Content area
Full Text
1. Introduction
Consciousness is the distinctive feature of humankind and the efforts to transfer this feature to an artifact is called artificial intelligence (AI). It is an old dream of humans to reflect on a human-made structure. However, creating a mind has not been an easy attempt as there is still not a consensus on what “consciousness,” “mind” or “intelligence” derived from. Science and philosophy have been struggling to find an answer to how can an abstract entity emerge in a physical world. Also, it is an old debate about what consciousness is and to transfer this “human-specific” feature to an artifact is eligible or not.
In the midst of the twentieth century, the dream of creating a humanlike machine in terms of cognitive abilities commenced to turn out reality. In 1950, Alan Turing made a significant breakthrough in the history of AI in his paper computing machinery and intelligence. This was the first article that handles mechanizing of human-like intelligence entirely (Nilsson, 2010). Turing (1950) also proposed a test – Turing Test – to evaluate the intelligence of a machine. According to Turing; if a machine achieves the Turing test, it can be considered as “intelligent.” Soon after Turing’s groundbreaking paper, in 1956, the term “artificial intelligence” was coined in Dartmouth Conference and scientific studies on generating a machine that is able to simulate all aspects of human intelligence (McCarthy et al., 1955). Since then, AI research has progressed with ups and downs (generally called “seasons of AI”) and remarkable results have been achieved.
In recent times, the most striking incidence on AI is the victory of AlphaGo. AlphaGo is the first Go-playing program developed by DeepMind that beat the human World Go Champion in 2016 (DeepMind, 2021). The attractive aspect of this victory is that Go is a complicated ancient Chinese game that requires wisdom and insight. Then, the algorithm of AlphaGo processes much more “humanistic” than the other – Go programs and Deep Blue – the chess-playing program developed by IBM. The victory of AI over humankind in a specific area also reveals a question: May AI takes over the task of developing strategy in organizations in the future?
Recent research suggests that AI applications will take on routine tasks as...