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* Trend and temporal changes in precipitation and drought were conducted in Türkiye. Standardized Precipitation Index, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, China-Z Index, and Effective Drought Index methods were used for drought. Sen's slope, Mann–Kendall, and innovative trend analysis methods were used to detect the trend. Inverse distance weighted and Kriging methods were used for spatial analysis.
climate change, drought, natural hazards, spatial analysis, trend analysis
INTRODUCTION
Drought is a recurring natural disaster globally, affecting various regions around the world (Wilhite & Glantz 1985). Drought, as a multifaceted natural phenomenon, manifests through prolonged periods of below-average water availability, affecting all biotic and abiotic components dependent on water. Unlike abrupt natural disasters, the onset of drought is insidious, often eluding early detection until the impacts are severe and far reaching. The increasing frequency and intensity of drought events in the region necessitate robust scientific inquiries to forecast, manage, and mitigate their consequences (Wilhite et al. 2007). Understanding the role of drought indices and their impacts on science, agriculture, water management, and societies is critical for us to take steps towards a sustainable future on a global scale. Drought is a major challenge at a time when climate change and water resources are under pressure, and drought indices provide us with valuable tools to measure, analyse, and understand these events (Lotfirad et al. 2022; Hinis & Geyikli 2023).
Drought is a complex and multifaceted natural phenomenon that has wide-ranging impacts on human activities and ecosystems. It affects not only water resources but also agricultural production, economic stability, and the well-being of communities (Wilhite & Glantz 1985; Wilhite et al. 2007; Turkes 2020). Therefore, it is essential to conduct in-depth studies and analyses, like this one in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Türkiye, to understand the specific characteristics and dynamics of drought to develop effective mitigation strategies. Additionally, by studying the relationship between drought and desertification in the palm grove of Draa Valley in Southeastern Morocco, we can gain valuable insights into the socio-ecological impacts of these phenomena and their interconnectedness (Karmaoui 2019). These insights can inform the development of impact indicators, which will help policymakers and stakeholders assess the severity and extent of drought and desertification in the region. Furthermore, the analysis of historic drought events...