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Introduction
Cellulose is considered the most abundant biopolymer on earth. It is a polysaccharide consisting of monomers of glucose linked together via β-1,4 glycosidic linkages. Chain arrangements of cellulose divided the polymer into the crystalline and amorphous regions. The crystalline region has relatively higher chemical resistance compared to the amorphous region. A chemical reaction through acid treatment and hydrolysis on cellulose thus leads to the extraction of MCC from the crystalline region through controlled degradation and removing the amorphous region entirely (Jinbao et al., 2016). Because of the ordered structure and strong bonding between macromolecular chains of MCC from the crystalline region, it is difficult for the MCC dissolve in water and in most polar organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. However, MCC can dissolve in strong alkaline aqueous solution by destroying the packed crystalline structure and allows the materials to interact well with the solvent.
The composition of PMMA-dammar-MCC has been used in the coating industry with a relatively lower cost of production for protective and decorative purposes, especially for non-stick coatings. A non-stick coat is distinguished by its low surface energy of intermolecular forces that prevents potential adhesion with various foreign objects. The property has been widely used for many applications such as cookware (Ashokkumar and Adler-Nissen, 2011; Rossi et al., 2014) and liquid repeller (Jiang et al., 2017; Men et al., 2016).
Binary mixtures of PMMA-dammar would be an advantage due to their compatibility, is commercially available and is relatively inexpensive. PMMA is a well-known thermoplastic polymer often used as an alternate to glass. It has a transparent appearance, lightweight, hydrophobic and relatively good impact strength as compared to polystyrene and glass. It has been reported that PMMA has been used as a primary component; however, the polymer beads can easily form sediments. Additives such as dammar can promote the stability of PMMA suspension. Dammar is an extract from Dipterocarpus Grandiflorus that is widely found in Asia Pacific tropical woods used as natural varnished since ancient times (Abidin et al., 2006). The adhesive property between the substrate and the PMMA-dammar has low mechanical strength. Mixtures of PMMA and dammar suggest significant improvement of the mechanical properties of their coating paint films because of the hydrogen bonding...