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This article offers a study and critical edition of a group of passages (here called the "Schism Extracts") that were compiled from the apocalyptic prophecies of Hildegard of Bingen and heavily annotated in response to the Great Western Schism (1378-1417). The article argues that the Extracts were created by someone with ties to the University of Paris to illuminate a French perspective on the Schism and that they circulated primarily within a Parisian milieu-both among masters at the university and among members of religious houses in and around Paris. The article outlines the main contents and themes of the Extracts and the manuscript contexts in which they are found, including five prophecy collections. While one prophecy collection is known to have been compiled by the Parisian master Simon du Bosc, it is here argued that three of the other collections were produced by Pierre d'Ailly or someone within his circle of associates. Many of the prophetic writings selected for these collections thematically concern the eschatological and reformist role of France and a future holy angelic pope (the pastor angelicus). These include the writings of John of Rupescissa, and parallels between the Extracts and John's reading of Hildegard suggest that the compiler of the text was well-versed in John's apocalyptic thought.
Keywords: apocalypticism, Great Western Schism, Hildegard of Bingen, John of Rupescissa, Pierre d'Ailly, prophecy, University of Paris
INTRODUCTION
Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) was one of the most widely read apocalyptic prophets of the Middle Ages. In the post-1220 period, she was predominantly known through Gebeno of Eberbach's Pentachronon siue speculum futurorum temporum (Book of Five Times or Mirror of Future Times, ca.1220), an anthology of selections excerpted from her writings and recontextualized to focus on her apocalyptically charged teaching for monks and clerics.1 The Pentachronon was repeatedly cited, annotated, and copied in the late-fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as scribes and readers sought to understand contemporary ecclesiastical and political crises within the larger historical narrative and apocalyptic framework for reform and renewal offered by the anthology. Hildegard's reception through the Pentachronon in the later-medieval period has received some attention, especially her readership in England, but the depth of her influence is still not fully understood.2 Here I seek to further our understanding of Hildegard's continental...