.

2. Equation of Motion and Perturbation Analysis

We get the nondimensional formulations by using the method in [16]. The one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau type perturbed diffusion equations for the density of the plasma and the radial electric field near the plasma edge in Tokamak can be written as [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where n and _Er are the density of the particle near the plasma edge and the normalized radial electric field, respectively. D(_Er ) and _μ1 are the diffusion coefficients of the density and electric field, N(_Er ,g) is the total current effect, and _f1 , _Ω1 , _f2 , and _Ω2 are the amplitudes and frequencies of the particle perturbation and the controlling radial electric field. It is known that D(_Er ) , N(_Er ,g) , and γ ,respectively, satisfy the following equations: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where _Dmax... and _Dmin... , respectively, denote the diffusion coefficients of H-mode and L-mode, the parameters _vA , c , _BP , B , α , β , and _g0 are constants, and _vA , c , _BP , and B are the Alfven velocity, the light velocity, the magnetic field which is parallel to the poloidal direction in Tokamak, and the characteristic magnetic field, respectively.

In order to analyze the diffusion of the particle and the stability and bifurcations of the normalized radial electric field near the plasma edge in Tokamak, some transformations may be introduced as follows: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where A(x) v(t) and G(x) u(t) are small perturbed terms. Substituting (2) and (3) into (1), we have the following equations: [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Eliminate v and v ; then we can get [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

We assume that the uniform solution of (5) can be represented in the form [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where _Ti =^{[straight epsilon]i} t , i=0,1,2,... .

Then, the differential operators are given as [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where _Dk =∂/∂_Tk , k=0,1 .

The main work of this paper focuses on the 1/2 subharmonic resonance-primary parametric resonance, because this resonant case is the most common case which may be exhibited in system (5). To simplify the procedure of the analysis, without loss of generality, we may assume that [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where σ is a detuning parameter. Substituting (6)-(8) into (5), and we get the averaged equations of (5): [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Then (9a) and (9b) can be rewritten as follows: [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Let _a41 =_a23 =_a21 =_b14 =_b32 =_b12 =0 and _a10 =_b01 ; the system ((10a) and (10b)) turns out to be a _Z2 -equivariant perturbed Hamiltonian system with 17 free parameters.

3. The Dynamic Characteristics of Thermonuclear Reaction in Tokamak

In Section 2, the Ginzburg-Landau Tokamak system turns out to be a _Z2 -equivariant Hamiltonian system of degree 5. We will give a procedure of controlling parameters to obtain more limit cycles of the system ((10a) and (10b)).

3.1. The Method of Detection Functions

In this section, the method of detection functions will be described briefly based on references [8, 17]. Let H(x,y) be a real polynomial of degree n , and let P(x,y) and Q(x,y) be two different real polynomials of degree m , respectively. We consider a perturbed Hamiltonian system in the following form: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where 0<[straight epsilon]...a;1 is a small parameter and the level energy curves H(x,y)=h of the unperturbed Hamiltonian system ( (10a) and (10b)_{)[straight epsilon]=0} contain at least a family of closed orbits _Γh for h∈(_hl ,_hr ) .

Consider the Abelian integral [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

We define the function [figure omitted; refer to PDF] which is called a detection function corresponding to the periodic family {^Γh } . The graph of λ=λ(h) in the plane (h , λ) is called a detection curve, where ^Dh is the area inside ^Γh .

Theorem 1 (bifurcation of limit cycles).

We have the following three statements on the local and global bifurcations.

(1) If I(^h* )=0 and ^{I[variant prime]} (^h* )...0;0 , then there exists a limit cycle _L^h* of system ((11a) and (11b)) such that _L^h* [arrow right]_Γ^h* as [straight epsilon][arrow right]0 . Conversely, if there exists a limit cycle _L^h* of system ((11a) and (11b)) such that _L^h* [arrow right]_Γ^h* as [straight epsilon][arrow right]0 , then I(^h* )=0 , where ^h* ∈(_hl ,_hr ) .

(2) If I(^h* )=^{I[variant prime]} (^h* )=^{I[variant prime][variant prime]} (^h* )=...=^I(k-1) (^h* )=0 and ^I(k) (^h* )...0;0 , then, for [straight epsilon] sufficiently small, system ((11a) and (11b)) has at most k limit cycles in the neighborhood of _Γ^h* .

(3) The total number of isolated zeros of the Abelian integral is an upper bound for the number of limit cycles of system ((11a) and (11b)) after taking into account their multiplicity.

3.2. The Qualitative Behavior of Unperturbed System

We consider the unperturbed system of ((10a) and (10b)) as [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where _a01 , _a03 , and _a05 satisfy ^a032 >4_a01a05 , _a03a05 <0 , and _a01a05 >0 and _b10 , _b30 , and _b50 satisfy ^b302 >4_b10b50 , _b30b50 <0 , and _b10b50 >0 .

Equation ((14a) and (14b)) is a Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian function [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Let [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

It is easily seen that there exist 25 singular points of system (15). Based on the analysis of the stability, it is found that 13 singular points, namely, (0,0) , (_x1 ,0) , (±_x2 ,_y1 ) , (0,_y2 ) , and (±_x1 ,_y2 ) , and their _Z2 -symmetric points are the centers and 12 singular points, namely, (_x2 ,0) , (0,_y1 ) , (±_x1 ,_y1 ) , and (±_x2 ,_y2 ) , and their _Z2 -symmetric points are the saddle points.

In this paper, we only consider a special case that [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Proposition 2.

Under the conditions of UP , the Hamiltonian function (15) has the diagram as shown in Figure 1 and the _Z2 -equivariant Hamiltonian vector field ((14a) and (14b)) has the phase portraits as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1: The diagram of the Hamiltonian function (15) is given.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Figure 2: Families of closed orbits defined by system ((10a) and (10b)) with UP is given.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Figure 3 illustrates the changing process of the phase portraits for system ((14a) and (14b)) as the variable h changes from -∞ to +∞ . In the aforementioned case, there are nine different families (^Γjh ) (j=0,1,...,8) of closed orbits and several homoclinic or heteroclinic loops for unperturbed system ((14a) and (14b)) as the variable h changes from -∞ to +∞ .

Different schemes of ovals defined by ((11a) and (11b)) as h varied with UP are given.

(a) ^{h 1 c} < h < ^{h 2 s}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) h = ^{h 2 s}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(c) ^{h 2 s} < h < ^{h 3 s}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(d) h = ^{h 3 s}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(e) ^{h 3 s} < h < ^{h 4 s}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(f) h = ^{h 4 s}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(g) ^{h 4 s} < h < 0

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(h) h = 0

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(i) 0 < h < ^{h 5 s}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(j) h = ^{h 5 s}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(k) ^{h 5 s} < h < ^{h 6 c}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(l) h = ^{h 6 c}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(m) ^{h 6 c} < h < ^{h 7 c}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(n) h = ^{h 7 c}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(o) ^{h 7 c} < h < ^{h 8 c}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(p) h = ^{h 8 c}

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Notice that as h increases, the periodic orbits ^Γ1ih , ^Γ2ih , and ^Γ4h expand outwards and all other periodic orbits contract inwards.

3.3. The Qualitative Behavior of Perturbed System ((10a) and (10b))

Based on the results obtained above, we can analyze the qualitative nonlinear characteristics of the perturbed system ((10a) and (10b)). The detection functions corresponding to the aforementioned nine types of period families {^Γ0h }-{^Γ8h } are obtained as follows: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where F(x,y)=P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy and ^Dh is the area inside ^Γh .

Denote that [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

It follows that, under the parameter conditions of UP and PG , the system ((10a) and (10b)) has the graphs of detection curves as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Graphs of detection curves of system ((9a) and (9b)) with parameter conditions UP and PG are given.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

We can see from Figure 4 that when [figure omitted; refer to PDF] in the (h-λ) -plane, the straight line λ=λ~ intersects the curves λ=_λ1 (h) , λ=_λ5 (h) , and λ=_λ6 (h) at two points and the curves λ=_λ2 (h) and λ=_λ8 (h) at one point, respectively. With the _Z2 -equivariance of ((10a) and (10b)) and from the results above, we have the following conclusion.

Proposition 3.

When λ=λ~ satisfies (20), for the parameter groups of UP and PG and small [straight epsilon]>0 , the system ((10a) and (10b)) has at least 22 limit cycles with the configuration shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Configuration of 22 limit cycles of system ((10a) and (10b)) with parameter conditions UP and PG is given.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

4. The Analysis of Stability

Based on the local and global bifurcation theory and the results of paper [14, 18], we have two propositions which describe the properties of the detection function at the boundary values of h .

Theorem 4 (the parameter value of Hopf bifurcation).

Suppose that, as h[arrow right]_h1 , the periodic orbit ^Γh of ( (11a) and (11b)_{)[straight epsilon]=0} approaches a singular point (ξ,η) . Then at this point the Hopf bifurcation parameter value is given by [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Theorem 5 (bifurcation direction of heteroclinic or homoclinic loop).

Suppose that, as h[arrow right]_h2 , the periodic orbit ^Γh of ( (11a) and (11b)_{)[straight epsilon]=0} approaches a heteroclinic (or homoclinic) loop connecting a hyperbolic saddle point (α,β) , where the saddle point value satisfies [figure omitted; refer to PDF] Then one has [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

From the theorems above, we can also prove the following results.

(1) If ^Γh contracts inwards as h increases, then the stability of limit cycles mentioned in Theorem 4 and the sign of ^{λ[variant prime]} (_h2 ) in Theorem 5 have the opposite conclusion.

(2) If the curve ^Γh defined by H(x,y)=h (h∈(_h1 ,_h2 )) consists of m components of oval families having _Zq -equivariance, then Theorem 4 gives rise to simultaneous global bifurcations of limit cycles from all these m oval families.

(3) If ( (11a) and (11b)_{)[straight epsilon]} has several different period annuluses filled with periodic orbit families {^Γih } , then, by calculating detection functions for every oval family, the global information of bifurcations of system ( (11a) and (11b)_{)[straight epsilon]} can be obtained.

On the basis of the method of the theorems above, we have the following analyses of stability.

(1) If the period orbit ^Γ1 expands outwards as h increases and _λ1 (_h1 )<0 , then the period orbit ^Γ1 is stable.

(2) If the period orbit ^Γ2 expands outwards as h increases and _λ2 (_h2 )>0 , then the period orbit ^Γ2 is unstable.

(3) If the period orbit ^Γ5 contracts inwards as h increases and _λ5 (_h4 )>0 , then the period orbit ^Γ5 is stable.

(4) If the period orbit ^Γ6 contracts inwards as h increases and _λ6 (_h4 )<0 , then the period orbit ^Γ6 is unstable.

(5) If the period orbit ^Γ8 contracts inwards as h increases and _λ8 (_h5 )>0 , then the period orbit ^Γ8 is stable.

Proposition 6.

It follows that, under the parameter conditions of UP and PG , 10 of the 22 limit cycles are stable and others are unstable with the configuration shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: The stability of 22 limit cycles of system ((10a) and (10b)) with parameter conditions UP and PG is given.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

5. The Physical Meaning of Tokamak Equations under the UP and PG Parameter Groups

The relationship between the actual parameters of the physical equations and the parameter conditions UP and PG will be discussed in the following parts and the results will be explained following the theory of multiple limit cycle bifurcation.

Proposition 7.

One has the following parameters relationship between ((10a) and (10b)) and (5): [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Proposition 8.

Based on Proposition 7, (5), and ((4a) and (4b)), one has the following results: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Proposition 9.

With the help of Propositions 7 and 8 above, one has the following results: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Proposition 10.

With the help of algebraic method and Lingo mathematical software, one can get that _Dmax... =2.516874 and _Dmin... =2.4138866 under the parameter conditions of UP and PG , where _Dmax... and _Dmin... , respectively, denote the diffusion coefficients of H-mode and L-mode. This shows that, when it satisfies the conditions of _Dmax... =2.516874 and _Dmin... =2.4138866 , there will be 22 limit cycles in the physical model of thermonuclear reaction in Tokamak, 10 of which are stable and the others are unstable. The structure and morphology of limit cycles provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of Tokamak nuclear device.

6. Conclusions

This paper focuses on the bifurcations of multiple limit cycles for a Tokamak system. First, the method of multiple scales and normal form theory are employed to obtain the average equation in the Tokamak system, which has the form of a _Z2 -symmetric perturbed polynomial Hamiltonian system of degree 5. Then, with the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical system and the method of detection functions, the bifurcations of multiple limit cycles of the averaged equation are analyzed. Finally, the dynamical behavior of the Tokamak system under a group of parameters condition is given.

One control condition of parameters is given to obtain 22 limit cycles of the Tokamak system. Ten of them are stable and the others are unstable. The Hopf bifurcation and limit cycles in averaged equation ((10a) and (10b)) correspond to the L-mode to H-mode transition near the plasma edge in Tokamak. It implies that the amplitude modulated oscillations can jump from one limit cycle to another with a change of the initial conditions. Because different limit cycles are located in different energy planes of ((10a) and (10b)), motion of the Tokamak system can jump from a lower energy plane to a higher energy plane.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) through Grant nos. 11072007, 11372014, 11072008, and 11290152 and the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (NSFB) through Grant no. 1122001.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Appendix

Appendices

A.

The coefficients given in ((4a) and (4b)) are as follows: [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

B.

The coefficients given in (5) are as follows: [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

C.

The coefficients given in ((10a) and (10b)) are as follows: [figure omitted; refer to PDF]