Hong Kong, a Truly International City in 2019/2020: Timeline of Incidents - International and Human Rights Perspectives

Abstract

In 2019 an extradition amendment bill in Hong Kong triggered a public outcry and a persistent social movement. While in authoritarian states no demonstration of considerable size is allowed, in liberal democracies such a large-scale protest would probably compel the government to concede to public opinion. Hong Kong is neither of them, where the main strategy of the Government in handling the crisis is to exercise stronger political and social control over the society. The conflicts are intensified, with the whole society paying a high cost. If the basic strategy does not work, will the authority rethink and change it? The timeline exposited in this article that sets out the significant protests while placing much emphasis on the international and human rights dimensions is an extract of the major events during the anti-extradition amendment law movement and its aftermath.

Headnote

Abstract

In 2019 an extradition amendment bill in Hong Kong triggered a public outcry and a persistent social movement. While in authoritarian states no demonstration of considerable size is allowed, in liberal democracies such a large-scale protest would probably compel the government to concede to public opinion. Hong Kong is neither of them, where the main strategy of the Government in handling the crisis is to exercise stronger political and social control over the society. The conflicts are intensified, with the whole society paying a high cost. If the basic strategy does not work, will the authority rethink and change it? The timeline exposited in this article that sets out the significant protests while placing much emphasis on the international and human rights dimensions is an extract of the major events during the anti-extradition amendment law movement and its aftermath.

Keywords: Hong Kong, anti-extradition amendment law movement, timeline, human rights

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.)

1.Introduction

The extradition amendment Bill sparked off a public outcry and a persistent social movement. The timeline below is an extract of the major events during the anti-extradition amendment law movement and its aftermath. In addition to setting out the significant protests, it puts much emphasis on the international and human rights dimensions. This gives an impression that since June 2019, Hong Kong has particularly strong overseas connections and it is able to attract much international attention. Therefore, Hong Kong is undoubtedly a truly international city. On the other hand, Beijing is worried that Hong Kong has been interfered by foreign elements. Do the following incidents individually or collectively further internationalize or de-intemationalize Hong Kong? All of them are shaping the landscape of Hong Kong politics, values and even daily lives in the future.

2.Timeline

Date Major Events

12February 2019 - The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government commenced a consultation on extradition law for 20 days, ending on 4 March.1

15March 2019 - HKSAR Government condemned 9 members of Demosistö for intruding into the East Wing of Central Government Offices to protest against the extradition law.2

23March 2019 - Anson Chan, former Chief Secretary for Administration and Legislative Council (LegCo) members Charles Mok and Denis Kwok met Mike Pence, United States (US) Vice-President to talk about the extradition law.3

29 March 2019 - The Fugitive Offenders (Amendment) Bill was gazetted.

31 March 2019 - Human Rights NGOs' Joint letter to Chief Executive (CE) Carrie Lam urged the Security Bureau to rescind its proposals to amend the legislation.4

The Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF) organized first procession against the Bill. CHRF claimed that there were 12,000 participants whereas the police said that at the time when most people were in the streets, the number was 5,200.5

28April 2019 - CHRF organized the second march with 130,000 protesters while police said 22,800 people at its peak time.6

16May 2019 - Martin Lee, Lee Chuek Yan, Law Kwun Chung and Mak Yin Ting met Mike Pompeo, US Secretary of State, to oppose the extradition law.7

18May 2019 - Anson Chan and LegCo members Charles Mok and Denis Kwok who were invited to visit Germany met Andreas Michaelis of Foreign Office to inform the disputes of the extradition law.8

6June 2019 - About 70 NGOs called on the Government to immediately halt its plan to amend the legislation.9

3,000 lawyers joined the demonstration against the Bill while police estimated 880 people.10

9 June 2019 - CHRF's third protest attracted more than a million people while the police estimated at 240,000 participants.11

29cities in different countries protested to support Hong Kong.12 In Australia, 5,000 people joined.13

10 June 2019 - In the Regular Press Conference of Foreign Ministry, Spokesperson Geng Shuang responded that the Central Government supported HKSAR to amend the laws and opposed interference by any foreign forces.14

11 June 2019 - 19 Taiwan NGOs supported Hong Kong people to demand the withdrawal of the extradition law.15

12 June 2019 - 40,000 protesters blocked the LegCo Complex and the LegCo meeting on the Bill had to be postponed. Excessive force by the police was criticized, including the police's siege of the CITIC Tower (...) where a lawful assembly took place.16

14June 2019 - International human rights experts observed that "the proposed amendments fail to adequately protect human rights and 'fundamentally imperil the operation of the rule oflaw'".17

15June 2019 - CE Carrie Lam announced a pause in the legislative work and had no intention to set a deadline for this work. She expressed "deep sorrow and regret that the deficiencies in our work".18

A man committed suicide in protest of Lam's decision.19

16June 2019 - 2 million people convened by CHRF took to the street even after some compromise by the Government and police estimated at 330,000 protesters.20

40 cities in the world protested to support Hong Kong, in Taiwan, 10,000 people joined.21

18 June 2019 - Carrie Lam said that "I offer my most sincere apology to all people of Hong Kong."22

25 June 2019 - United Kingdom (UK) stopped selling crowd control equipment to the Hong Kong Police Force.23

26 June 2019 - Netizens organized petitions to 19 countries' consulate in Hong Kong for their attention of Hong Kong's extradition law amendment during G20 Summit.24 Within 9 hours, 6.7 million dollars was raised to post advertisements in in major international newspapers' frontpage.25

28June 2019 - Human rights NGOs called for an independent commission of inquiry.26

Due to using tear gas against protesters, Amnesty International is calling on states to assess the human rights risks before granting authorizations of these weapons.27

30June 2019 - 165,000 people joined the assembly in support of the police and the police estimated at 53,000.28

1July 2019 - On the 22nd anniversary of the establishment of HKSAR, CHRF held a procession with 550,000 protesters while the police estimated at 190,000.29

At night, some protesters stormed into the LegCo Complex, occupied with criminal damage for 3 hours.30

6July 2019 - March in Tuen Mun marked a commencement of a series of protests at district level against the Bill.31

8 July 2019 - Denise Ho Wan Sze spoke at a meeting of the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council to urge UN to protect Hong Kong and was interrupted by the Chinese representative.32

9 July 2019 - Carrie Lam said that the Bill was dead.33

18 July 2019 - European Parliament urged Hong Kong to ensure that its legislation remains fully in line with its international human rights obligations.34

21July 2019 - In Yuen Long, scores of mobsters indiscriminately attacked ordinary people for two hours with weapons. The police arrived in 39 minutes after the suspects had left.35

24July 2019 - Ireland was the first country to issue a travel warning for Hong Kong.36

26 July 2019 - 15,000 demonstrators rallied in Hong Kong's airport to demand for independent investigation of police actions.37

Education International (El) urged the Hong Kong Government to withdraw the extradition Bill and set up an independent inquiry to investigate police use of force.38

6 August 2019 - Human rights NGOs condemned excess force by the police.39

The International Trade Union Confederation, ITUC, supported general strike in Hong Kong.40

The first Citizen Press Conference was held by LIHKG discussion forum to reiterate 5 demands and investigate the police's actions.41

7 August 2019 - Zhang Xiaoming, Director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (PRC), referenced the "colour revolution" that caused civil unrest in early 2000s Eastern Europe, and said China has option to deploy military.42

8 August 2019 - 92 South Korean NGOs expressed concerns on indiscriminate and violent crackdown on peaceful protesters in Hong Kong and expressed solidarity with Hong Kong people's persistent resistance in defending democracy and human rights.43

9 August 2019 - A three-day demonstration in Hong Kong airport to draw international attention to Hong Kong protest.44

The Civil Aviation Administration of China told Cathay Pacific that its staff who took part in illegal protests would not be allowed to fly to or from the mainland.45

11 August 2019 - A protester was shot in her eye by the police with the bean bag round (...).46

12 August 2019 - Ten thousand people went to the airport to protest and 370 flights were cancelled.47

Beijing said violent protests in Hong Kong were "signs of terrorism".48

Sharan Burrow, General Secretary of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), said: "the everescalating police violence shows a government out of control and uninterested in engaging with its people except by force.49

13August 2019 - Spokesperson for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights urged HKSAR to investigate the police's use of force immediately, to ensure the use of weapons to comply with international standard.50

Human Rights Monitor condemned the police for infringing the right to legal representation of the arrested persons in the San Uk Ling Holding Centre (...).51

Civic Party LegCo members Alvin Yeung and Dennis Kwok visited New York, US, to meet international human rights NGOs to inform them of the police's use of powers.52

14 August 2019 - China's Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office condemned the "near-terrorist acts" by protesters at the Hong Kong Airport, urging the city's authorities to hold perpetrators to account.53

15 August 2019 - US President Donald Trump suggested Chinese President Xi Jinping meeting directly with protesters in Hong Kong that would lead to a "happy and enlightened ending" to demonstrations.54

16 August 2019 - Several international human rights NGOs called on the Hong Kong Government to take meaningful action to curtail actions by law enforcement that escalate this violence and to proactively address the demands of the protesters.55

17 August 2019 - European Union and Canada urged Chinese authorities to engage in a debate with all stakeholders to recover Hong Kong's stability and prosperity.56

18 August 2019 - CHRF organized a march with 1.7 million protesters while the police estimated at 128,000.57

China urged the European Union to stop meddling in Hong Kong affairs.58

23 August 2019 - 210,000 people participated in a peaceful action of human chain to fight for the five demands.59

24 August 2019 - Pro-Beijing Overseas Chinese in different countries protested against Hong Kong protesters.60

26 August 2019 - Many people sang the new song "Glory to Hong Kong".61

30 August 2019 - 8 Global Unions Federations representing 250,000,000 workers marched to the Geneva Permanent Mission of the Government of China showing solidarity with the Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions and the protesters in Hong Kong.62

9pro-democracy activists including Joshua Wong Chifung, Agnes Chow Ting,63 lawmakers Au Nok-hin and Jeremy Tam Man-ho were arrested.64

Federica Mogherini, European Union foreign policy chief, said the developments in Hong Kong are extremely worrying.65

31 August 2019 - The police forced the reporters to leave and was alleged to have attacked the passengers indiscriminately in Prince Edward MTR station.66 Despite repeated denial, many people suspected that death occurred inside the MTR station.67 Jackie Chen, a social worker, asking police to calm down, was arrested for riot.68

A spokesperson for the Office of the Commissioner of the Chinese Foreign Ministry in HKSAR said the comments made by EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini confused right and wrong, and was an example of interfering in China's internal affairs.69

1 September 2019 - Hong Kong Airport remained on partial lockdown due to protest.70

2 September 2019 - Widespread class boycott at the beginning of the school new semester.71

Education International and other trade unions staged a protest outside the Hong Kong Economic and Trade office in Brussels to stand against human rights abuses.72

3 September 2019 - The Hong Kong Bar Association condemned any abuse of power by the police.73

4 September 2019 - CE announced that the Government will "formally withdraw" the Fugitive Offenders Bill.74

7 September 2019 - German Prime Minister Angela Merkel urged Beijing to handle Hong Kong conflicts peacefully.75

8 September 2019 - Tens of thousands of Hongkongers marched in Central to urge US to pass bill defending human rights.76 HKSAR Government expresses regret over the reintroduction of the Act.77

Joshua Wong Chi-fung was arrested at Hong Kong Airport for allegedly breaching bail conditions when he was about to travel to Germany on a trip that had been approved by the court.78

9 September 2019 - UN urged HKSAR to continue to respond to any acts of violence with restraint and without excessive force.79

10 September 2019 - Pansy Ho Chiu-king and Annie Wu Suk-ching, daughter of catering group Maxim's founder, addressed a meeting of the UN Human Rights Council, saying the protesters did not represent the majority of Hong Kong people.80

Beijing was angry as activist Joshua Wong met German foreign minister.81

12 September 2019 - UN experts "seriously concerned by credible reports of repeated instances where the authorities failed to ensure a safe environment for individuals to engage in public protest free from violence or interference".82

Hong Kong student leaders lobbied UK MPs on Hong Kong protests.83

13 September 2019 - The Bar Human Rights Committee of England and Wales (BHRC) issued a statement raising concern about the Hong Kong Government's failure to order a full and transparent inquiry into police actions.84

16 September 2019 - Hong Kong student leaders met with 8 German MPs on Hong Kong protests.85

Hong Kong legislator Tanya Chan addressed the U.N. Human Rights Council in Geneva to investigate the alleged police abuse against demonstrators. China insisted that Hong Kong was an internal issue.86

17 September 2019 - CE Carrie Lam explained her plan to set up a dialogue platform to invite people from all walks of life to express their views.87

18 September 2019 - Denise Ho Wan Sze, Joshua Wong Chi-fung and Sunny Cheung, spokesperson of the Hong Kong Higher Education International Affairs Delegation (HKIAD), attended a hearing in US Congress in support of the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act.88

24 September 2019 - Taiwan Association for Human Rights urged the 5 demands in solidarity with Hong Kong protesters and to improve the refugee protection mechanism.89

29September 2019 - An Indonesian female reporter was mistakenly shot to blind by a policeman.90

CE Carrie Lam formally announced withdrawal of the Bill.91

65 cities in 24 countries protested to support Hong Kong.92

1October 2019 - On the National Day, a protester, who is a student aged 18, was shot by a policeman and was seriously injured.93

4October 2019 - CE in Council announced the Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation under section 2 of the Emergency Regulations Ordinance.94

Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad suggested CE to step down. CE did not comment.95

6 October 2019 - UN human rights chief Michelle Bachelet condemned all acts of violence from all sides. Any restriction regarding the ban on face coverings must have a legitimate and formal basis in law, and has to be proportionate.96

Houston Rockets general manager Daryl Morey tried to defuse the rapidly growing international fallout over his deleted tweet that showed support for Hong Kong antigovernment protesters.97

10October 2019 - President Tsai Ing-wen said Taiwan did not accept "One Country, Two Systems", that was a failure in Hong Kong.98

14 October 2019 - The German Bar Association urged the authorities to set up an independent inquiry commission.99

15 October 2019 - Guri Melby, a Norwegian member of parliament nominated Hong Kong people for Nobel Peace Prize.100

16 October 2019 - The US House of Representatives unanimously passed the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 and the Protect Hong Kong Act.101

Seven units of the Chinese authorities strongly opposed the passage of the Acts on Hong Kong matter.102

20 October 2019 - A specialized crowd management vehicle sprayed a mosque with blue dye.103

21 October 2019 - CE Carrie Lam visited mosque and offered apology at water cannon-hit mosque.104

23 October 2019 - Formal withdrawal of the extradition Bill in the LegCo meeting.105

24 October 2019 - The International Federation for Human Rights passed an urgent resolution in Taiwan to urge the Hong Kong authority to set up an independent inquiry to investigate the police's use of force.106

25 October 2019 - A human chain in Tseung Kwan O to call for a death inquest for Christy Chan.107

1November 2019 - The UK Government called for an end to violence at Hong Kong protests and for the police response to be proportionate.108 A joint signature campaign was launched to urge the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women to visit Hong Kong and recommended the Hong Kong Government to establish an Independent Commission of Inquiry to conduct impartial investigations.109

3 November 2019 - Joey Kwok, a freelance photojoumalist working for Stand News and a journalism student of Hong Kong Baptist University Students' Union Editorial Board member, were arrested whilst covering the news.110

4 November 2019 - Alex Chow, a protester who was a student of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, fell down from a carpark111 and died on 8 November.112

5 November 2019 - President Xi Jinping of China publicly backed CE Carrie Lam in Shanghai.113

6 November 2019 - After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ( ...) was held (28 to 31 October) in Beijing, Shen Chunyao (...), director of the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (SCNPC), said that "at the heart of the problem, lies a severe distortion and misconception about the relationship between "One Country" and "Two Systems", as well as that between the Central Government's overall jurisdiction over Hong Kong and the high degree of autonomy the SAR enjoys."114

9November 2019 - News reported that Zhang Xiaoming (...), the director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office ( ... ), said that lack of Article 23 is one of the main reasons why "radical, separatist forces" are intensifying in Hong Kong and the SAR should consider passing the law as an urgent task.115

Seven LegCo Members, Eddie Chu, Ray Chan, Lam Cheuk-ting, Kwok Ka-ki, Leung Yiu-chung, Gary Fan and Au Nok-hin were arrested for the alleged offences on 11 May.116

10 November 2019 - An international panel of experts says that the police watchdog, the Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC), lacks power to investigate ongoing protests.117

11 November 2019 - The netizens convened the general strikes.118 A policeman shot and seriously injured a protester who had no weapon.119 A man quarreled with protesters and was set on fire, resulting in serious injury.120

12 November 2019 - The police denied rape in Tsuen Wan police station on 27 September.121

There was serious blockage of traffic, including the CrossHarbor Tunnel in Hung Horn (...) by protesters122 and many MTR stations closed down.

In the Chinese University of Hong Kong, in order to disperse the protesters, the police fired over 1,000 tear gas and severe confrontation occurred near several universities too.123

13 November 2019 - The Education Bureau announced the suspension of all schools on the following day.124 In mid-November, many schools and universities suspended their classes. An old man aged 70 was hit by a throwing brick from a protester and died.125

Taiwan calls on the international community to stand with Hong Kong.126

14November 2019 - After the death of a university student protester Chow Tsz-lok, Teresa Cheng, Secretary for Justice, was heckled and jostled by protest supporters in London. She fell to the ground and injured her arm.127 There was serious blockage of traffic, including the Cross-Harbor Tunnel in Hung Horn and outside Hong Kong Baptist University by protesters.128 President Xi gave his tough public comments about the protests that have roiled Hong Kong, saying China supported the police "in sternly enforcing the law."129

15 November 2019 - Education International (El) and its members are mobilizing to show support for those who defend the values of democracy, justice and liberties.130

16 November 2019 - People's Liberation Army soldiers cleared up debris and bricks without the invitation of the HKSAR as required under the Basic Law.131

17 November 2019 - Violent clashes between protesters and police ensued outside the campus of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.132

18 November 2019 - The Court of First Instance ruled that the Emergency Regulations Ordinance is unconstitutional as it contravenes the constitutional framework under the Basic Law by empowering CE in Council with general legislative power in the name of public danger. Sections 3 and 5 of the Prohibition of Face Covering Regulation fails to satisfy the proportionality test.133

The European Union issued a statement that "[i]n light of the continuing rise in violence in Hong Kong, including the latest developments at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, it is crucial that all sides exercise restraint and engage constructively in de-escalation efforts."134

In the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the police arrested 51 volunteers who provided first aid medical support.135 The police fired 3,293 tear gas canisters.136

A British human rights observer was detained by Hong Kong police for more than 15 hours, denied access to food and deprived of sleep.137

19November 2019 - Zang Tiewei (...), a spokesman of the Legislative Affairs Commission (LAC) ( ...) of SCNPC, said, "Whether a law of the HKSAR is in conformity with the Basic Law of the HKSAR can only be judged and decided by SCNPC, and no other organ has the right to judge or decide".138

The Hong Kong Bar Association commented that remarks of the LAC spokesman are legally incorrect and undermined the high degree of autonomy granted to the HKSAR under the Basic Law.139

The spokesperson for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights said that "with regard to the current situation at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, we urge the authorities to do all they can to de-escalate the situation, to address the humanitarian situation of those inside which is clearly deteriorating, and facilitate a peaceful resolution."140

The Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA) strongly condemned the excessive use of force against the demonstrators in Hong Kong.141

20November 2019 - The Senate of the United States unanimously passed the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 and the Protect Hong Kong Act, which would prohibit the export of non-lethal crowd control and defence items to Hong Kong. China summoned a senior US diplomat to warn retaliation if US President Donald Trump signed the Act into law.142

The Bar Human Rights Committee of England and Wales (BHRC) called again "on the Hong Kong authorities to initiate an urgent and independent investigation into the allegations of police brutality" to ensure that the rule of law in Hong Kong "is neither eroded nor impeded."143

Seven units of the Chinese authorities strongly opposed US passage of the Acts on Hong Kong matter.144

23 November 2019 - The US House of Representative passed the Senate's version of the Acts on Hong Kong.145

The New York City Bar Association sent an open letter to CE Carrie Lam to call for an inquiry commission on police's use of force.146

25 November 2019 - In the District Council election on 24 November, the voting rate is 71.2%, 24.19% higher than the last voting rate of 47.91% in 2015.147 In 452 seats, the democrats secured 388 seats (85%).148

26 November 2019 - The Government will set up an independent review committee to look at the causes of the social unrest."149

During the Beijing + 25 CGO forum, 300 representatives from 250 Asia Pacific NGOs expressed stand with Hong Kong for 5 demands.150

27 November 2019 - US president signed the Acts allowing sanctions against Hong Kong Government151 and restricted US exports of crowd control devices to the Hong Kong Police Force.152

29 November 2019 - Michelle Bachelet, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, "appeal to all sides to unequivocally condemn violence that has led to serious injury and death."153 Beijing accused UN of "inappropriate" interference in the country's affairs after UN called for investigations into alleged excessive use of force by police in Hong Kong.154

2December 2019 - China announced the suspension of U.S. Navy visits to Hong Kong in retaliation over US President Trump's decision to sign legislation that supported Hong Kong's pro-democracy protesters.155

8 December 2019 - CHRF organized an anti-government rally and they said an estimated 800,000 took part while police put the number at 183,000.156

16 December 2019 - President Xi told CE that the Central Government fully acknowledged her courage and commitment and expressed strong support for the police to firmly enforce the law.157

19December 2019 - Dominic Raab, UK Foreign Secretary, urged China to uphold the promises in the Sino-British Joint Declaration.158

4 people were arrested for money laundering for 70 million dollars relating to Spark Alliance, a crowdsourced fund that was set up to support protesters.159

22December 2019 - HKSAR Government opposed the Taiwan authorities' repeated claims regarding legal assistance between Hong Kong and Taiwan.160

26 December 2019 - An NGO Stand With Hong Kong invited religious and faith leaders of UK to sign a letter to the British Prime Minister to urge UK government to "urgently ensure the lives and freedoms of the people of Hong Kong are protected". HKSAR Government stressed that it attached "the utmost importance to and firmly upheld human rights and various freedoms" in Hong Kong.161

1 January 2020 - CHRF, the march's organizer, condemned police for ordering a premature end to the rally in support of the protesters' demands and claimed turnout for the rally was 1,030,000 people. Police said 60,000 people attended the march at its peak.162

2 January 2020 - More than 280 people, including 3 Civil Rights Observers were arrested after the assembly on 1 January.163

11 January 2020 - The Hong Kong protests were considered a contributing factor in the landslide victory of Tsai Ing-wen in Taiwan's presidential election.164

12 January 2020 - Kenneth Roth, the head of Human Rights Watch (HRW), was denied entry to Hong Kong.165

14 January 2020 - 52 NGOs sent an Urgent Appeal to the UN Special Rapporteur on Toxics on the toxicity of tear gas and other chemical weapons used by the police during the civil rights movement in Hong Kong.166

15 January 2020 - HKSAR Government responded to a foreign NGO Human Rights Watch's report and reiterated that foreign organizations should not interfere in the internal affairs of the HKSAR.167

22January 2020 - The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Hong Kong.168

29 January 2020 - UN Special Rapporteur sent a letter to China, stating that "we have reasons to believe that tear gas, pepper spray and other chemical agents have been used indiscriminately, unnecessarily and disproportionately" between June and December 2019.169

Amnesty International praised Hongkongers for regularly taking to the streets since June last year.170

4 February 2020 - The first death case of COVID-19 in Hong Kong.171

5 February 2020 - US members of Congress Marco Rubio and James McGovern announced their intention to nominate the Hong Kong protesters for the Nobel Peace Prize.172

11February 2020 - 24 human rights organizations wrote to CE in regard to the arrest of five human rights observers whilst conducting their work at assemblies in Hong Kong in November 2019 and January 2020.173

28February 2020 - Jimmy Lai, founder of Next Digital (formerly Next Media) and Lee Cheuk-yan, vice-chair of Labour Party, and Yeung Sum were arrested for the protest on 31 August 2019.174

18 March 2020 - China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs statement indicated that the countermeasures were to reciprocate the US Government's restrictions on the Chinese media agencies and personnel in the US.175

26 March 2020 - Cheng Lai-king, chairwoman of Central and Western District Council, was arrested under sedition laws.176

29March 2020 - Hong Kong banned public gatherings of more than four people.177

9 April 2020 - The Court of Appeal partially allowed the Government's appeal. The Court upheld the constitutionality of the Emergency Regulations Ordinance, Cap 241, insofar as it empowered the CE in Council to make emergency regulations on any occasion of public danger but held that sections 3(1 )(c) and (d), relating to public meeting and public procession respectively, and section 5 on police powers in relation to facial covering, are all unconstitutional.178

17 April 2020 - Liaison Office in Hong Kong declared that it and the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office were not subject to Basic Law article 22 restrictions.179

18 April 2020 - 18 Democrats, including Martin Lee QC, Jimmy Lai, Dr Margaret Ng and Albert Ho were arrested for unauthorized assembly of 18 August 2019. Some international legal organizations urged the Hong Kong authorities to immediately release the arrestees and drop all charges against them.180

10 May 2020 - Democratic Party legislator Roy Kwong was arrested in Mongkok for disorder in public place.181

11May 2020 - Hong Kong Committee on Children's Rights expressed concern on the arrest of underage persons.182

13May 2020 - UN human rights experts urged HKSAR to drop the criminal prosecution of pro-democracy activists who participated in peaceful protests in the city last year.183

15 May 2020 - The Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC) published the "Thematic Study Report on the Public Order Events arising from the Fugitive Offenders Bill since June 2019 and the Police Actions in Response" with 52 recommendations.184 CE said the report was "comprehensive and objective" and promised to accept all the recommendations.185

CE shelved plans for an independent review into the underlying causes of the anti-government protests. Several social leaders and scholars were invited to join the panel but all dropped out. Her priority was to deal with the pandemic.186

22 May 2020 - The European Union considered that democratic debate, consultation of key stakeholders, and respect for protected rights and freedoms in Hong Kong would represent the best way of proceeding with the adoption of national security legislation.187 Foreign Secretary/Ministers of UK, Australia and Canada were deeply concerned at proposals for introducing legislation related to national security in Hong Kong.188

26 May 2020 - International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) called upon the NPC to withdraw the Decision and to protect human rights.189

28 May 2020 - NPC authorized the SCNPC to formulate national security laws for HKSAR to prevent, stop and punish any secession, subversion, terrorist activities and foreign interference.190

The UK, Australia, Canada, and US gave a joint statement to reiterate their deep concern regarding Beijing's decision to impose a national security law in Hong Kong.191

29 May 2020 - Former Governor of Hong Kong, Lord Patten, led a group of 676 Parliamentarians from 35 countries to decry the introduction of national security legislation in Hong Kong and against the "flagrant breach of the Sino-British Joint Declaration".192 US President ordered removal of Hong Kong's special status with US over the new security law.193

3 June 2020 - UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that if China were to continue pursuing the national security law, he would open a path to British citizenship for Hong Kong residents who were eligible for a British National (Overseas) passport (BNO).194

4 June 2020 - LegCo passed the National Anthem Ordinance.195 Tens of thousands of people gathered for 4 June vigil.196

6 June 2020 - US Secretary of State made contrast between US and the Chinese Communist Party.197

9 June 2020 - Human Rights Watch said that the Chinese and HKSAR Governments should respect fundamental rights of people.198

11 June 2020 - Vigil organizers Lee Cheuk-yan and Albert Ho and media boss Jimmy Lai to be prosecuted on incitement charges over Victoria Park gathering on 4 June.199

12 June 2020 - Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council of PRC stated that education in Hong Kong must end all speech inciting "Hong Kong independence" and violence in schools.200

17June 2020 - The Government reported that from June 2019 to May 2020, about 2000 post-secondary institutions students and about 1600 people who were aged under 18 were arrested. There were 10 staff members of post-secondary institutions and about 100 staff or teachers of primary and secondary schools who were arrested.201

19 June 2020 - The UN Human Rights chief Michelle Bachelet stressed that any legislation for HKSAR and its implementation must fully comply with China's human rights obligations.202

20 June 2020 - The European Parliament condemned China's new national security law for Hong Kong as a "comprehensive assault" on the territory's freedom and demanded the EU prepare sanctions. Beijing said the National Security Law was needed to end political unrest and restore stability, after a year of huge and often violent rallies for democracy.203

25 June 2020 - US Senate passes Hong Kong Autonomy Act and Hong Kong resolution.204

The UN's former human rights chief and eight former U.N. special envoys urged UN Secretary-general to appoint a special envoy on Hong Kong.205

26 June 2020 - UN experts stated that NPC drafted a national security law for HKSAR without any meaningful consultation would violate China's international legal obligations and impose severe restrictions on civil and political rights.206

A former employee of the UK's Hong Kong consulate, Simon Cheng, was granted asylum on 26 June, the first Hong Kong holder of the British National (Overseas) passport, known as a BNO, to receive political asylum. Beijing accused Mr Cheng of inciting political unrest amid anti-government protests in Hong Kong but he denied.207

29 June 2020 - US ended exports of U.S.-origin defense equipment and will take steps toward imposing the same restrictions on U.S. defense and dual-use technologies to Hong Kong as it does for China.208

30 June 2020 - SCNPC passed the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Safeguarding National Security in HKSAR that became effective that day.209

1 July 2020 - UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson denounced China's imposition of a security law on Hong Kong as a "clear and serious" violation of Sino-British Joint Declaration.210 UK confirmed that these Hong Kong residents could come to UK with a 5-year limited leave to remain.211 They could apply for indefinite leave to remain in UK and, after a further 12 months with settled status, they were able to apply for British citizenship.212

At the UN Human Rights Council, UK ambassador Julian Braithwaite delivered a joint statement on behalf of 27 countries to call for China to reconsider the imposition of National Security Law in HKSAR.213 Cuba on behalf of 52 countries welcomed the adoption of the law.214

2 July 2020 - HKSAR Government stated that the slogan "Liberate Hong Kong, the revolution of our times" ( ...) connoted "Hong Kong independence", or separating HKSAR from PRC, altering the legal status of the HKSAR, or subverting the State power.215

The State Council of PRC appointed Chan Kwok-ki ( ...) as Secretary-General of HKSAR National Security Committee.216

3 July 2020 - The State Council of PRC appointed Luo Huining ( ... as the National Security Affairs Advisor of the National Security Committee of HKSAR.217 Zheng Yanxiong (... ) was appointed as the director of the National Security Office of PRC in HKSAR and Li Jiangzhou ( ...) and Sun Qingye (...) were appointed as the deputy directors.218 HKSAR Government opposed the passage of the Hong Kong Autonomy Act by US Congress.219

6 July 2020 - HKSAR Government rejected remarks by US Consul General on National Security Law.220

7 July 2020 - Implementation Rules for Article 43 of the Law of the PRC on Safeguarding National Security in HKSAR came into operation.221

8 July 2020 - The National Security Office of the Central People's Government (CPG) in HKSAR was inaugurated in Hong Kong.222

13July 2020 - A majority of US companies in Hong Kong surveyed by the American Chamber of Commerce were concerned about the National Security Law and a third considered moving assets or business in the longer term.223

15 July 2020 - HKSAR Government expressed its strong opposition to US signing the "Hong Kong Autonomy Act" passed by the US Congress. The HKSAR Government strongly objected to and deplored the series of measures to be adopted by the US under the President's executive order.224

21July 2020 - Democratic Party lawmaker Ted Hui was arrested for allegedly obstructing police, and a District Councilor was taken away for allegedly violating the National Security Law. More than four people were given penalty tickets for breaching ban on public gatherings law.225

22 July 2020 - European Union was working on a "comprehensive and coordinated" response to Beijing's imposition of a national security law on Hong Kong.226

23 July 2020 - US Secretary of State made a speech "Communist China and the Free World's Future" which emphasized the China threat in respect of US economy, liberty, and the future of free democracies around the world.227

HKSAR Government responded to the announcement by UK Government on providing a pathway for the Chinese nationals in Hong Kong who were holders of the British National (Overseas) (BN(O)) passport or eligible for it to reside and obtain citizenship in the UK.228

28 July 2020 - In accordance with the instruction of CPG, HKSAR Government issued notices to the Consulates of Canada, Australia and UK to suspend the implementation of the Agreement between the HKSAR Government and those governments on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters.229

HKSAR Government opposed EU export restrictions on sensitive equipment and technologies on Hong Kong that were based on groundless allegations.230

30July 2020 - 12 candidates were disqualified from standing for LegCo election.231

31 July 2020 - HKSAR Government announced the postponement of LegCo election for a year.232

3 August 2020 - In accordance with the instruction of CPG, HKSAR Government issued a notice to the New Zealand ConsulateGeneral to suspend the implementation of the Agreement Concerning Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matter.233

4 August 2020 - UK All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Hong Kong released their inquiry into the police actions against humanitarian and medical workers.234

5 August 2020 - HKSAR Government strongly deplored and opposed the report published by UK APPG on Hong Kong and reiterated that matters relating to the HKSAR remained China's internal affair.235

7 August 2020 - HKSAR Government strongly deplored and opposed the statement by the US Consulate General Hong Kong and Macau, which commented that the National Security Law would affect the freedom of speech of Hong Kong residents.236

U.S. sanctioned 11 senior government officials of the Mainland and HKSAR.237

8 August 2020 - HKSAR Government criticized the sanctions as shameless and despicable.238

10 August 2020 - 200 policemen of the Department for safeguarding national security of the Hong Kong Police Force raided Next Digital Building. The police arrested 10 people239, including Lai Chi Ying and Agnes Chow.

In response to the sanctions by the US Government against 11 officials of CPG and HKSAR Government, the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced sanctions against 11 persons from the US.240

HKSAR Government opposed the joint statement by the foreign ministers of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK and US regarding the postponement of the Legislation Council General Election due to the severe epidemic, the Returning Officers' decisions to disqualify some candidates for LegCo election, and the enactment of the National Security Law.241

11 August 2020 - SCNPC extended the session of the 6th LegCo for not less than a year.242

12 August 2020 - In accordance with the instruction of CPG, HKSAR Government issued notices to Germany and France to suspend the implementation of the Agreement Concerning Surrender of Accused or Convicted Persons.243

Japan Parliamentary Alliance on China commented on National Security Law and LegCo electoral arrangements. HKSAR Government expressed deep regret.244

20 August 2020 - HKSAR Government issued a severe reprimand against US's unilateral decision to suspend or terminate three bilateral agreements with the HKSAR.245 In accordance with the instruction of CPG, HKSAR Government issued a notice to US to suspend the implementation of the Agreement on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matter.246

23 August 2020 - Twelve Hong Kong residents were arrested while trying to flee to Taiwan.247

26 August 2020 - Lawmakers Democrats Hui Chi Fung and Lam Cheuk Ting were arrested "for participating in riot" on 21 July 2019.248

31 August 2020 - Police reported that 20 people were arrested for offence under the National Security Law since 1 July.249

1 September 2020 - UN Special Rapporteurs expressed concern that the National Security Law lacked precision, infringed on certain fundamental rights and might not meet the required thresholds of necessity, proportionality and nondiscrimination under international law.250

2 September 2020 - Hong Kong Bar Association commented that CE's remarks that HK has no "separation of powers"251 departed from the authoritative judicial decisions on the structure of the HKSAR Government which form part of the law of Hong Kong, and were contradictory to the public statements of two Chief Justices.252

A non-permanent judge of the Court of Final Appeal resigned and was reported relating to the National Security Law.253 CE Office said that Mr Justice Spigelman did not give any reason for his resignation254 and did not affect judicial independence.255

3 September 2020 - US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that Chinese diplomats in the US needed to seek permission before they could meet with local government officials or visit university campuses.256

6 September 2020 - Tam Так-chi, leading figure of People Power was arrested under the sedition law.257

7 September 2020 - Hong Kong Committee on Children's Rights was concerned about the treatment of a 12-year-old girl tackled by police.258

Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council of PRC stated that the "separation of powers" in the political system of HKSAR is wrong and must be corrected.259

8 September 2020 - From 9 June 2019 to 6 September 2020: 10,016 people were arrested of which 22% (2,210 people) have been prosecuted.260

11 September 2020 - US was deeply concerned that twelve Hong Kong democracy activists, arrested two weeks ago off the coast of Hong Kong by Guangdong Maritime Police, have been denied access to lawyers of their choice.261

Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian said that Beijing would impose "reciprocal restrictions" on all US embassies and consulates on Chinese soil, including the consulate in Hong Kong, without giving details.262

A jury returned an open verdict in the death of Hong Kong Design Institute student Chan Yin-lam, at the Coroner's Court.263 Coroner pointed to a lack of evidence of assault or threats to Chan and suicide cannot be established 'beyond a reasonable doubt'.264

16 September 2020 - A German think tank said it would close its Hong Kong office following the imposition of National Security Law.265

18 September 2020 - UN High Commissioner for Human Rights urged Chinese authorities to ensure due process rights to group of 12 Hong Kongers arrested at sea, including swift access to legal representation of their choosing.266

22 September 2020 - HKSAR police outlined new accreditation procedures under the Police General Orders to amend the definition of "media representatives".267

23 September 2020 - The Foreign Correspondents' Club (FCC), Hong Kong, opposed the new accreditation policy for journalists as it undermines press freedom.268 Hong Kong opposition activist Joshua Wong Chi-fimg was arrested for allegedly taking part in an illegal assembly during the city's social unrest on 5 October 2019.269

24 September 2020 - The spokesperson of the Office of the Chinese Foreign Ministry Commissioner expressed strong disapproval of and firm opposition against the unwarranted remarks FCC made about the police's amendment of the definition of "media representatives". FCC was blamed for attempting to endorse the rioters and condone their "bum with us" violence.270

The European Union said that the arrest of Joshua Wong Chi-fung was the latest in a troubling series of arrests of pro-democracy activists since the summer.271

27 September 2020 - American diplomats must obtain approval from Beijing's foreign ministry before they can meet with HKSAR government officials or personnel from the city's educational institutions and societies.272

29 September 2020 - A majority of the pan-democratic lawmakers decided to stay in LegCo for the coming year.273

2 October 2020 - European Council underlined its serious concerns about the human rights situation in China, including developments in Hong Kong.274

US State Department said that Hong Kong was included for the first time for the proposed quota for refugees in response to the Beijing-imposed National Security Law.275

4 October 2020 - US State Department condemned Hong Kong's government and police for the arrest of more than 80 people to stop unauthorized protests.276

6 October 2020 - A teacher was disqualified by the Government for "purportedly spreading the idea of Hong Kong independence". This is the first deregister case relating to teaching.277 Between June 2019 and August 2020, there were 247 complaints against alleged unprofessional teachers relating to the social incidents.278

A Joint statement by Germany on behalf of 39 countries at the UN General Assembly Third Committee expressed concern on Hong Kong National Security Law and Xinjiang human rights situation.279 Pakistan made a joint statement on behalf of 55 countries, opposing interference in China's internal affairs under the pretext of Hong Kong.280

7 October 2020 - Canada began granting asylum to Hong Kong prodemocracy activists.281

3.Final Remarks

In 1997, China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong.282 Hong Kong has maintained its international characters since the handover. For instance, the judiciary, in particular the Court of Final Appeal, has endeavored to keep in pace with the international standard. The Court has invited overseas distinguished judges to sit in the highest Court. The judgments referred to the latest authorities of other common law jurisdictions extensively and were often cited by overseas courts. However, if more overseas judges are reluctant to come to Hong Kong, the city may lose its distinctive feature in the "Two Systems".

In authoritarian states, no demonstration of considerable size would be allowed. Yet, in liberal democracies, such a large-scale protest would probably compel the government to concede to public opinion.283 Hong Kong is neither of them. The main strategy of the Government in handling the crisis is to exercise stronger political and social control over the society. The conflicts are intensified. The whole society has to pay a high cost. If the basic strategy does not work, will the authority rethink and change it?

Hong Kong has gradually developed into an international city after the Sino-British Opium War that ended in 1842 which UK regarded as a trade war. Since 2019, Hong Kong has become the center of storm in the Sino-US trade war. With this background, will Hong Kong be unstable for a further foreseeable future?

Part of the above timeline was based on my paper presented at a conference held on 5 December 2019: Chong Yiu Kwong, "Hong Kong's watershed 2019: A point of No Return-human rights and historical perspectives".

Sidebar

Chong Yiu Kwong was admitted as a solicitor since 2000 and dealt with various human rights court cases up to 2008 as a practicing solicitor. He is now a full-time senior lecturer at The Education University of Hong Kong (EdUHK, formerly known as The Hong Kong Institute of Education / HKIEd). He teaches courses including "Education Law", "Understanding Human Rights" and "Rule of Law and Hong Kong Legal System". He is active in human rights work. He serves as executive committee members of Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor (2006 onwards) and as first deputy chair of the Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor (2013 onwards). He is an executive committee member of Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (2012 onwards). He is deputy convenor of the Working Group on Anti-Sexual Harassment Campaign, Policy and Research Committee (PARC) of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) since 2013. <Email: chongyk@eduhk. hk>

Footnote

Notes

* Chong Yiu Kwong ( ... ) was admitted as a solicitor since 2000 and dealt with various human rights court cases up to 2008 as a practicing solicitor. He is now a full-time senior lecturer at The Education University of Hong Kong (EdUHK, ???if З^Ф , formerly known as The Hong Kong Institute of Education / HKIEd, ???'?' ф 1% ). He teaches courses including "Education Law", "Understanding Human Rights" and "Rule of Law and Hong Kong Legal System". He is active in human rights work. He serves as executive committee members of Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor (2006 onwards) and as first deputy chair of the Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor (2013 onwards). He is an executive committee member of Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (2012 onwards). He is deputy convenor of the Working Group on Anti-Sexual Harassment Campaign, Policy and Research Committee (PARC) of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) since 2013. <Email: [email protected]>

1. ... 2019 ... 7 ... A04 ...

2. "HKSAR Government strongly condemns Demosistö for intrusion into CGO lobby causing blockage", HKSAR Government press release, 15 March 2019.

3. ... 2019 ... 3 ... 22 ... 2019 ... 4 ... 2 ... . : 2019...11 ... 24 a : https://www.hko l.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B/309486/%E9%99%B3%E6%96%B9%E5 ?AE%89%E7%94%9F%E8?A8%AA%E7%BE%8E-%E8%88%87%E5%89%AF%E7%B8%BD?E7%B 5%B1%E5%BD%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%9F%ĀD%E6%9Ā%AB%E4%BA%A4%E8%AB%87 ; https://w vvıv. x o acantone s í:, com/a/hk pan democratic lawmakers and chan conclude the us tnp/485827/).him!

4. Amnesty International Hong Kong, Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor and Human Rights Watch "Joint letter to Chief Executive Carrie Lam on Proposed Changes to Hong Kong's Extradition Laws", 31 March 2019. Accessed on 21 November 2019: https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/3Q/joint-letter-chief-executive-carrie-lam ... 2019 ...: 2019 4 11 Л 21 a : https://www.inmediahk.net/node/1063225a

5. ...5200. ... 2019 ...4 ... 29 ...

6. ... 2019 ... 4...1 ... .

7. ... 2019...5 ...15 ... : https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/htm/us-martin-05152019095104.html

8. ...: https://www.hk01.com/%E6%94%BF%E6%83%85/328227/%E9%80%083%aE7%8A%AF%E6%aA2%9D%aE 4%BE%8B-%E9%99%B3%E6%96?B9%E5%AE%89%E7%94%9F%E6%89%B9%E6%9E%97%E9%84 %AD%E4%B8%8D?E5%B1%91%E4%B8%80%E9%A1%A7%E6%85?8B%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%A 3%E9%87%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%86%82%E6 %85?AE ; https://www.hk01.com/%E6%94%BF%E6%83%85/327950/%E9%80%83%E7%8A%AF%E6 %A2%9D%E4%BE%8B-?E8%88%87%E9%99%B3%E6%96%B9%E5?AE%89%E7%94%9F%E6%98 %8E%E8%B5%B7%E8?A8%AA%E5%95%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%A4%E5?AE%98 %E5%93%A1-%E9%83%AD%E6?A6%AE%E9%8F%97%E6%93%AC%E6%8F%90?E4%BF%A£%E 4%BE%8B%E7%88?AD%E8%AD%B0

9. "Open Letter regarding proposed changes to Hong Kong's extradition law" to CE, 6 June 2019. Accessed on 21 November 2019: https://www.hrw.orv/fites/dejuulLjilcs/support ing_resources/openletterhk201906 1.pdf -... 2019 ... 6 ... 7 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 21 a : https://www.inmediahknet/node/1064556

10. ... 2019 ... 6 ... 7 ...

11. ... 103 ... 24 ... 2019 ... 6 ... 10 ....

12. ... 29 ... 2019 ... 6 ... 10 ... .

13. ...29... 5000 ... 2019 ... 6 ... .

14. "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on June 10, 2019" (...). Accessed on 22 November 2019: https://www.finprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwjw_665i99/s2510_66540î/25îl_665403/tl670850.shtmi

15. ... 2019 ... 6 ... 11 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 25 ... : https·J/www. tahr.org.tw/news/2443 On 12 June, 24 NGOs protest against the extradition law. ... 2019 ... 6... 12 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 25 ... : https://www.tahr.org.tw/news/2445

16. ... 2019 ... 6 ... 13 ... The Hong Kong Bar Association "notes with grave concern video footages showing that the police appeared to have acted in disregard of the safety and well-being of protesters and frontline journalists covering the protest" in its statement "Statement of the Hong Kong Bar Association (HKBA) on the Use of Force by the Hong Kong Police on 12 June 2019", 13 June 2019. Accessed on 22 Nov 2019: https://www.hkba.org/events-publication/þress-releases-coverage

17. The joint statement is by The Bar Human Rights Committee of England and Wales, the Law Society of England & Wales, the Human Rights Committee of the Law Society of England and Wales, the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute, the Defence Extradition Lawyer's Forum, the International Forum of Extradition Specialists, and Fair Trials. "Hong Kong's "ill conceived" extradition proposals "fundamentally imperil the operation of the rule of law" say leading international law organizations." 14 June 2019. Accessed on 22 November 2019: http://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/hong-kongs-ill-conceived-extradition-proposals-fomdamentally-imperilthe-operation-of-the-rule-of-law-say-leading-international-law-organisations/ The International Trade Union Confederation, ГГОС, expressed outrage at the brutal suppression of protests on 12 June. 'TTUC condemns brutal suppression of protests in Hong Kong", ITUC, 14 June 2019. Accessed on 26 November 2019: https://www.ituccsi.org/ituc-condemns-brutal-suppression

18. "Opening remarks by CE at media session", HKSAR Government press release, 15 June 2019, paragraphs 5-7.

19. Grundy, Tom, "Man protesting Hong Kong's extradition law dies after falling from mall in Admiralty", Hong Kong Free Press, 15 June 2019 at: https://hongkongfii.com/ 2019/06/15/man-protesting-hong-kongs-extradition-law-unconscious-jumping-mall-admiralty/

20. ... 200 ... 33. 8 ... 6 ... 17 ... On 16 June in the march, there were many people paying tribute to Macro Leung Lit Kit ( ... ), a protester, who committed suicide for the movement. Jeff Pao, "People pay tribute to Hong Kong protester who died", Asia Times, 16 June 2019. Accessed on 22 November 2019: https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/06/article/people-pay-tribute-to-hong-kong-protester-who-died/

21. ... 40 ... 2019 ... 6 ... 17 ... .

22. "Opening remarks by CE at media session", HKSAR Government press release, 15 June 2019, paragraphs 1-2:

"During large-scale public processions over the past two Sundays, people have expressed in a peaceful and rational manner their concerns about the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance and their dissatisfaction and disappointment with the Government - especially me. I have heard you loud and clear, and have reflected deeply on all that has transpired.

The concerns over the past few months have been caused by deficiencies in the work of the SAR Government over the amendment exercise. I personally have to shoulder much of the responsibility. This has led to controversies, disputes and anxieties in society. For this I offer my most sincere apology to all people of Hong Kong."

23. "UK halts sale of teargas to Hong Kong amid police brutality claims", The Guardian, 25 June 2019 at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/25/uk-halts-sales-of-tear gas-to-hong-kong-amid-police-brutality-clams

24. ...... 2019 ... 6 ... 27 ..., Taiwan NGOs urged G20 leaders opposed the Hong Kong extradition law. Г G 20ip?W?, ...2019 ... 27 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 24 ... : https://www.tahr.org.tw/news/2455

25. ...G20 ... 9 ... 670 ... 2019 ...6 ... 26 ...A2 ... .

26. Amnesty International Hong Kong, Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor and Human Rights Watch "Open Letter calling for an independent commission of inquiry", 28 June 2019. Accessed on 20 November 2019: https://www.hrw.otg/ sites/default/files/supporting_resources/190628_hk_lam_policeJbree.pdf ??A4 ... 2019 -... 6... 28 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... : https:// www.inmediahk.net/node/1065233

27. Amnesty International "UN must seize historic opportunity to stop equipping torturers", 28 June 2019. Accessed on 24 November 2019: https://www.amnesty.org.hk/en/ un-must-seize-historic-opportunity-to-stop-equipping-torturers/

28. ... 16.5 ...: 5.3 ... 2019 ... In the march, protesters paid tribute to two ladies ( ... ) who committed suicide due to the movement. ...: 2019 ... 11 ... 22 ... : https://zh.rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E9%80%83%E7%8A %AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8?82%E8%8D%89%E6%A1%88%E9%81%8B %Е5%8В%95%Е7%9В%В8%Е9%97%9С%Е5%9А %B4%E9%87%8D%E5%82%B 7%Е4%ВА %А 1 %Е4 %BA%8B%E4%BB%B6WoE7%9B%A7%E6%9B%89%E6%AC%A3

29. ... 55 ......19... 2019 ... 7 ... It broke the record of 1 July procession.

30. ... 3 ... 2019... 7 ... 2 ... .

31. ... 2019 ... 7 ... 7 ... .

32. ... 2019 ... 7 ... 8 ... . : 2019... 11 ... 21 ... : https://thestandnews.com/politics/%E4%BD%95%E9%9F %BB%E8%A9%A9%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88?E5%9C%8B%E7%99?BC%E8%A8%80-?E5%85%A9 %E5%BA%A6%E8%A2%AB%E4%B8%ĀD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%89%93%E6 %96%В7/

33. Instead of announcing the withdrawal of the Bill, she said the Bill was dead (...). She also refused to set up a Commission of Inquiry because she noticed that "statutory Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC) has already unanimously decided that they will conduct a fact-finding study on the events that have taken place during the period from June 9 to July 2". HKSAR Government press release, "Transcript of remarks by CE at media session before ExCo meeting", 9 July 2019, paragraphs 3, 5. She also made four concrete measures to follow up the matter.

34. "European Parliament resolution of 18 July 2019 on the situation in Hong Kong (2019/2732(RSP). At paragraph H, it stated that "whereas more than 70 human rights NGOs, including, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Monitor, the Hong Kong Bar Association and the Law Society of Hong Kong, had addressed a collective letter to Chief Executive Lam, requesting that her government drop the extradition bill as it posed a threat to respect for human rights". Accessed on 21 November 2019: http://www.eunoparl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2019-07-18_EN. htmMsdoctal

35. ... 7.21 ... 2019 ... 7 ... 21 ... .

36. Cindy Wan, "Countries stress travel risks to HK", The Standard, 25 Jul 2019; more countries, including Japan, South Korea and Canada, advised their citizens to be wary following the violent clashes in Yuen Long: https://www.ihestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/11/209990/Countries-stress-travel-risks-to-HK

37. Austin Ramzy, "Hong Kong Protests Spread to Airport as City Fears More Unrest". The New York Urnes, 26 July 2019 at: https://www.nytimes.com/20l9/07/26/world/asia/hong-kong-protests-airport.html " ... 1.5 ..., Apple Daily, 11 July 2019:<https://hk.appledaily.com/local/2019 0727/VZYNKW6HACT6LBQSWLDKUK7AH/

38. Education International (EI) "Urgent Resolution in Solidarity with Hong Kong", proposed by representatives from Taiwan and Korea in the 8th World Congress of El meeting in Bangkok, Thailand, from 21st to 26th July 2019, last edited: 25 September 2019. Accessed on 24 November 2019: https://ei-ie.org/en/detail/l6469/resolu tion-on-solidarity-with-hong-kong El is an international teacher organizations set up in 1912. El representatives consist of 32 million educators from over 170 countries. Hong Kong Professional Teachers Union is its member.

39. ... 2019...8... 6 0, ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 21 0 : http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1066280

40. "Hong Kong: ITUC in Solidarity with Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions, HKCTU", ITUC, 6 August 2019. Accessed on 26 November 2019: https://www.ituc-csi. org/Hong-Kong-strike-2019

41. ...: 2019 ... 11 ... 24 ... : https://zh.wikiPedia. org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E6%9C%83

42. Kimmy Chung and Tony Cheung, "Hong Kong protests have 'obvious characteristics of colour revolution', top Beijing official warns amid 'worst crisis since 1997 handover'", South China Morning Post (SCMP), 8 August 2019, at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3021877/protests-colour-revolution-threatening-hong-kong-abyss-top

43. "From Our Member People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD) and Korean House for International Solidarity (KHIS), South Korea - The Hong Kong Government Should Immediately Stop Suppression of Democracy and Human Rights, and Guarantee Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association", 8 August 2019. Accessed on 25 November 2019: https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=29525

44. ..., Apple Daily, 10 August 2019 at: https://hk.appledaüy.comJlocal/201908I0/W4OSJFZC2HRCGNZDBTFFIC6HG4/ ... Apple Daily, 12 August 2019: httpsMk. appledaily.com/local/20190812/O65DBWSRNBUXXZW2J7BEPMBGAA/

45. Josephine Ma, Danny Lee, Karen Zhang and Kaniš Leung, "China bans Cathay Pacific staff involved in Hong Kong 'unlawful' protests from mainland routes", SCMP, 9 August 2019 at: https://www.scmp.eom/news/china/politics/article/3022200/china-bans-cathay-pacific-staff-involved-hong-kong-protests Cathay Pacific rearranged its top managers and began firing pro-democratic employees. See also: Danny Lee, "Aviation regulator's measures could threaten Cathay Pacific's access to the lucrative mainland Chinese market, and the airline is moving fast to limit the damage", SCMP, 11 August 2019 at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3022284/avia tion-regulators-measures-could-threaten-cathay

46. ... 2019 ... 12 ... .

47. ... 2019 ... 8 ... 13 ... . : 2019 ... 8 ... 13 ... 2019 ...8 ... 14 ...

48. According to Yang Guang, spokesman of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council (HKMAO), China. "Beijing says violent protests in HK are 'signs of terrorism'", EJ Insight, 13 August 2019 at:<https://www.ejinsight.com/eji/arti cle/id/2218679/20190813-beijing-says-violent-protests-in-hk-are-signs-of-terrorism

49. "Increased repression in Hong Kong: now is the time to act!" ГГОС, 12 August 2019. Accessed on 26 November 2019: https://www.ituc-csi.org/increased-repression-in-hongkong

50. Rupert Colville, "Geneva Briefing Note", 13 Aug 2019. "The UN Human Rights Office has reviewed credible evidence of law enforcement officials employing less-lethal weapons in ways that are prohibited by international norms and standards. For example, officials can be seen firing tear gas canisters into crowded, enclosed areas and directly at individual protesters on multiple occasions, creating a considerable risk of death or serious injury. The Office would urge the Hong Kong SAR authorities to investigate these incidents immediately, to ensure security personnel comply with the rules of engagement, and where necessary, amend the rules of engagement for law enforcement officials in response to protests where these may not conform with international standards."

51. ... 2019 ... 8 ... 13 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 22 ... : https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%8 0%83%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B/article/20190813/special/l565689239484

52. Civic Party, "Civic Party LegCo members to visit US to give an informed and objective view on the latest situation in HK", 13 August 2019. Accessed on 24 November 2019: https://www.civicparty.hk/?q=en/node/8358

53. "China condemns "near-terrorist acts" at Hong Kong Airport", 14 August 2019, at: https://nownews2020.wordpress.eom/2019/08/14/china-condemns-near-terrorist-acts-at-hong-kong-airport/

54. "Trump says Xi Jinping should meet "personally with protesters", 15 August 2019, at: https://nownews2020.wordpress.com/category/president-donald-trump/page/16/

55. Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA) and others, "Joint Statement: De-escalate violence in Hong Kong, respect freedom of peaceful assembly and association". Accessed on 25 November 2019: https://www.forwn-asia.org /?p=29570

56. "EU ends silence on Hong Kong protests", EU Observer, Brussels, 19 August 2019 at: https://euobserver.com/foreign/145678

57. ...: 170 ... 12. 8 ... 2019 ... 8 ...19 ... .

58. "China strongly opposes EU's meddling in Hong Kong affairs", Xinhua News Agency, 18 August 2019 at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/18/c_138318572.htm

59. To commemorate the 30th anniversary of the human chain movement in the three Baltic countries, there is a human chain action. The organizer said there were 210,000 people participated. ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 20 ... : https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF

60. ... 2019 ... 6 ... 24 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 24 ... : https://cn.wsj.com/ articles/%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E8%8F%AF%E5%83%91%E8%Al%8C%E4%BD%BF%E9%9B% 86%E6%9C%83%E8%87%AA%E7?94%B1%EF%BC%8C?E9%BD%8A%E9%BD%8A%E5%8F%8D %E5?B0%8D%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%8A%97%E8%AD%B0%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95-121566560705

61. "Freedom Summer 2019", Apple Daily, page 59. The title of the song in Chinese: ... .

62. The International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Associations (IUF) , "International union solidarity with independent unions and the democracy movement in Hong Kong", 1 September 2019. Accessed on 28 November 2019: http.7/www.iuf.org/w/?q=node/703i ... 162 ... 2019 ... 10 ...5.

63. Michelle Wong , Clifford Lo and Phila Siu, "Hong Kong police target high-profile activists Joshua Wong, Andy Chan and Agnes Chow in wave of arrests amid anti-government protests", SCMP, 30 August 2019. Wong and Chow were arrested for an unlawful assembly on 21 June 2019l https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/ 3024996/hong-kong-activist-joshua-wong-arrested-according-demosisto

64. Emily Tsang, Teddy Ng and Nectar Gan, "Two Hong Kong lawmakers arrested for protest-related offences released on bail after being held by police overnight", SCMP, 31 August 2019. Au and Tam were arrested for obstructing police on 7 July 2019: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/articte/3025200/hong-kong-protests-three-arrested -lawmakers-stitt-detained

65. "EU: Hong Kong developments are 'extremely worrying'", DW, 30 August 2019 at: https://www.dw.com/en/eu-hong-kong-developments-are-extremeiy-worrying/a-50230460

66. ... 2019...9 ...1 ... .

67. ... 831 ... 2019 ... 9 ... 9 8.

68. The District Court has withdrawn a rioting charge against her on 29 September 2020. "Riot charge against social worker dropped", RTHK, 29 September 2020 at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthkJen/component/k2/1552222-20200929.htm? archivejlate=2020-09-29

69. "China says HK's problem is not about human rights, freedom, democracy", China Global Television Network (CGTN), 31 August 2019 at: https://news.cgtn.com/news/20l9-08-31/China-slams-EU-official-s-comments-on-Hong-Kong-affairs-JBtg3xomC4/index.html

70. Jennifer Creery, "Video: Protesters briefly storm Hong Kong Int'l Airport before being chased away hy police", Hong Kong Free Press, 1 September 2019 at: https:// hon2kongfb.COm/2019/09/01/videO-prOteSterS-briefly-StOrm-hong-kon2-intl-airpOrt-chaSed-aWL e/See also ...18 ..., Apple Daily, 2 September 2019 at:<https://hk.appledaily.com/local/201909 02/SJZMSDZHD7GSQ5DAWB36WIDJUM/

71. ... 230 ... 4000 ... 2019 ... 9 ... 3 ... .

72. El together with the International Trade Union Confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation and the International Federation of Journalists had a meeting with representatives of the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Brussels, sharing their concern over the escalating violence and repression. Education International, "Educators for democracy and human rights: Education International joins Brussels protest in solidarity with the people of Hong Kong", 2 September 2019. Accessed on 24 November 2019: https://ei-ie.org/en/news?page=i4

73. "Statement of the Hong Kong Bar Association on Police Action in Relation to Public Protests", 3 September 2019. Accessed on 22 November 2019: https://www.hkb a.org/sites/default/files/20190903%20-%o20Statement%o20of/o20HKBA%o20on%o20Police%20Action%o20in %20relation%20to%20Public%20%20Protests%20%28E%29.pdf

74. "CE announces withdrawal of Fugitive Offenders Bill among "four actions" to help society move forward", HKSAR Government press release, 4 September 2019 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201909/04/P2019090400704.htm?fontSize=l

75. " ... ", RTHK, 7 September 2019: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1479391-20190907.htm?spTabChangeable=0

76. Jennifer Creery, "Thousands of Hongkongers urge US to pass bill defending human rights, amid more MTR vandalism and tear gas", Hong Kong Free Press, 8 September 2019: https://hongkongfp.com/2019/09/08/thousands-hongkongers-urge-us-pass-biU-defen ding-human-rights-amid-mtr-vandalism-tear-gas/

77. "Government responds to U.S. Act and violent protest", HKSAR Government press release, 1 September 2020 at 0:00: https://www.mfo.gov.hk/gia/generai/20im/09/P20i9090800 928.htm

78. Angel Kwan, "Wong slams detention for bail breach as utterly ridiculous", The Standard, 9 September 2019.

79. Michelle Bachelet, "Opening statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights" at the UN the Human Rights Council, 9 September 2019. The High Commissioner "have been disturbed by scenes of increasing violence associated with some recent protests. I appeal to those engaging in demonstrations to do so peacefully, and in accordance with the law." The High Commissioner also mentioned HKSAR protest in various occasions, such as 4 September and 25 October 2019. Accessed on 20 November 2019:<https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pag es/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24956&LangID=E&ft>clid=IwAR34-HdK37g6bFMi4pJluHyk2EUV9vELiVTtukJJ9FURwGDla6vW4KGiwbU

80. "HK business leaders to defend SAR government at UN meet", China Daily, 9 September 2019. Since then, the protesters boycott the Maxim's catering group. There have been serious and extensive criminal damage on their cake shops and restaurants. ... 2019 ... 9 ... 9 ...: 750 ..., 2019 ... 9 ... 10 ... .

81. Hui Min Neo with Poomima Weerasekara, "China fury as Hong Kong activist Joshua Wong meets German foreign minister", Hong Kong Free Press, 10 September 2019 at: https://hongkongfp.com/2019/09/10/china-/ury-hong-kong-activist-joshua-wong-meets-german-foreign-minister/

82. "UN experts urge China to respect protesters' rights", 12 September 2019. "The experts concluded by reiterating their condemnation of violence from any side, and by urging police forces to distinguish violent elements from peaceful protesters, who must be free to express their views." Accessed on 20 November 2019: https:// www. ohchr. org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx?NewsID=24979&LangID=E&fbcUd=IwAR2ZX _bdwm93W6gYe09 UsJpsd6WVnx_oQKNIaqE4KHCd7B9h24XG6veRXWA

83. Matt Frei, "Student leaders on Hong Kong protests", Channel 4 News, 12 September 2019. Accessed on 26 November 2019! https://www.chameI4.com/news/student-leaders-on-hong-hong-protests

84. "BHRC raises serious concern over reports of police brutality in Hong Kong", 13 September 2019. Accessed on 22 November 2019: http./Avww.barhumanrights.org.uk/bhrc-raises-serious-concem-over-reports-of-police-brutality-in-hong-kong/

85. "Hong Kong Watch trustee and Hong Kong Student Leaders met with German MPs and considered parliamentary actions", Hong Kong Watch, 16 September 2019. Accessed on 26 November 2019: https://www.hongkongwatch.0rg/all-posts/2019/9/i6/hong-kong -watch-trustee-and-hong-kong-student-leaders-met-with-german-mps-and-considered-parliamentary-actions Hong Kong Higher Education International Affairs Delegation also visited UN, European Unions, Taiwan and Australia on the protests. Accessed on 26 November 2019:<https://www.facebook.eom/HKHIIAD/photos/a.110615073605933/140621837271923 /?type=3&theater>

86. "Hong Kong legislator urges UN rights body to probe 'police abuse'", Reuters, 16 September 2019: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-un/kong-kong-legislator-urges -un-rights-body-to-probe-police-abuse-idUSKBNlW116C

87. "Transcript of remarks by CE at media session before ExCo meeting", HKSAR Government press release, 17 September 2019, paragraph 3.

88. [...] 2019. Accessed on 21 September 2019:<https://news.rthkhk/rthk/ch/component/k 2/1481132-201909l8.htm> "'A plea for democracy': Activists push US Congress to pass Hong Kong bill", Reuters, 18 September 2019. Accessed on 26 November 2019: https://nypost.com/2019/09/18/a-plea-for-democracy-activists-push-us-congress-to-pass-hong-kong-bill/

89. ... 2019 ... 9 ... 24 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 24 ... : https://www.tahr.org.tw/news/2526

90. Her lawyer commenced legal action to force the police to disclose the identity of the policeman, ... 2019 ... 10 ... 12 ... .

91. Gary Cheung, "Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam sought Xi Jinping's approval to formally withdraw extradition bill that triggered anti-government protests", SCMP, 28 September 2019.

92. ..., 2019 ... 9 ... 30 ..., A3 ... .

93. ... 2019 ... 10 ... 3 ... .

94. Cap. 241K ( ((...)) made by the Chief Executive in Council under section 2 of the Emergency Regulations Ordinance (Cap. 241) ( (( ... )) ). Accessed on 17 November 2019: https://www.eiegisiation.gov.hk/ hk/cap241K

95. "Transcript of remarks by CE at press conference (2)", HKSAR Government press release, 4 October 2019: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201910/04/P2019100400974.htm

96. "UN rights chief 'troubled and alarmed' by Hong Kong violence", Hong Kong Free Press, 6 October 2019, at:<https://hongkongfp.com/2019/10/06/un-rights-chief-troubled-alarmed-ho ng-kong-violence/

97. Saheli Roy Choudhury, "Houston Rockets GM apologizes for Hong Kong tweet after China consulate tells team to 'correct the error'", CNBC, 6 October, updated ОП 8 October 2019: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/07/houston-rockets-gm-morey-deletes-tweet-about-hong-kong.html

98. ... 2019 ... 10 ... .

99. The German Bar Association, "Open Letter Regarding the Rule of Law in Hong Kong: Authorities should withdraw planned extradition legislation and set up an independent inquiry commission", 14 October 2019. Accessed on 22 November 2019: https://dav-intemational.eu/en/newsroom/press-releases/open-letter-regarding-the-rule-of-iaw-in-h ong-kong

100. Zhang, Karen, "Norwegian lawmaker nominates Hongkongéra for 2020 Nobel Peace Prize to rally international support for city's anti-government protesters", SCMP, 16 October 2019 at: https://www.scmp.cotn/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3033250/norwe gian-lawmaker-nominates-hongkongers-2020-nobel-peace

101. ... 2019 ... 10 ... 16 0 0 Under the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act, the US Government can sanction those who are knowingly responsible for infringing the human rights in Hong Kong.

102. ... 2019 ... 10 ... 16 ...: 2019 411 Л 21 0 :<https://chinanews.sina.com/bg/chnov erseamedia/phoenixtv/2019-10-16/doc-ifzpzhhs9271955>. shtml

103. ... 2019 ... 10 ... 21 ... . Mohan Chugani, a former chairman of the Indian Chamber of Commerce, said it is lawless to attack the Kowloon Mosque. Accessed on 21 November 2019: http:// www.epochtimes.cotn/b5/l9/10/20/nll60H49.htm

104. "Lam, police say sorry for spraying Kowloon mosque", Taipei Times, 22 October 2019.

105. "LegCo to resume Second Reading debate for withdrawal of Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019", HKSAR Government press release, 22 October 2019.

106. ... 2019 ... 10 ... 24 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 24 0 :<https://www.tahr.org.tw/news/2545 The International Federation for Human Rights /> Federation internationale des ligues des droits de ľhomme (FIDH) is an international human rights NGO set up in 1922. FIHD, "FIDH Urgent Resolution on the Human Rights Situation in Hong Kong", 24 October 2019. Accessed on 24 November 2019: https://www.hrichina.org/en/ press-work/joint-statements/fidh-urgent-resolution-human-rights-situation-hong-kong

107. ... 2019 ...10 ...16 ... .

108. Kris Cheng "UK report calls for 'proportionate' police response to Hong Kong protests and end to violence", Hong Kong Free Press, 1 November 2019. Accessed ОП 20 November 2019: https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/il/01/uk-report-calls-proportionate-poli ce-response-hong-kong-protests-end-violence/

109. By 28 December 2019, there are 98 NGOs from 27 countries and regions to co-sign the joint Statement at https://rainliIy.org.hk/glosign and https://rainlily.org.hk/chi/news/2020/news letter58 (page 3).

110. Kris Cheng, "Two journalists arrested as riot police storm malls around Hong Kong and deploy pepper spray", Hong Kong Free Press, 4 November 2019 at: https.//hong kongfp.com/2019/ll/04/two~joumalists~arrested~riot~police~storm~malls~around~hong~kong~deploy~ pepper-spray/?foclid=IwAR0B4Xpl Wla VI bziGuDHPc VwJeKvOilnMQDG°Czeg-OK-loecRl 0PDxrqD8

111. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 5 0 .

112. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 8 ...

113. Keith Bradsher, ... , "China's Xi Endorses Hong Kong's Embattled Chief Executive" (...), The New York limes (...), 5 November 2019. Date of access on 20 November 2019: https://cn.nytimes. com/china/20191105/china-xi-lam-hong-kong/zh-hant/dual/

114. "The root cause of unrest lies in misunderstanding of 'One country, two systems'", China Daily, 6 November 2019.

115. "Lack of national security laws aiding separatism", RTHK, 9 November 2019. Date of access; 18 November; https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1490984-20191109.htm?archiv e_date=2019-ll-09 See also ... 2019 ... 11 ... 9 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 18 EI :<http://www.hmo.gov.cn/gab/bld/zxm/gzd t/201911/t20191109_21420.html

116. Holmes Chan, "Hong Kong lawmaker Eddie Chu arrested over scuffle at legislature in May, with police set to nab 6 other democrats", Hong Kong Free Press, 9 November 2019 at: https://hongkongfp.com/2019/ll/09/hong-kong-lawmaker-eddie-chu-arrested-scu jJle-legislature-may-police-set-nab-6-democrats/

117. Kris Cheng, "Hong Kong police watchdog lacks power to investigate ongoing protests, says int'l experts", Hong Kong Free Press, 10 November 2019. Accessed ОП 22 November 2019: https://www.hongkong1þ.com/2019/ll/10/hong-kong-police-watchdog-lacks-power-investigate-ongoing-protests-says-intl-experts/

118. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 11 ... .

119. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 11 ... .

120. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 12 ... .

121. Vidler & Co. Solicitors, "Criminal Investigation into Allegation of Rape inside Tsuen Wan Police Station", 11 November 2019. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 12 ... 2019 ...11 ... 9 ... .

122. ((...)) , Apple Daily, January 2020, page 21.

123. ..., 2019 ... 11 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 20 ... : https://www.inmediahk.net/node/1068 705

124. "Special announcement by Education Bureau (2)", HKSAR Government press release, 13 November 2019. The Education Bureau announced further suspension of classes up to 18 November 2019. Professional Teachers Union criticized that the announcement came late. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 13 ...: 2019... 11 ... 24 ... : https://www.hkptu.org/65112

125. Seibert, Henri ... 2019 ... 11 ... 14 ...

126. "..." ... 2019 ... 11 ... 13 ... : 2019411 Л 20 H : https://thestandnews.com/politics/?E8%94%Al%E8%8B% B1%E6%96%87-%E5%91%BC%E7%B1%B2%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83% E7%AB%99%E5%87%BA%E4%BE%86%E6%92%90%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF/

127. Cheng, Kris, "Hong Kong Justice Sec. Teresa Cheng 'injured' in brush with London protesters", Hong Kong Free Press, 15 November 2019 at: https://hongkongfp.com/2019/ ll/15/hong-kong-justice-sec-teresa-cheng-injured-brush-london-protesters/

128. ((...)) , Apple Daily, January 2020, page 21.

129. Mike Ives and Katherine Li, "Hong Kong Students Ready Bows and Arrows for Battles With Police", The New York Times, 14 November 2019 at: https.V/www.nytimes. com/2019/11/14/world/asia/hong-kong-protests.html

130. Education International, "Hong Kong: Educators stand with democracy defenders", 15 November 2019. Accessed on 24 November 2019: https://ei-ie.org/en/detatt/l6539/hong -kong-educators-stand-with-democracy-defenders

131. Victor Ting, Simone McCarthy, Kinling Lo, Kathleen Magramo, Kanis Leung and Tony Cheung, "People's Liberation Army soldiers cleared up debris and bricks without the invitation of the HKSAR as required under the Basic Law", SCMP, 16 November 2019. Accessed on 22 November 2019: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/ politics/article/3038049/pla-soldiers-sent-streets-hong-kong-first-time-protests

132. Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor, "Escalating crisis in Hong Kong: Protests at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University on 18 November 2019", 18 November 2019. The press statement also urgently appealed to the UN office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.

133. Kwok Wing Hang and others v CE in Council, HCAL 2949/2019, the Court of First Instance judgment dated 18 November 2019, paragraphs 193.

134. The European Union, "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on Hong Kong", 18 November 2019. It also stated that "Every effort needs to be made to ensure that the District Council elections on 24 November proceed as planned. This will send an important signal about the exercise of democratic rights and freedoms as enshrined in the Basic Law. Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy must be preserved in line with the Basic Law and international commitments. Continued respect for fundamental rights and freedoms and the independence of the judiciary remain essential for the development of Hong Kong." Accessed on 20 November 2019: https://www.consilium.eumpa.eu/en/press/ press-releases/2019/11/18/declaration-by-the-high-representative-on-behaļf-of-the-european-union-on-hong-kong/

135. [51 ... 2019 ...11 ... 19 ...

136. "...", Ming Pao (...), 7 June 2020.

137. Didi Tang, "Hong Kong police abusing power, says detainee", The Times, 25 November 2019. Date of access on 28 November 2019: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/ world/hong-kong-poUce-abusing-power-says-detainee-5mn7jhjh?flfclid=IwAR0BP75voRMKlLPl7YtGrVE DxUqi24Y61 VhRabEJ6BIzpJFU-Y78vWbgxew

138. He also said, "The ruling of the Court of First Instance of the High Court of the HKSAR has seriously undermined the legitimate power of the chief executive and the HKSAR government to govern in accordance with laws, and is inconsistent with the Basic Law of the HKSAR and the relevant decisions of the NPC Standing Committee". Li Bingcun in Hong Kong and Zhang Yangfei in Beijing, "HK court's ruling draws criticism", China Daily, 20 November 2019. Accessed on 20 November 2019: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201911/20/WS5dd43f24a310cße35578836.html

139. "Statement of Hong Kong Bar Association: On Comments made by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the NPCSC relating to High Court Judgment on the Emergency Regulations Ordinance and Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation". 19 November 2019. Accessed on 22 November 2019: https://www.hkba.org/sites/defauit/ files/20191119%20-%20%20Statement%20of?20HKBA%20on%20%20Anti%20Mask%20Judgment%20 %28Engiish%29.pdf

140. Rupert Colville, "Press briefing on China/Hong Kong SAR", 19 November 2019. The statement also said, "Accountability for violence is also key - both in the case of individuals who have broken the law and committed acts of violence, hut also in the case of allegations of excessive use of force by the police." Accessed on 20 November 2019: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25312& LangID=E

141. "Hong Kong: End excessive use of force", Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA) statement, 19 November 2019. Accessed on 25 November 2019: https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=30423

142. Teddy Ng, "China summons US diplomat, vows to retaliate if Donald Trump signs Hong Kong democracy act into law", SCMP, 20 November 2019. Accessed on 20 November 2019: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3038516/china-wiU-retaliate-if-donald-trump-signs-hong-kong-human

143. "BHRC gravely concerned as situation in Hong Kong intensifies in letter to Chief Executive Carrie Lam", 20 November 2019. Accessed on 20 November 2019: http://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/bhrc-gravely-concemed-as-situation-in-hong-kong-intensifies-in-letter-to-chief-executive-carrie-lam/

144. ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 22 ... : hUps://www.bastillepost.com/hongkong/article/5454486-%e4%b8%ad%e6?96%b9%e9 ?80%a3?e7?99%bc?e4o/M%83?e7%82?ae?e5?8pi8d?e6?93%8a?e7?be%8e%e5%9c?8b%e6 ?9c%83%e9?80?9a%e9%8I%8e?e6%b6%89%e6%b8%af?e6%b3%95%e6%aI%88

145. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 23 ..., P16 ... .

146. The New York City Bar Association, "Statement on Police Use of Force in Hong Kong & Call for an Inquiry Commission", 22 November 2019. Accessed on 24 November 2019:<https://www.nycbar.org/member-and-career-services/committees/reports-listing/repo rts/detail/hong-kong-police-use-of-force-and-inquiry-commission-request?fbcīid=IwĀRlwEO5kcMRlII4xIc394SCcGnSY64hcsGcfqAuLEW0hbJEmIs5LoEIyEis

147. The voting rate is even higher than that of the LegCo election (58.28%) in 2016. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 25 ...] : 2019...II ... 25 ... : https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/20191125/BDPJ RE5V7KUMUÄWASW3H2RF54/

148. The democrats increased hy 263 seats whereas the pro-estahlishment lost 240 seats. Among 2.94 million votes casted, 1,673,834 voters (57%) supported the democrats whereas 1,206,645 voters (41%) supported the pro-estahlishment. ... 2019 ... 11 ... 25 ... : 2019 ... 11 ... 25 ... : https://dce20 I9.thestandnews.com/ A news report found a positive correlation between the area suffering from the pollution of tear gas and the victory of the democrats. ... 2019 4 11 Л 25 EI о ?J?EI?? : 2019 411 Л 25 EI : https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/%E5%8D%80%E9% 81%B8%E6%95%B8?E6%93%9A%E5%88%86%E6%9E?90-?E5%82%AC%E6%B7%9A%E5%BD% 88%E9%87%8D%E7%81%BD%E9%81%B8?E5%8D%80-%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%B4%BE% E5%80%99%E9%81%B8%E4%BA%BA%E5%BE%97%E5%8B%9D%E7%8E%87%E9%80%BE%E4% B9%9D%E6%88%90/ It implies that the democrats can secure a seat in the next LegCo election under the functional constituency. In the election committee, comprising 1,200 members, which is to elect the CE, the democrats can get 117 seats in this committee in late 2021. Even so, it is anticipated that the democrats cannot get more than half of the seats of the election committee under the present arranging of the formation.

149. CE Carrie Lam, "Transcript of remarks by CE at media session before ExCo meeting (with video)", HKSAR Government press release, 26 November 2019. HKSAR is now modeling on that arrangement (United Kingdom after the 2011 Tottenham riots) to set up an independent review committee ( S????J) -ţf). Accessed on 28 November 2019: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201911/26/P20191126003 92. htm ?fontSize=l

150. Hong Kong Women's Coalition on Equal Opportunities, "Five Demands, Not one less. Stand with HONG KONG from Beijing+25 CSO Forum" (Facebook), 26 November 2019. Accessed on 28 November 2019: https://www.facebook.com/wcoeo.page /?_tn_=%2CdkCH-R-R&eid=ARC2T3nDjHnb VZ5cALHOks-eeowIjilzEr65tf-2cbh Wha-TpEfYA8UEOPi4 UFu6UzwFLypXOiewylJ4&hc_ref=ARSdORT09 WYnKXPj09c Va8Q2 WqD-AczeQo-o GjztsvCTEXrdVURt3n 70Pnn W7cHbJlo&jref=nf&hc_location =group

151. Wendy Wu, "Beijing repeats threat of consequences after Donald Trump signs Hong Kong acts", SCMP, 28 November 2019. Accessed on 28 November 2019: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3039710/beijing-repeats-threat-consequences-after-donald-trump-signs

152. Wang, Christine, "Trump signs bills backing Hong Kong protesters into law, in spite of Beijing's objections", CNBC, 27 November 2019: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/ ll/27/trump-signs-bilł-backing-hong-kong-protesters-into-iaw-in-spite-of-beijings-objections.html

153. Michelle Bachelet, "Hong Kong's leaders have only one way out of the protest crisis - a broad, open and inclusive dialogue with the whole community", SCMP, 30 November 2019. Accessed on 1 December 2019: https://www.scmp.com/comment/ opinion/article/3039705/hong-kongs-leaders-have-only-one-way-out-protest-crisis-broad-open?fbclid=IwAR3OAAMs2Iravk89cYbDG6xBaVGkLNKohtP2Os3f7ncLml0JuBqe3XDAS3Q

154. "Beijing hits out at UN rights chiefs HK comments", RTHK, 30 November 2019. "China's mission to the UN in Geneva said an op-ed written by Bachelet in the South China Morning Post was "erroneous" and 'Violates the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations"." Accessed on 1 December 2019: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1495359-20191201. htm?spTabChangeable=0&fbclid=IwAR2N AdBhbo 70MdpaHiMKHFl_q YoEopt9dpKplFcArSZs6snpStOOX2 WAIGU

155. "China to suspend U.S. Navy visits to Hong Kong over Bill", 2 December 2020 at: https://nownews2020.wordpress.com/tag/hong-kong-protests/

156. "Hong Kong march: Thousands join largest pro-democracy rally in months", BBC, 8 December 2020 at: https://www.bbc.com/news/worid-asia-china-50704137

157. Tony Cheung , Natalie Wong and Jeffie Lam, "China's leaders praise Hong Kong's Carrie Lam over handling of protest crisis, but remind her she has yet to quell violence", SCMP, 16 December 2019 at:<https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/poiitics/arti cle/3042235/hong-kong-leader-carńe-lam-told-chinese-premier-end

158. Lau, Stuart, "Britain urges China to ensure Hong Kong's freedoms on joint declaration anniversary amidst protest turmoil", SCMP, 19 December 2019 at: https://www.scmp. comJnews/china/diplomacy/article/3042713/britain-urges-china-ensure-hong-kongs-jreedoms-joint

159. "...", RTHK, 19 December 2019: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1498646-20191219.htm?archive_date=2019-12-l9 See also: "Protest Prosecution Database", Hong Kong Watch. Accessed on 4 October 2020 at: https://www.hongkongwatch.org/protest-prosecution

160. "HKSAR Government objects Taiwan authorities' unfounded remarks regarding legal assistance between HK and Taiwan", HKSAR Government press release, 22 December 2019 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/generai/201912/22/P2019I22200655.htm?fontSize=l

161. "Hong Kong firmly upholds freedoms and human rights", HKSAR Government press release, 26 December 2019 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201912/26/p2019122 600492.htm?fontSize=l

162. "Organizers say over lmn took part, condemn police", RTHK News, 1 January 2020, 22:35, at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1500561-20200101.htm?archive_date=20 20-01-01 See also "103 ?A?ff A?.#??400 A ??A, ?fl! ", Apple Daily, 2 January 2020 at:<https://hk.appledaily.com/locaV20200102/QVX5EYM2A7YDWMXQA2I 07IULJA/

163. " ... ", RTHK, 2 January 2020 at: https://news.rthkhk/rthk/ch/component/k2/l500719-20200102.htm?'archive_date=2020-01-02

164. Kathrin Hillie, "Hong Kong protests loom large over Taiwan election", Financial Times, 23 December 2019 at: https://www.ft.cotn/content/dl044236-21f4-llea-92da-f0c92e957a96 See also "2019-20 Hong Kong protests", Wikipedia. Accessed on 3 October 2020: https://en.wHdpedia.org/viki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests#cite_note~ft~taiwan~election~792

165. Sophie Richardson, "Why China's move to bar Human Rights Watch chief from Hong Kong was contrary to the city's Basic Law", Hong Kong Free Press, 14 January 2020 at: https://hongkongfp.com/2020/01/14/chinas-move-bar-human-rights-watch-chief-hon g-kong-contrary-citys-basic-law/

166. "Urgent Appeal to the Special Rapporteur on Toxics On the toxicity of tear gas and other chemical weapons used by the HK Police Force during the recent civil rights movement in Hong Kong" (Facebo ok), 14 January 2020 at:<https://mfacebook.com/hong kongcro/photos/a.l559419977629436/2603466083224815/?type=3&source=57&_tn_=EH-R

167. "HKSAR Government responds to foreign NGO report", HKSAR Government press release, 15 January 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/generaV202001/15/p20200115006 69. htm ?fontSize=l

168. Elizabeth Cheung, "China coronavirus: death toll almost doubles in one day as Hong Kong reports its first two cases", SCMP, 22 January 2020 at: https://www.scmp. com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/articîe/3047193/china-coronavirus-first-case-confirmed-hong kong

169. UN Special Rapporteur on the right to peaceful assembly and association, and Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes sent a letter to China, 29 January 2020 (AL CHN 2/2020) : https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/ DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=25048iķage=l&zoom=auto,-202,842

170. Tony Cheung, "Hong Kong protests: Amnesty International praises Hongkongéra for standing up in face of 'abusive policing'", SCMP, 30 January 2020 at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3048110/hong-kong-protests-amnesty-intemational-praises See also: Amnesty International, Human Rights in Asia-Pacific: Review of 2019 (Annual Report), 29 January 2020 at: https://www.amnesty.org/downioad/Documents/A SA0113542020ENGLISH.PDF

171. "Hong Kong reports first death from coronavirus", The Straits Times, 4 February 2020 at: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/hong-kong-reports-first-death-from-coronavirus

172. Iain Marlow, "U.S. Lawmakers Nominate Hong Kong Protesters for Nobel Prize", Bloomberg, 5 February 2020 at: https://wwwMoomberg.com/news/articies/2020-02-05/u-s-iawma kers-nominate-hong-kong-protesters-for-nobel-prize

173. "Joint Open Letter - Arrest of Human Rights Monitors in Breach of the Hong Kong Government's International Human Rights Obligations", 11 February 2020 at: https://download.amnesty.org.hk/20200211 0bserver%20Joini%20Letter.pdf

174. "Jimmy Lai, Lee Chuek-yan, Yeung Sum arrested", "Pro-democracy trio charged over August 31 protest", RTHK, 28 February 2020 at:<https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/enf component/k2/15ll366-20200228.htm?archivejlate=202Q-02-28\> https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/ k2/l511424-20200228. htm ?archive date =2020-02-28

175. "Government responds to media enquiries on statement by Ministry of Foreign Affairs", HKSAR Government press release, 18 March 2020 at: https://www.info. gov.hk/gia/general/202003/18/P2020031800814.htm?fontSize=l

176. "Council chairwoman arrested for 'seditious intent'", RTHK, 26 March 2020 at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1516960-20200326.htm? archive_date=2020-03-26

111. "Hong Kong bans public gatherings of more than four people", Reuters, 27 March 2020 at: hUps://ní'ws.rthk.hk/rthk/í'n/componí'nt/k2/1517560-20200329.him?archive dale 2020-03-29

178. Kwok Wing Hang and others v CE in Council, CACV 541/2019. The Court of Appeal judgment dated 9 April 2020, paragraphs 353, 355.

179. "Liaison Office 'not subject to Article 22'", RTHK, 17 April 2020 at: https://news. rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/l52123 7-20200417.htm?spTabChangeable=0

180. "Hong Kong arrests of pro-democracy figures condemned by international legal community" (a joint statement), 18 April 2020 at: https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2020/04/Hong~Kong-Pro-Democracy-Arrests-Joint-Statement~2020~ENG.pdf

181. "Pepper spray out as protest continues in Mong Kok", RTHK, 11 May 2020 at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1525334-20200510.htm?archive_date=2020-05-10

182. Hong Kong Committee on Children's Rights, "Concern on the arrest of underage persons" (Facebook), 11 May 2020 at: https://www.focebook.com/HKCCR/posts/29362461i979 3207

183. Mr. Clement Nyaletsossi Voule, Special Rapporteur on the right to peaceful assembly and association, Mr. David Kaye, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Ms. Mary Lawlor, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, "Hong Kong urged not to silence peaceful protest with criminal charges", OHCHR, Geneva 13 May 2020 at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DispiayNews.aspx?NewsID=25880&LangID=E &fociid=IwARlMkidqnudnoLC5BlSFbKdEyHVPNflh0aTn4TDLDzVqNNNn7DBRY_zVbiM

184. "Security Bureau's response to thematic study report by Independent Police Complaints Council", HKSAR Government press release, 15 July 2020 at: https:// www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202005/15/P2020051500731.htm?fontSize=l

185. Joyce Ng and Chris Lau, "Hong Kong protests: city leader Carrie Lam shelves independent review into what caused unrest", SCMP, 15 May 2020: https-./fwww. scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3084629/hong-kong-protests-city-leader-carrie-lam-shelves

186. Ibid.

187. European Union, "Declaration by the High Representative, on behalf of the European Union, on the announcement by China's NPC spokesperson regarding Hong Kong", 22 May 2020 at: https://www.consiiium.europa.eu/en/press/press-reieases/2020/05/ 22/declaration-by-the-high-representative-on-behalf-of-the-european-union-on-the-announcement-by-china-s-national-people-s-congress-spokesperson-regarding-hong-kong/?fl)clid=IwAR3EuSE14SlmBHD3BKeGE6tlbk7om9jvaa2Y76Idr2xdn8Z6UYnEzlvQjTo

188. "Joint Statement from the UK, Australia and Canada on Hong Kong", 22 May 2020 at: https://www.gov.uk/govemment/news/joint-statement-fiom-the-uk-australia-and-canada-on-hong-kong?ficlid=IwAR31pH0udVsOzt2REfA3Olsx3jkD5UENG46Oi35R80tgJjm0alytMyrfyfiJ

189. ICJ, "China (Hong Kong): NPC's proposal to enact new national security legislation should be withdrawn", 26 May 2020 at: https://www.icj.org/china-hong-kong-npcs-proposal-to-enact-new-national-security-legislation-should-be-withdrawn/

190. "Decision of the NPC on Establishing and Improving the HKSAR's Legal System and Implementation Mechanism for Maintaining National Security" (Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress on May 28, 2020), Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, 28 May 2020 at http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/202005/ald3eeecb39e40cab6edeb2a62d02b73.shtml

191. "China's proposed new security law for Hong Kong: joint statement", UK Government press release, 28 May 2020 at: https://www.gov.uk/govemment/news/joint-sta tement-from-the-uk-australia-canada-and-united-states-on-hong-kong?Jbclid-IwAR28cQSpoi2oMk0xhaqR3QJpil_MvKvT80GHImJTDHjyCM7h64XRO_VHbnY

192. The campaign started on about 24 May 2020, see "China's new Hong Kong laws a 'flagrant breach' of agreement, foreign officials say", Reuters, at: https://uk.reuters.com/ article/us-china-parliament-hongkong-ieaders/chinas-new-hong-kong-iaws-a-flagrant-breach-of-agreeme nt-foreign-offlcials-say-idUKKBN22ZOUl?ficlid=IwAROFOIYZNDz4Io9sOaprObzUnpKu99ltDZIonnnBeA 779f-j8KJjw03WLDI By 2 July 2020, there are 904 parliamentarians from 43 countries joining the declaration. Accessed on 23 September 2020: https://www.hongkongwatch.org/ all-posts/2020/5/23/patten-led-group-oj-198-parliamentarians jn>m-23-countries-decry-fiagrant-hreach-of -the-sino-british-joint-declaration?fbclid=IwAR28cQSpoi2oMk0xhaqR3QJpil_MvKvT80GHImJTDHjyCM7h64XRO_VHbnY

193. Ben Riley-Smith, "Donald Trump orders removal of Hong Kong's special status with US over new security law", The Telegraph, 29 May 2020: https-./fwww.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/29/donald-trump-orders-removal-hong-kongs-special-status-us-new/

194. Patrick Wintour, "Boris Johnson lays out visa offer to nearly 3m Hong Kong citizens", The Guardian, 3 June 2020 at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/03/britain-could-change-immigration-rules-for-hong-kong-citizens

195. "Hong Kong legislature passes national anthem bill", Xinhua News Agency, 5 June 2020 at:http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/05/c_139114788.htm

196. #-?? , Л-?? , " ?A?fe·?E? ", Apple Daily, 5 June 2020 at: https://hk.appledaily.com/iocal/20200605/XLVJ6CNIB02Z5P3NYPXC7EPRYU/

197. Michael R. Pompeo, "On the Chinese Communist Party's Obscene Propaganda" (press Statement), 6 June 2020 at: https://www.state.gov/on-the-chinese-communist-partys-obscene-propaganda/?fbclid=IwAR21U21NxPnV35s6xTz_ļdMtSNiSQ5ZTSty0wIeīumGnSxR7NcUQJFF5rmw

198. "Hong Kong: Rights Under Attack on Anniversary". Human Rights Watch, 9 June 2020 at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/09/hong-kong-rights-under-attack-anniversary

199. Joyce Ng , Phila Siu and Clifford Lo, "Tiananmen vigil organizers, media boss Jimmy Lai to be prosecuted on incitement charges over Victoria Park gathering, Hong Kong police source says", SCMP, 11 June 2020 at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3088665/hong-kong-police-teîl-îiananmen-vigil-organisers-and-media

200. "Spokesperson of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council: Cut off the black hands and save the children", Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council, 12 June 2020 at: https://www.hmo.g0v.cn/xwzx/xwft3/xwfb_chiid /202006/t20200612_21935.html

201. "LCQ15: Impacts of social incidents on teachers, students and parents", HKSAR Government press release, 17 June 2020: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202006/17/ P2020061700495.htm?fontSize=l

202. The UN Human Rights Office, "China/Hong Kong SAR: Security law must meet human rights obligations, says Bachelet", 19 June 2020 (in Geneva) at: https-./fwww. ohchr. org/EN/NewsEven ts/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx ?NewsID =25978&LangID =E&ßclid=IwAR3B Y9Tu8A OgiGXtOF8McuiiajMnR9clBcHsL9V9XaFnJ3td3EFhU2ooK3E See also "Comments on the Decision of the NPC on Establishing and Improving the Legal System and Enforcement Mechanisms for Safeguarding National Security in HKSAR" (OL CHN 13/2020) at: https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunication File?gld=25354

203. '"Comprehensive assault': European Parliament condemns Beijing over Hong Kong national security law", Hong Kong Free Press, 20 June 2020 at: https://hongkongfti.com/ 2020/06/20/comprehensive-assault-eu-condemns-beijing-over-hong-kong-national-security-law/

204. It implied that U.S. repealed the privileged status of Hong Kong. "BREAKING: US Senate passes Hong Kong Autonomy Act and Hong Kong resolution", Hong Kong Watch, 25 June 2020 at: https://www.hongkongwatch.org/aîî-posts/2020/6/25/breaking-us-senate-pa sses-hong-kong-autonomy-act

205. "Former UN figures call for special HK envoy to avoid 'humanitarian tragedy'", The Standard, 26 June 2020 at: https:/Avww.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/149843/ Former-UN-figures-call-for-special-HK-envoy-to-avoid-'humanitarian-tragedy'

206. UN experts, "UN experts call for decisive measures to protect fundamental freedoms in China", (Geneva) 26 June 2020 at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/ Pages/DisplayNews. aspx ?NewsID=26006&LangID=E

207. "Simon Cheng: UK asylum for ex-consulate worker 'tortured in China'", BBC, 1 July 2020 at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53252533

208. US Secretary of State Press statement, "U.S. Government Ending Controlled Defense Exports to Hong Kong", 29 June 2020 at: https://www.state.gov/u-s-govemment-ending-controUed-defense-exports-to-hong-kong/

209. Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council, "The Law of HKSAR of PRC on the Maintenance of National Security was gazetted in Hong Kong and became effective immediately", Xinhuanet, 1 July 2020 at:<https://www.hmo.gov.cn/xw zx/zwyw/202007/t20200701_21978.html

210. Patrick Wintom, "China is breaking Hong Kong treaty with UK, says Boris Johnson", The Guardian, 1 July 2020 at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jul/01/ china-is-breaking-hong-kong-treaty-with-uk-says-boris-johnson

211. Aubrey Allegretti, "Hong Kong: Dominic Raab offers citizenship rights to 2.9 million British nationals", Sky News, 1 July 2020 at: https://news.sky.com/story/citizenship-rights-offered-to-all-british-nationals-in-hong-kong-raab-says-l2018810

212. Heffer, Greg, "Hong Kong: Which citizens can now apply to live in the UK - and how they can do it", Sky News, 1 July 2020 at: https://news.sky.com/story/hong-kong-which-citizens-can-now-apply-to-Iive-in-the-uk-and-how-they-can-do-it-l2018953 See also "2019-20 Hong Kong protests", Wikipedia, accessed on 3 October 2020 at: https://en.wikipedia. org/wUd/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_proteststieite_ref-jZJkH_810-0

213. "More than 20 countries call for China to reconsider Hong Kong Security Law", The Standard, 1 July 2020: https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/150143/More-than-20-countries-call-for-China-to-reconsider-Hong-Kong-Security-Law

214. "52 countries welcome China's adoption of law on safeguarding national security in HK", CGTN (China Global Television Network), 1 July 2020: https://newseu.cgtn.com/ news/2020-07-01/Over-50-countries-welcome-Hong-Kong-security-law-at-UN-rights-meeting-RKKm UadcCA/index.html

215. "Government statement", HKSAR Government press release, 2 July 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202007/02/P2020070200S69.htm7fontSi2e-l

216. Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council, "The State Council appoints the Secretary-General of HKSAR National Security Committee", Xinhua News Agency, 2 July 2020 at: https://www.hmo.gov.cn/cwzx/zwyw/202007/t20200702_21986.html

217. Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council, "The State Council appoints National Security Affairs Advisor to HKSAR National Security Committee", Xinhua News Agency, 3 July 2020 at: https://www.hmo.gov.cn/xwzx/ zwyw/202007/t20200703_21990.html

218. Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council, "Appointment and removal of national staff by the State Council", Xinhua News Agency, 3 July 2020 at: https://www.hmo.gov.cn/xwzx/zwyw/202007/t20200703_21989.html

219. "HKSARG strongly opposes passage of the Hong Kong Autonomy Act by US Congress", HKSAR Government press release, 3 July 2020 at: https://www.info.gov. hk/gia/general/202007/03/P2020070301004.htm?fontSize=l

220. "HKSAR Government firmly rejects remarks by US Consul General", HKSAR Government press release, 6 July 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202007/06/ P2020070600752.htm?fontSize=l

221. Department of Justice, 1 IK e-Legislation'. https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/A406Aien-zh-Hant-HK?INDEX_CS=N

222. Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council, "The National Security Office of CPG in HKSAR was unveiled in Hong Kong on the morning of the 8th", Xinhuanet, 8 July 2020 at: https://www.hmo.gov.cn/xwzx/zwyw/202007/t20200708_21998.html

223. "Majority of US businesses concerned over national security law, survey finds", The Standard, 13 July 2020 at: https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/47150775/ Majority-of-US-businesses-concemed-over-national-security-law,-survey-finds

224. "HKSARG firmly opposes the Hong Kong Autonomy Act becoming US law", HKSAR Government press release, 15 July 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/ 202007/15/P2020071500926.htm?fontSize=l

225. "Police disperse protesters marking Yuen Long attack", RTHK, 21 July 2020 at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1539102-20200721.htm?archive_date=2020-07-21%o27

226. Ng Kang-chung, "Hong Kong national security law: EU plans 'comprehensive and coordinated' response over legislation, foreign affairs chief says", SCMP, 23 July 2020: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3094311/hong-kong-national-security-law-eu-plans-comprehensive-and See also "HKSAR: Annual Report 2019 - Joint Report to the European Parliament and the Council", 22 July 2020 at:<https://eeas.eumpa.eu/head quarters/headquarters-homepage/83230/hong-kong-special-administrative-region-annual-report-2019-joint-report-european-parliamenten

227. US Secretary of State, "Communist China and the Free World's Future", 23 July 2020 at: https://www.state.gov/communist-china-and-tke-free-worlds-future/

228. "HKSAR Government deplores and opposes UK Government's interference in Hong Kong affairs", HKSAR Government press release, 23 July 2020 at: https:// www. info.gov.hk/gia/general/202007/23/P2020072300735.htm ?fontSize=1

229. "Suspension of agreement on mutual legal assistance in criminal matters between Hong Kong and Canada, Australia and United Kingdom", HKSAR Government press release, 28 July 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202007/28/P2020072800594. htm?fontSize=l

230. "HKSAR Government says measures by European Union are "misguided"", HKSAR Government press release, 29 July 2020 at:<https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/gene ral/202007/29/P2020072900805.htm?fontSize=l

231. Yanni Chow and Jessie Pang, "Hong Kong blocks 12 democrats from election as China security law shadow looms", Reuters, 30 July 2020 at: https://www.reuters.com/ article/us-hongkong-security/hong-kong-blocks-12-democrats-ßvm-eiection-as-china-security-law-shadow-looms-idUSKCN24VlAK

232. "Legco polls to be postponed for a year: Carrie Lam", RTHK, 31 July 2020 at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1541073~20200731.htm?archive_date=2020-07~31

233. "Suspension of agreement on surrender of fugitive offenders and agreement on mutual legal assistance in criminal matters between Hong Kong and New Zealand", HKSAR Government press release, 3 August 2020 at:<https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/gene ral/202008/03/P2020080300741.htm?fontSize=I

234. UK APPG, "The inquiry report: Inquiry into violations of human rights and humanitarian principles", 4 August 2020 at: https://www.hkinquiry.org/

235. "HKSAR Government responds to Report by All-Party Parliamentary Group on Hong Kong", HKSAR Government press release, 5 August 2020 at: https-J/www. info.gov.hk/gia/general/202008/05/P2020080500732.htm?fontSize=l

236. "HKSAR Government responds to statement by US Consulate General HK & Macau", HKSAR Government press release, 7 August 2020 at: https://www.info. gov. hk/gia/general/202008/07/P2020080700799. h tm ?fontSize=1

237. "US slaps sanctions on Carrie Lam, 10 others", RTHK, 7 August 2020 at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/l542481-20200807.htm?archive_date=2020-08-07

238. "HKSAR Government calls so-called "sanctions" shameless and despicable", HKSAR Government press release, 8 August 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/ 202008/08/P2020080800317.htm

239. "Police arrested ten people for suspected contravention of National Security Law and conspiracy to defraud", HKSAR Government press release, 10 August 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202008/10/P2020081000870.htm?fontSize=l

240. "HKSAR Government fully supports Central Government's counter-measure against the US", HKSAR Government press release, 10 August 2020 at: https://www. info.gov.hk/gia/general/202008/l 0/P2020081000669. htm ?fontSize=l

241. "HKSAR Government resents double standards and hypocrisy in joint statement by five foreign ministers", HKSAR Government press release, 10 August 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202008/10/P2020081000737. htm?fontSize=l

242. The Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council Press statement, "Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council: The relevant decision of SCNPC provides a solid legal foundation for the Sixth LegCo of the HKSAR to continue to perform its duties", People ? Daily Online, 11 August 2020 at: httpMm. people.com.cn/nl/2020/08l2/c42272-3l8l8853.html See also the official explanation of the decision, 11 August 2020: https://www.hmo.gov.cn/xwzx/zwyw/202008/t20200811_22075.html

243. "Implementation of agreement on surrender of fugitive offenders between HKSAR and Germany suspended and commencement of agreement on surrender of fugitive offenders between HKSAR and France shelved", HKSAR Government press release, 12 August 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202008/12/p202008i200545.htm? fontSize=l

244. "HKSAR Government strongly refutes views of JPAC to set record straight", HKSAR Government press release, 12 August 2020 at:<https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general /202008/12/P2020081200815.htm?fontSize=l

245. "HKSAR Government strongly reprimands unilateral decision by the US on suspension or termination of bilateral agreements", HKSAR Government press release, 20 August 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/generai/202008/20/P2020082000265.htm? fontSize-i The three agreements are the Agreement on the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders (SFO), the Transfer of Sentenced Persons (TSP) Agreement and the Agreement concerning Tax Exemptions from the Income Derived from the International Operation of Ship.

246. "Suspension of agreement on surrender of fugitive offenders and agreement on mutual legal assistance in criminal matters between Hong Kong and the US", HKSAR Government press release, 20 August 2020 at:<https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/generai /202008/20/P2020082000769.htm?fontSize=l

247. Lily Kuo in Beijing and Helen Davidson, "Twelve arrested at sea while trying to flee to Taiwan from Hong Kong", The Guardian, 27 August 2020 at: https://www. theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/27/ten-arrested-mder-hong-kong-security-law-while-trying-to-flee-to-taiwan See also "NSL suspect 'caught while trying to flee to Taiwan"', RTHK, 27 August 2020 at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/l546213-20200827.htm?archive_date=20 20-08-27

248. "Democratic Party pair arrested over protests", RTHK, 4 October 2020 at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1545896-20200826.htm?archive_date=2020-08-26 See also "Protest Prosecution Database", Hong Kong Watch. Accessed on 4 October 2020: https://www.hongkongwatch.org/protest-prosecution

249. "Security law 'forces people to flee': police chief', RTHK, 31 August 2020 at: https://news.rthk.hkjrthkjen,/component/k2/l547020-20200831.htmlarchive date 2020-08-3/

250. UN Special Rapporteur sent a letter to China to express concern that the National Security Law do not conform with the Government's international legal obligations, in particular the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1 September 2020, (OL CHN 17/2020) at: https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublic CommunicationFile?gId-25487

251. "Transcript of remarks by CE at media session before ExCo meeting (with photos/videos)" (in Chinese), HKSAR Government press release, 1 September 2020 at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202009/01/P2020090100415.htm?fontSize=l

252. "Statement of the Hong Kong Bar Association (HKBA) about the Separation of Powers Principle", Hong Kong Bar Association press release, 2 September 2020 at: https://www.hkba.org/sites/default/files/20200902%20~ %20HKBA%20statement%20on%20separation%20oß/o20powers%20%28E%29.pdf

253. Gary Cheung, Jeffie Lam and Jack Lau, "Veteran Australian judge James Spigelman resigns from Hong Kong's top court, citing national security law", SCMP, 18 September 2020 at: htlps://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-cńme/ar!icle/31 02051/veteran-australian-judge-james-spigelman-resigns-hong

254. HKSAR Release releases, "Common law and judicial independence bedrocks of Hong Kong's success", 19 September 2020 at:<https://mnv.info.gov.hk/gia/geneml/202009/19 /P2020091900810.htm?fontSize=l

255. Kelly Ho, "Hong Kong gov't says security law does not affect judicial independence after Australian judge resigns from top court", Hong Kong Free Press, 21 September 2020 at: https://hongkongfp.com/2020/09/21/hong-kong-govt-says-secuñty-law-does-not-affect-judicial-independence-after-australian-judge-resigns-from-top-court/

256. Gary Cheung, "American diplomats in Hong Kong want to meet local officials or politicians? Get permission from Beijing's foreign ministry, new directive demands", SCMP, 29 September 2020 at:<https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/arti cle/3103262/american-diplomats-hong-kong-want-meet-local-qfflcials-or?fbclid-IwAR2tcD5KiuqRUtq5HlqRT6Var4TlBNVGM2wnD04KODolNcNgeMtDGvs6P74

257. Jack Lau and Brian Wong, "Hong Kong opposition activist Tam Так-chi first person charged under colonial-era sedition law since city's return to China in 1997", SCMP, 8 September 2020 at:<https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/arti cle/3100674/hong-kong-opposition-activist-tam-tak-chi-first-person

258. "Concern on the use of force on underage persons", Hong Kong Committee on Children's Rights media statement (Facebook), 7 September 2020 at: https://www. facebook. com/HKCCRJ

259. "Spokesperson of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council: The statement about the "separation of powers" in HKSAR must be corrected", Xinhuanet, 1 September 2020 at: https://www.hmo.gov.cn/xwzx/xwfb/xwfb_child/202009/t202009 07_22118.html

260. "...", Stand News ( Jl i? ), 8 September 2020 at: https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/%E5%8F%8D%E4%BF% AE%E4%BE%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E8%A2%AB%E6%8D%95%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8% E7%A0%B4%E8%90%AC-%E6%AA%A2%aE6%8E%A7%E7%8E%87%E5%83%85-22-687-%E4%BA%BA%E8%A2%AB%E6%8E%A 7%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95/?fbclid=IwAR3 VlbEf_gg70x8ED LueeCorXorsZquZyMxEYoKYzg5GdpZWu2U042eULdo

261. "The United States Expresses Concern Over Hong Kong Democracy Activists Held in Guangdong Province", US Secretary of State press statement, 11 September 2020 at: https://hkusconsulate.gov/n-2020091101/

262. Eduardo Baptista, "Beijing will impose 'reciprocal restrictions' on US diplomats in China - including Hong Kong", SCMP, 22 September 2020: https://www.scmp.com/news/ china/diplomacy/article/3101262/beijing-will-impose-reciprocal-restrictions-us-diplomats-china

263. "Jury delivers open verdict on Chan Yin-lam death", The Standard, 11 September 2020, at: https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/155305/Jury-delivers-open-verdict-on-Chan-Ym-lam-death Jury was unable to determine the cause and circumstances of how she died last September.

264. Brian Wong, "Hong Kong jury retums open verdict on death of teen found at sea after coroner rules out suicide, homicide", SCMP, 11 September 2020 at: https:// www.scmp.com/news/hong-kongRaw-and-crime/article/3101157/hong-kong-magistrate-rules-out-suicide-

homicide

265. "German think tank closes Hong Kong office over new law", The Washington Post, 16 September 2020; https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/german-think-tank-clo ses~hong~kong-office~over-new-ław/2020/09/16/d3083608-f810-1 lea-85f7-5941188a98cd_story.html

266. Michelle Bachelet (UN Human Rights Twitter), 18 September 2020 at: https:// twitier.com/UNHumanRights/status/1306895071078424578

267. The letter of Hong Kong Police Force to FCC on accreditation process for journalists. "Hong Kong police outlines new accreditation procedures in letter to the FCC", The Foreign Correspondents' Club (FCC), Hong Kong, 22 September 2020 at: https://www.fcchk.org/hong-kong-police-outUnes-new-accreditation-procedures-in-letter-to-the-fed

268. FCC, "FCC Opposes Hong Kong Police Accreditation Process for Journalists", 23 September 2020 at: https://wwwfcchkorg/fcc-opposes-hong-kong-police-accreditation-process-for-joumalists/

269. Ng Kang-chung and Natalie Wong, "Hong Kong opposition activist Joshua Wong arrested over illegal assembly, calls it move to 'frighten people' ahead of march", 24 September 2020 at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/poHtics/article/3102855/hong-kong-opposition-activist-joshua-wong-arrested-over

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271. "Hong Kong: Statement by the Spokesperson on the arrest of Joshua Wong and other pro-democracy activists", Hong Kong: European Union Office to Hong Kong and Macao / Brussels: European Union, 24 September 2020 - 12:46 at: https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/hong-kong/85729/hong-kong-statement-spokesperson-arrest-joshua-wong-and-other-pro-democracy-activists_en See also: "EU says HK developments call into question China's promises", The Standard, 25 September 2020 - 8:58 am at: https:// www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/156207/EU-says-HK-developments-caU-into-question-China's-promises

212. Gary Cheung, "American diplomats in Hong Kong want to meet local officials or politicians? Get permission from Beijing's foreign ministry, new directive demands", SCMP, 27 September 2020: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/ 3103262/american-diplomats-hong-kong-want-meet-local-officials-or

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274. General Secretariat of European Council, "Special meeting of the European Council (1 and 2 October 2020) - Conclusions", Brussels, 2 October2020 (EUCO 13/20) at: https://www.consiiium.europa.eu/media/45910/021020-euco-final-conclusions.pdf

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277. Chan Но-him and Chris Lau, "Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam pledges to remove 'bad apples' from profession after teacher struck off for 'promoting independence'", SCMP,\ 6 October 2020 at; https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/ article/3104324/hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-pledges-remove-bad-apples

278. Among 204 completed cases, 131 established whereas 73 not established. " ¾t 247 Ш???'t'?-f‡· ", Sing Tao Daily ( J. A 0 · ), 6 October 2020.

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280. "Nearly 70 countries voice support for China on human rights issues", CGTN (China Global Television Network), 8 October 2020 at: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-10-07/Nearfy-70-countries-voice-support-for-China-on-human-rights-issues-UnXxxhhFLi/index.html Cuba made a joint statement on behalf of 45 countries in support of China's counter-terrorism and deradicalization measures in Xinjiang.

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282. Hong Kong Basic Law, Preamble, Paragraph 1: https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/ preamble.html

283. Albert Chen (2019), "A perfect storm: Hong Kong-Mainland rendition of fugitive offenders", Hong Kong Law Journal (HKLJ), Vol. 49, Issue 2, pp. 419-430.