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Abstract
Bioactive peptides are specific sequences of amino acids, which are generated during food processing, microbial action, or enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioactive peptides have been researched for specific bio-functional role since many years. Well documented health benefits includes, antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity, anti-oxidative activity, antiaging activity, opioid activity, antithrombotic, hypocholesterolemic, immunomodulatory, cytomodulatory, mineral binding activity and also antihypertensive activity. Inhibiting mechanisms and structure of peptides plays crucial role in the bio-functional activity. Bioactive peptides with multi-functionality are now gaining special interest from researchers. Here, this article explained different functions of peptides, possible mechanisms of bioactive peptides, multifunctional role, and sources of multifunctional peptides.
Keywords: Bioactive peptides, multifunctional role, proteins
Proteins have important functions in living body systems and also reduce risk of chronic diseases (Parvez et al. 2006). Korhonen (2009) defined food proteins or food proteins hydrolysates, as compounds which were reported to provide rapidity to "hormone-like" activities in vitro and/ or in vivo. Bioactive peptides are some specific protein sequences of amino acids, which provides measurable biological health effects and influence body positively, upon ingestion and absorption of it (Korhonen and Pihlanto, 2006). Bioactive peptides usually contain 2-20 amino acid residues (Wijesekara and Kim, 2010). Bioactive peptides have different bio-functional properties like Antihypertensive, antioxidant, antithrombotic, opioids and many other (Yang et al. 2009).
Well characterized sources of bioactive peptides
Bioactive peptides have been derived, isolated, and characterized from different food proteins. It includes, plants, animals and marine food proteins, like milk, cheese, rice, wheat, soy, beef, sea weed, Spirulina, fish etc (Agyei et al. 2015). Wide range of food products and natural foods were tested for the determination of bioactive peptides and their bio-functional properties. Milk and milk products includes, caseins, and whey proteins based bioactive peptides (Nielsen et al. 2017). From plant proteins, soy, maize, rice, and wheat etc were determined as a sources of bioactive peptides. In case of animal proteins, proteins from bovine, chicken and porcine muscle, reported as a sources of different bioactive peptides. Also, from marine sources, fish proteins from bonito, sardine, tuna and salmon were determined as a sources of bioactive peptides. (Vercruysse et al. 2005).
Strategies for the production of bioactive peptides
Bioactive peptides can be produced through following ways: (a) Enzymatic hydrolysis in vitro or In...