Impact of a health campaign on Chinese public awareness of stroke: evidence from internet search data

Abstract

Introduction

Health campaigns have the potential to improve public awareness, but their impact can be difficult to assess. Internet search data provide information concerning online health information-seeking behaviour in the population and may serve as a proxy for public awareness to evaluate health campaigns. This study aimed to measure the impact of World Stroke Day (WSD) in China using Baidu search data.

Methods

Daily search index values (SIV) for the term ‘stroke’ were collected from January 2011 to December 2019 using the Baidu Index platform. We examined the mean difference in SIV between the 4 weeks surrounding WSD (period of interest) and the rest of the year (control period) for each year by t-test analysis. The mean difference between the period of interest and the control period was also calculated. The joinpoint regression model was used to analyse the trends of internet search activity 30 days before and after WSD for each year (2011–2019). Finally, the top and rising queries related to stroke during the week of the campaign in 2020 were summarised.

Results

A significant mean increase in SIV of 418.5 (95% CI: 298.8 to 538.2) for the period of interest surrounding WSD was observed, 36.2% greater than the SIV during the control period (2011–2019). Short-term joinpoint analysis showed a significant increase in SIV 3 days before WSD, a peak on WSD and a decrease to the precampaign level 3 days after WSD. The rising related queries suggested that the public had increasing concerns about stroke warning signs, stroke prevention and stroke recovery during the campaign.

Conclusions

The WSD campaign increased internet search activity. These research techniques can be applied to evaluation of other health campaigns. Advancing understanding of public demand will enable tailoring of the campaign and strengthen health management.

Correspondence to Professor Yuanli Liu; [email protected] ; Dr Tianjia Guan; [email protected]

Strengths and limitations of this study

• A key strength is that this is the first study to evaluate the impact of the World Stroke Day campaign and to explore public priorities relating to stroke using internet search data in China.

• Our research techniques can potentially be applied to evaluation of other health campaigns.

• We could only evaluate the impact of health campaign on internet search activity for people with internet access.

• Online search activity cannot necessarily be extrapolated to attainment of valid information from the internet nor to offline health information-seeking behaviours.

Introduction

Health campaigns are organised communication activities that aim to raise awareness concerning specific health-related themes and influence health behaviour.¹ As a population-based preventive and intervention strategy, health campaigns—such as health awareness days, weeks and months—have the potential to improve public health awareness and alleviate the burden of disease.^{2 3} Despite the frequency of health campaigns conducted by the government and professional associations, there are relatively few ways to assess their impacts. Conventional epidemiological studies are often dependent on bespoke, large scale data collection, which are costly, resource-intensive and limited in geographical scope.^4–8 Consequently, an alternative real-time and low-cost method is needed to monitor public awareness before, during and after a campaign.

The internet and online search engines have become an increasingly popular source of health information; they potentially enhance knowledge and awareness of specific health-related topics, such as prevention, symptoms and medical advice.^{9 10} Additionally, online search queries can reveal the public’s underlying health perspectives and capture reluctance to participate in a survey.^{11 12} It has been estimated that 64.2% of the global population had internet access by December 2020.¹³ Because of the wide coverage, rapid updating, low cost and anonymity of internet data, several studies have used internet search data to evaluate the impacts of Breast Cancer Month,^14–16 Colorectal Cancer Month,¹⁷ Autism Awareness Month¹⁸ and World Hepatitis Day¹⁹; the results indicated a significant increase in online search activity, suggesting increased awareness. The public’s concerns and priorities regarding a specific topic can also be assessed by analysing related search queries.^{20 21} Internet search activity can be used as a proxy for public awareness of health themes, which has the potential for health-campaign evaluation.

Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in China.^{22 23} The incidence of first-ever stroke in adults is increasing at an annual rate of 8.3% in China.²⁴ To tackle the high burden of stroke, the World Stroke Day (WSD) campaign, an international health campaign that is undertaken on 29 October of each year,^{25 26} was launched by the China Stroke Prevention and Treatment Project in 2011 in China. Although WSD has been held for several years, its impact on public awareness is unknown. The Baidu Index offers a novel method for estimating internet search activity for specific terms over time and has been used in epidemiological surveillance in China.^27–30 It is derived from search frequencies on the Baidu search engine with the highest market share in China (90.9% penetration rate).^31–33 Therefore, Baidu search activity may be potentially used to monitor public awareness of stroke to assess the impact of WSD.

We evaluated the impact of the WSD campaign using Baidu search data in China. We hypothesised that WSD stimulates online health information-seeking behaviour. We also hypothesised that the public’s stroke-related priorities would be revealed during implementation of WSD.

Methods

Data sources

This research involved free, publicly available, de-identified, online information from the Baidu Index platform. We used search index values (SIV), top related queries and rising related queries provided by the Baidu Index to examine internet search activity and public priorities, respectively.

The SIV is defined as the weighted sum of the search frequency for specific search terms entered by internet users; it is available daily, weekly or yearly and at various levels (ie, municipal, provincial or national).^{27 34} The SIV is the result of exponential processing of search volumes for specific search terms. In this study, we used internet search activity for stroke as a proxy for public awareness to evaluate the impact of WSD.

The top related queries are the terms most frequently searched with the search term entered by internet users within 1 week. The rising related queries are the terms searched with the search term entered by internet users; and they are with the greatest growth in search volume in the requested week, compared with the previous week.²⁷

Data collection

Search term selection

Search terms were selected to measure public interest in a health campaign. The health-related concern included in the name of the health campaign was prioritised over a synonym or phrase with a similar meaning.³⁵ We selected two search terms for stroke (ie, ‘卒中’ and ‘脑卒中’ in Chinese) to reflect public interest in WSD (‘世界卒中日’ in Chinese) and summed their daily SIV.

Collection of SIV data

For long-term analysis, we extracted the daily SIV for stroke from January 2011 to December 2019, without any restriction in location. We selected days in the 4 weeks surrounding WSD (ie, the week before WSD, the week of WSD and the 2 weeks after WSD) as the period of interest.³⁶ Days in the remaining weeks of the corresponding year were used as the control. For short-term analysis, we collected the daily SIV for stroke 30 days before and after WSD (61 total days). The time scale was selected to capture any increased online search queries prior to WSD, as well as the duration of any effect in the subsequent 30 days. This was performed separately for each year (2011–2019).

Collection of top and rising related queries data

We collected the top 10 related queries and the rising related queries for stroke (‘脑卒中’ in Chinese) from 26 October 2020 to 1 November 2020 (the week of WSD). Because the top related queries and rising related queries were available only for the most recent year, we collected the data for 2020.

Data analysis

The t-test was used to evaluate the mean difference in SIV with the 95% CI between the 4 weeks of interest surrounding WSD and the other weeks of the year. This was performed separately for each year, from 2011 to 2019. Additionally, we calculated the difference in SIV for the period of interest and the control period as differences in percentage.

To examine the trend of internet search activity before, during and after WSD, the joinpoint regression model was used. This model identifies statistically significant time points, known as joinpoints, which represent significant changes in the linear slopes of the trend. The analysis is often used to calculate the annual per cent change (APC) in cancer incidence between two joinpoints; in recent years, it has been used to investigate the effects of health awareness campaigns on online health information-seeking behaviour.^{35 37 38} In this study, the independent variable was the day, and the dependent variable was the natural logarithm of the daily SIV fit to a linear regression line. The percentage daily change in SIV was calculated and recorded as the APC by the software. The analysis was preset to identify a minimum of zero and a maximum of three joinpoints. This maximum was chosen because of the expected predicted pattern. A permutation test was performed as the model selection method with an overall significance level of 0.05.

We described the top 10 related queries and the rising related queries for stroke (‘脑卒中’ in Chinese) during the campaign to understand public’s perspective regarding stroke.

We conducted joinpoint regression analysis using Joinpoint Trend Analysis software V.4.8.0.1 (Statistical Research and Applications Branch, National Cancer Institute), and t-tests and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis using SAS V.9.4 (SAS Institute).

Patient and public involvement statement

Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct of our study.

Results

Impact of WSD on internet search activity

WSD significantly affected internet search activity in each year. A positive and statistically significant mean difference was observed in SIV for stroke between the period of interest and the control period (table 1). The mean difference ranged from 191.6 (95% CI: 60.7 to 322.6) in 2013 to 795.7 (95% CI: 416.9 to 1174.5) in 2018; overall, it was 418.5 (95% CI: 298.8 to 538.2). The mean percentage increase in SIV was 36.2% for the period of interest, compared with the control period (2011–2019). In seven major regions in China, the mean difference in SIV between WSD and the control periods was positive and statistically significant in all but South China. See online supplemental appendix 1 for details.

Table 1

Mean differences in search index values (SIV) for stroke between the period of interest and the control period from 2011 to 2019.

Year	Mean SIV in the 4 weeks surrounding World Stroke Day, period of interest	Mean SIV in the remaining weeks of the year, control period	Mean difference in SIV (95% CI)	P value
2011	802.3	506.8	295.5 (164.5 to 426.4)	<0.001
2012	985.2	634.3	350.9 (164.8 to 537.0)	<0.001
2013	894.3	702.6	191.6 (60.7 to 322.6)	0.006
2014	1068.4	724.2	344.1 (164.9 to 523.4)	<0.001
2015	1538.9	944.6	594.3 (285.4 to 903.1)	<0.001
2016	1560.1	1126.6	433.5 (287.2 to 579.8)	<0.001
2017	1751.3	1424.0	327.3 (160.5 to 494.1)	<0.001
2018	2714.0	1918.2	795.7 (416.9 to 1174.5)	<0.001
2019	2858.9	2427.1	431.7 (52.1 to 811.3)	0.027
Overall	1574.8	1156.3	418.5 (298.8 to 538.2)	<0.001

To examine changes in internet search activity before, during and after the campaign period, a joinpoint analysis was performed concerning the 30 days before and after WSD. The analysis identified three significant inflection joinpoints. Notably, there was a sharp increase in SIV from 3 days before WSD and a spike in SIV on WSD (29.55% increase, p=0.031), reflecting increasing interest in searches prior to WSD (figure 1). A significant decrease in SIV (23.73%, p=0.012) was observed after WSD. The short-term temporal trends in SIV for each year were shown in figure 2.

Figure 1. Changes in search index values (SIV) for stroke 30 days before and after World Stroke Day (2011-2019). Each data point indicates the mean SIV measured on the specified day from 2011 to 2019. Colour scheme: blue, first slope; green, second slope; red, third slope; mint green, fourth slope.

Figure 2. Changes in search index values (SIV) for stroke 30 days before and after World Stroke Day for each year. Each data point indicates the SIV measured on the specified day. Colour scheme: blue, first slope; green, second slope; red, third slope; mint green, fourth slope.

Summary of public’s stroke-related priorities

The top related queries are indicative of public demand for information regarding specific topics, and the rising related queries reveal changes in public priorities, reflecting the impacts of campaigns or events. The top 10 related queries for stroke indicated that the public was interested in general stroke information, stroke risk factors and stroke effects during the week of WSD (table 2). Analysis of rising related queries for stroke suggested that Chinese internet users had increasing interest in stroke warning signs, stroke prevention, general stroke information and stroke recovery during the week of WSD (table 3).

Table 2

Top 10 related queries for stroke during the week of World Stroke Day (26 October 2020 to 1 November 2020).

Rank	Category	Stroke (脑卒中)
1	General stroke information	Cerebral infarction (脑梗)
2	General stroke information	How do you pronounce stroke (卒怎么读)
3	Stroke risk factor	Atrial fibrillation (房颤)
4	General stroke information	Cerebral haemorrhage (脑出血)
5	General stroke information	Stroke (中风)
6	General stroke information	Stroke (卒)
7	General stroke information	Stroke (卒中)
8	General stroke information	Cerebral infarction (脑梗塞)
9	General stroke information	Cerebral infarction (脑梗死)
10	Stroke effect	Hemiparesis (偏瘫)

Table 3

Rising related queries for stroke during the week of World Stroke Day (26 October 2020 to 1 November 2020).

Rank	Category	Stroke (脑卒中)
1	General stroke information	Stroke (卒中)
2	Warning signs	Stroke 120 (卒中120)
3	Stroke prevention	66 items of health literacy (健康66条)
4	Stroke risk factor	Acute water intoxication (急性水中毒)
5	General stroke information	What is stroke (什么是脑卒中)
6	Stroke recovery	Stroke recovery (脑卒中康复)
7	General stroke information	How to pronounce stroke (卒怎么读)

Discussion

Main findings

The WSD campaign stimulated increased internet search activity, which potentially enhance public knowledge and awareness. Furthermore, we found the stroke-related terms that public searched at the greatest growth during the campaign were categorised to stroke warning signs, stroke prevention and stroke recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the impact of a health campaign on online health information-seeking behaviour in China; it is also the first study to explore public concerns and priorities regarding stroke by ranking stroke-related search queries.

The WSD campaign had a substantial impact on internet search activity in each year. These results were in agreement with previous reports of health-campaign evaluation based on Google Trend data. Scheres et al³⁹ reported a 23.3% increase in search volume during the World Thrombosis Day period in the Netherlands, compared with the rest of the year. Lippi et al⁴⁰ observed a 21% increase in the level of Google search activity worldwide during World Diabetes Day. Glynn et al¹⁵ showed that Breast Cancer Awareness Month campaign generated public interest in the disease. Increased internet search activity may be caused by information dissemination on a topic through online or offline channels during health campaigns. People interested in the specific health issue were more likely to seek detailed information online. However, Ling and Lee³⁸ reported that a campaign aiming to increase awareness of stroke in Canada, known as Make Health Last, was not associated with the public’s online search behaviour. Possible reasons for the inconsistent findings from Make Health Last in Canada and WSD in China may include differences in campaign organisers, delivery channels and potential impacts not captured by the internet. For campaign organisers, the Make Health Last campaign was led by the Heart and Stroke Foundation in Canada, while the WSD campaign was launched by the government with more authority and it was a community-based campaign across China. For delivery channels, the Make Health Last campaign was delivered only through online platforms (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), while the delivery channels for WSD included both online and offline, such as pamphlets, physician referrals, health lecture hall, television, website and social media. The WSD campaign supported by the Chinese government and promoted through a variety of channels had a positive effect on stimulating public online search behaviour. Moreover, we found that increased online search activity during WSD was not significant in South China. This may be due to the lowest prevalence of stroke in the South compared with other regions,⁴¹ or to greater educational strategies throughout the year which would keep interest in the public and decrease the relative peak caused by WSD.

Whenever a significant increase in online search activity was found, it was followed by a decrease, indicating that the effect was short-term, similar to the outcomes in other studies of Global Public Health Days.^{35 37} The increased internet search activity may be due to the related physician referrals, announcements and media attention several days before the actual date, which stimulated public interest in stroke to search for it on the internet. The decrease may be a result of three factors. First, the health campaign improved public knowledge and awareness of specific topics or prompted individuals to consult their physicians for medical advice, which led to reduced online search queries. Second, the impact may involve other online platforms used after searching. The website of the Dutch blood supply Sanquine was visited twice as often, and 54.6% more new donors were registered, in the 3 weeks surrounding World Blood Donor Day in 2016.⁴² The number of calls to a smoking helpline was approximately fivefold higher on National No Smoking Day, compared with the annual daily average in the UK.⁷ Mahroum et al reported that users tended to search for a topic on Google, and then interacted with it on Twitter.⁴³ Therefore, the impact of the campaign may have been underestimated. Future studies should evaluate the impacts of health campaigns using various data streams. However, it is likely that a health awareness campaign is short-lived, and the public lose interest in the health topic after its conclusion.

It is essential that health campaigns be planned and implemented in accordance with the educational needs of the population. Our findings showed a rapid increase in public interest in stroke warning signs, prevention and recovery during the week of the campaign, compared with common levels of public concern regarding general stroke information, stroke risk factors and stroke effects. Therefore, people had increased interest in some types of health information, or the information provided during the campaign did not meet their needs. The public searched on the internet for a more comprehensive and detailed understanding. Recognition of stroke warning signs is vital, and intervention tools have been designed to promote an emergency response to stroke symptoms, such as the ‘FAST’ tool in English-speaking countries⁴⁴ and ‘Stroke 120’ in China.⁴⁵ ‘Stroke 120’ also prompts immediate activation of emergency medical services by dialling 120 in China.⁴⁵ People showed increasing concern about ‘Stroke 120’ during the campaign, implying that advocacy should be strengthened in subsequent campaigns. Additionally, health literacy (eg, knowledge and belief literacy, behaviour literacy and skill literacy) is essential for disease prevention and control.⁴⁶ Notably, the mortality and disability rates from stroke are observed higher in China than in well-developed countries.^{47 48} Our findings also suggested that comprehensive information regarding stroke recovery should be delivered during the campaign, especially in areas with a high disability rate. Our findings will enable health authorities and stroke-related non-governmental organisations to tailor publicity and education strategies and strengthen health management.

In 2017, there was a spike in SIV for stroke on the 21 days before the WSD in addition to the peak on the WSD (figure 2), possibly because of a news report that drew widespread public attention instead of the WSD. A student was reported to be comatose and admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of stroke, because of playing games continuously for 3 days during the Mid-Autumn Festival holiday.⁴⁹ Therefore, media reports may affect online information-seeking behaviours, as suggested by preview works. Disease-related announcements by public figures, such as a diagnosis or death, had an impact on internet disease-related information-seeking behaviour.^{39 50–52} This suggested that health promotion activities, especially multimedia and web-based awareness campaigns regarding a specific disease, should be initiated or increased promptly after a major media event to maximise their influence on the general public.

The volume of stroke-related news reports increased during the WSD campaign. We found a significant correlation between the media index value and SIV 30 days before and after WSD (Spearman’s rho=0.752, p<0.001) (table 4). The media index value was provided by the Baidu Index and defined as the volume of news reports containing the identified Baidu search activity terms in their headlines.^{27 32} Similarly, media coverage was reportedly associated with internet search activity.^{53 54} Media coverage may promote dissemination of knowledge and increase public awareness; therefore, health-campaign organisers should leverage this to provide accurate, authoritative, up to date and timely information.

Table 4

Spearman’s rank correlations between media index values and search index values for stroke 30 days before and after World Stroke Day from 2011 to 2019.

Year	Spearman’s rho	P value
2011	0.549	<0.001
2012	0.539	<0.001
2013	0.651	<0.001
2014	0.762	<0.001
2015	0.723	<0.001
2016	0.651	<0.001
2017	0.374	<0.001
2018	0.782	<0.001
2019	0.711	<0.001
Overall	0.752	<0.001

We compared online search queries with the level of health literacy and observed a similar temporal trend from 2012 to 2019 in China (figure 3). National-level annual health literacy data were obtained from National Health Literacy Surveillance on the website of the National Health Commission.⁵⁵ This result suggested online search activity improved public knowledge and awareness, an important component of health literacy, but further surveys are needed. Moreover, some studies showed an increase in sales of in-home HIV tests during World AIDS Day⁵⁶ and an increase in the number of thrombolytic treatments after stroke days.⁵⁷ Future studies could improve on our study design to more accurately capture the value of information provided to the users by the internet.

Figure 3. Trends of search index values (SIV) and the level of health literacy from 2011 to 2019. Blue line, SIV of stroke from 2011 to 2019; red line, level of health literacy from 2012 to 2019.

Limitations

This study had several limitations. First, the online information-seeking behaviour was captured for only the portion of the population with internet access; offline and face-to-face information seeking behaviour, such as consulting a health professional, could not be evaluated. Second, we focused on search query volumes on the Baidu search engine; future studies should include other sources, such as Weibo, WeChat and Zhihu.^{42 43} Third, two terms used in the Chinese campaign name were selected to estimate online information-seeking behaviours for stroke (ie, ‘卒中’ and ‘脑卒中’ in Chinese). In future studies, terms from the campaign theme or slogan should be included to accurately capture changes in search behaviours. Fourth, we could not analyse the changes in search queries for stroke during the same period of the year prior to establishment of WSD, because Baidu Index data were only available beginning in 2011 and WSD was first held in 2011 in China. Finally, our findings do not necessarily translate to attainment valid information and increases in offline health information-seeking behaviours; they only highlight the effect of health awareness campaigns on online search activity in the most used search engine, which have the potential to raise public awareness.

Conclusions

Internet search data enable monitoring of online health information-seeking behaviour, which potentially reflects public awareness, especially in regions with high internet penetration. Our findings show that the WSD campaign had a positive impact on internet search activity, and our research techniques can be applied to evaluation of other health campaigns. People showed increasing concern regarding stroke warning signs, stroke prevention and stroke recovery during the campaign. Advancing understanding of public demand will enable tailoring of the campaign and strengthen health management.

Data availability statement

Data are available upon reasonable request.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Footnote

Contributors MC, TG and YL designed the study. MC collected the original Baidu Index data in China, reviewed the literature, performed the analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. TG, BC, XH, BS and YL critically revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data and the final approved version. YL and TG accepts full responsibility for the finished work and/or the conduct of the study, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish.

Funding This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71532014).

Competing interests None declared.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

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