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Web End = Chromosome Res (2015) 23:561570
DOI 10.1007/s10577-015-9496-2
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Impact of repetitive DNA on sex chromosome evolution in plants
Roman Hobza & Zdenek Kubat & Radim Cegan &
Wojciech Jesionek & Boris Vyskot & Eduard Kejnovsky
Published online: 16 October 2015# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract Structurally and functionally diverged sex chromosomes have evolved in many animals as well as in some plants. Sex chromosomes represent a specific genomic region(s) with locally suppressed recombination. As a consequence, repetitive sequences involving transposable elements, tandem repeats (satellites and microsatellites), and organellar DNA accumulate on the Y (W) chromosomes. In this paper, we review the main types of repetitive elements, their gathering on the Y chromosome, and discuss new findings showing that not only accumulation of various repeats in non-recombining regions but also opposite processes form Y chromosome. The aim of this review is also to discuss the mechanisms of repetitive DNA spread involving (retro) transposition, DNA polymerase slippage or unequal crossing-over, as well as modes of repeat removal by ectopic recombination. The intensity of these processes differs in non-recombining region(s) of sex chromosomes when compared to the recombining parts of
genome. We also speculate about the relationship between heterochromatinization and the formation of heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
Keywords repetitive sequences . transposable elements . tandem repeats (satellites) . microsatellites . recombination . sex chromosomes
AbbreviationsTE Transposable elementLTR Long terminal repeatRAYS Rumex acetosa Y chromosome-specific sequenceSTAR-Y Silene tandem repeat accumulated on the Y chromosomeTRAYC Tandem Repeat Accumulated on the
Y ChromosomeNUPT Nuclear insertions of plastid DNA NUMT Nuclear insertions of mitochondrial
DNAHSY Hermaphrodite-specific region of the
Yh chromosomeMSY Male-specific region of the Y chromosomeLINE Long interspersed nuclear element
Introduction
Sex chromosomes represent a special part of the genome differing in males and females. Depending on the sex determination system, males (XY system) or females
Responsible Editors: Maria Assunta Biscotti, Pat Heslop-Harrison and Ettore Olmo
R. Hobza (*) : Z. Kubat : R. Cegan : W. Jesionek :
B. Vyskot : E. Kejnovsky (*)
Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,...