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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Introduction: All epidemiological studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among the Polish general population. Since vitamin D deficiency was shown to be among the risk factors for many diseases and for all-cause mortality, concern about this problem led us to update the previous Polish recommendations. Methods: After reviewing the epidemiological evidence, case-control studies and randomized control trials (RCTs), a Polish multidisciplinary group formulated questions on the recommendations for prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency both for the general population and for the risk groups of patients. The scientific evidence of pleiotropic effects of vitamin D as well as the results of panelists’ voting were reviewed and discussed. Thirty-four authors representing different areas of expertise prepared position statements. The consensus group, representing eight Polish/international medical societies and eight national specialist consultants, prepared the final Polish recommendations. Results: Based on networking discussions, the ranges of total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration indicating vitamin D deficiency [<20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L)], suboptimal status [20–30 ng/mL (50–75 nmol/L)], and optimal concentration [30–50 ng/mL (75–125 nmol/L)] were confirmed. Practical guidelines for cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) as the first choice for prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency were developed. Calcifediol dosing as the second choice for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency was introduced. Conclusions: Improving the vitamin D status of the general population and treatment of risk groups of patients must be again announced as healthcare policy to reduce a risk of spectrum of diseases. This paper offers consensus statements on prophylaxis and treatment strategies for vitamin D deficiency in Poland.

Details

Title
Guidelines for Preventing and Treating Vitamin D Deficiency: A 2023 Update in Poland
Author
Płudowski, Paweł 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kos-Kudła, Beata 2 ; Walczak, Mieczysław 3 ; Fal, Andrzej 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz, Dorota 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Sieroszewski, Piotr 6 ; Peregud-Pogorzelski, Jarosław 7 ; Lauterbach, Ryszard 8   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Targowski, Tomasz 9 ; Lewiński, Andrzej 10   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Spaczyński, Robert 11   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Wielgoś, Mirosław 12 ; Pinkas, Jarosław 13   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Jackowska, Teresa 14   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Helwich, Ewa 15 ; Mazur, Artur 16   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Ruchała, Marek 17   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Zygmunt, Arkadiusz 10 ; Szalecki, Mieczysław 18 ; Bossowski, Artur 19   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Czech-Kowalska, Justyna 20   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Wójcik, Marek 1 ; Pyrżak, Beata 21 ; Żmijewski, Michał A 22   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Abramowicz, Paweł 23   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Konstantynowicz, Jerzy 23   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Marcinowska-Suchowierska, Ewa 24 ; Bleizgys, Andrius 25   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Karras, Spirydon N 26   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Grant, William B 27   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Carlberg, Carsten 28   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Pilz, Stefan 29 ; Holick, Michael F 30   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Misiorowski, Waldemar 31   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland 
 Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, and the Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-952 Katowice, Poland 
 Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland 
 Department of Allergy, Lung Diseases and Internal Medicine of the Central Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Interior, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland 
 Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Poznan, 60-834 Poznan, Poland 
 Department of Fetal Medicine and Gynecology, Medical University of Łodz, 90-419 Łodz, Poland 
 Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Pediatric Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland 
 Department of Neonatology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, 31-501 Krakow, Poland 
 Department of Geriatrics, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland 
10  Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Łodz, 93-338 Łodz, Poland 
11  Center for Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Pastelova, 60-198 Poznan, Poland 
12  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland 
13  School of Public Health, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland 
14  Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland 
15  Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland 
16  Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland 
17  Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Poznan, 60-355 Poznan, Poland 
18  Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland, and the Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland 
19  Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland 
20  Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland 
21  Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland 
22  Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland 
23  Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland 
24  Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, and the Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, School of Public Health, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-673 Warsaw, Poland 
25  Clinic of Internal Diseases, Family Medicine and Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania 
26  Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece 
27  Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA 94164, USA 
28  Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland 
29  Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria 
30  Section Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA 
31  Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland 
First page
695
Publication year
2023
Publication date
2023
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20726643
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2774951151
Copyright
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.