Content area
Full Text
1. Related work
Wireless sensor network (WSN) routing protocols can be divided into flat-based protocols, hierarchy-based protocols and location-based protocols (Aznaoui et al., 2015). This section presents previous work-related of the location-based routing protocol for optimizing energy efficiency in WSNs (Aznaoui et al., 2018; Aziz and Aznaoui, 2020). Sensor nodes using routing protocols based on location type1 are identified by their geographic positions. The distance between couples of neighboring nodes can be calculated according to the strength of the received signal. The relative coordinates of neighboring nodes can be obtained by exchanging information between neighbors. The location of the sensor nodes can be obtained by communicating with a satellite using the Global Positioning System (GPS) (Peng and Kemp, 2011) if each node is equipped with a small, low power GPS receiver. Adaptive geographic fidelity (GAF) is a location-based approach based on energy software routing protocols primarily targeted at mobile networks and can also be used for WSNs (Grover et al., 2014; Aznaoui et al., 2016a, b). The GAF protocol divides the network area into virtual fixed networks. In each cell of the grid, the nodes communicate with each other and play different roles, passing through three different states. Active state: nodes are responsible for routing data. Discovery state: nodes try to determine adjacent nodes in the grid, and the sleep state: the radio turned off. Each node uses the position indicated by GPS to associate itself with a point on the virtual grid. The biggest advantage of the GAF protocol over other protocols is the use of transients that extend the life of the network. GAF can significantly extend the life of the network. Since only one node is enabled on each network to provide routing, while other nodes in the same network are on standby for some time. Even if the GAF protocol was intended to solve the critical energy problem, it remains limited with some drawbacks such as allows communication between only adjacent networks and does not take into account node energy to select active nodes. Figure 1 present the structure of WSN technology.
Moreover, it is very conservative because it guesses its connectivity instead of measuring it directly, which results in less energy savings (Roychowdhury and Patra, 2010)....