1. Introduction
Eruption anomalies are classified into position-related disorders (ectopic eruption and transpositions) and timing-related disorders (premature eruption, delayed eruption or impaction). These anomalies are also linked to age, sex, race or ethnicity. Both root developmental staging and patient age are used as criteria to diagnose prematurity or delayed eruption [1,2,3].
Eruption disorders are more frequent in the upper arch (69.9%) and the area of the incisors (51.2%). Furthermore, in 20.5% of cases, first-degree relatives present the same issue [4,5].
Impaction of the upper central incisors is a rare occurrence (0.06–0.12%), more frequent in men than in women (1.5:1) [4,6].
Traumatic and obstructive causes are the main factors related to impacted teeth [7].
Dental trauma at a young age could damage the non-erupted permanent tooth germ, reduce root development, and change eruption direction. This can lead to dilacerated tooth development with a high risk of uneruption without an orthognathic–surgical therapy [8,9].
Necrosis or ankylosis of a deciduous tooth and the simultaneous presence of systemic pathologies (endocrine diseases, cleidocranial dysostosis) can also determine dental inclusions [10,11].
The main obstructive causes are: odontomas (complex or compound); follicular cysts; thick mucosa; bone tissue formed as a result of the early extraction of a deciduous tooth; and supernumerary teeth [8].
The most common obstructive cause is determined by supernumerary teeth (ST), 77.8% of the ST are found in the maxilla, and 97.2% are in the frontal region. In the anterior maxillary region, the presence of one or more supernumerary teeth along the midline (1.5% to 3.5%) hinders the eruption of the incisors (28% to 60%) [5,12,13,14,15,16].
Although the percentage of upper central incisors uneruption or inclusion is low, its occurrence causes an aesthetic, phonetic and functional discomfort to the patient, arousing parents’ concern [7,14].
Parents of an impacted incisor affected child are usually motivated to seek an earlier orthodontic treatment than parents of a child with other orthodontic problems [8,17,18].
The diagnosis of impacted incisors is based on the clinical examination that ascertains and identifies the retained tooth. Palpating the corresponding alveolar area (both palatal and vestibular), a painless, incompressible, fibromucosal bump can be appreciated [19].
The diagnosis needs to be completed by radiological examinations:
(1). Intraoral X-rays with periapical and occlusal projections confirm the presence, position and/or anomaly of the retained maxillary incisors and any underlying developmental anomaly or pathology. The buccolingual position of the non-erupted tooth can be localized using horizontal or vertical parallax.
(2). Ortopanthomography X-ray (OPG X-ray) to evaluate the problem in relation to the entire arch, adjacent tooth and the staging of the eruption of the other dental elements.
(3). Latero-Lateral Teleradiography (LLT) of the head with cephalometric trace to assess the height and inclination of the crown and root of the impacted tooth.
(4). Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for a three-dimensional evaluation of impacted elements and surrounding structures.
All these data allow us to correctly plan the treatment and the optimal direction of traction in order to have a correct extrusion of the impacted tooth with adequate periodontal support [19,20,21].
Early treatment is essential because the non-erupted maxillary central incisor can cause various issues:
(1). Compromission of the aesthetic aspect, phonation and alveolar ridge formation.
(2). Increase of adjacent teeth tip, reducing the space for the non-erupted incisor.
(3). Alteration of the eruptive path (deviation and delay) of the ipsilateral canine [10].
The treatment options for impacted incisors include:
(1). Extraction of the impacted tooth followed by a prosthetic rehabilitation [22,23,24];
(2). Extraction and repositioning of the lateral incisor in place of the central incisor with mesial canine and premolar movement, then coronoplasty;
(3). Surgical-orthodontic recovery of the incisor [25,26].
Most of the patients requiring impacted central incisors treatment are less than 12 years old; for this reason, the prosthetic solution is not suitable. The extraction of the affected tooth would lead to a severe loss of alveolar bone, compromising the future insertion of an implant [18]. On the other side, the surgical–orthodontic solution allows complete alignment of natural teeth and does not require the creation of a prosthesis [25,26].
Treatment success rates depend on several factors:
(1). The angle between impacted incisor and midline (if greater than 20 degrees, there are greater difficulties in treatment and a worse prognosis);
(2). The level of the crown of the impacted tooth compared to the eruptive age;
(3). The distance of the impacted incisor from the occlusal plane [8,25,27,28].
A study has verified that performing a rapid expansion with a Rapid Maxillary Expander (RME) immediately after the obstacle removal leads to an 82% chance of problem resolution with the eruption of the impacted element after 6–7 months from the obstacle removal, while without applying the RME, the percentages are reduced by 39% [25,29,30].
Several surgical techniques are commonly used to expose the maxillary teeth. One technique is the apical repositioning flap. It consists of the apical repositioning of a raised full-thickness-flap above the included tooth, leaving the element uncovered. Another technique is the closed eruption. It involves lifting a full-thickness flap, fixing an orthodontic bracket on the tooth surface, and then completely covering the tooth and bracket with tissue. These techniques offer some advantages when pulling impacted teeth [10,31,32].
The apically repositioned flap technique allows prompt reattachment of the bracket if unintentional detachment occurs. However, the closed eruption technique provides the most aesthetically pleasing result. This technique is most reliable when considering aesthetic and periodontal health. Vermette et al., recommended using the closed eruption technique when the tooth is in the center of the socket or when it is high, near the nasal spine. In these cases, the periodontal state of the exposed teeth after orthodontic treatment usually revealed an acceptable gingival profile and good adherent gingiva, an increase in bone level on the mesial, vestibular and distal surfaces, requiring no further mucogingival surgery [33].
Since many variables affect the recovery of an included tooth in a child after removing the supernumerary elements or the odontoma, most studies believe orthodontic treatment is necessary rather than waiting for the spontaneous eruption [8,25,34].
The treatment of impacted central incisors requires a different approach, and it is longer and more complicated, with the resolution of extraction with subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation as a valid alternative [35].
According to the latest literature data, the approach for this type of issue is mainly oriented to surgical–orthodontic treatments [36,37].
Undoubtedly, the best treatment choice is conservative, and it requires careful planning and close collaboration between orthodontists, oral surgeons and periodontists. Studies report that the prognosis of orthodontic–surgical treatment of impacted incisors is good, and failures occur when the etiology of the inclusion is dilaceration [36].
The treatment is relatively long, approximately two years, and is influenced by the initial height of the tooth included in the jaw [38].
2. Case Report
A 15-year and 6-months-old patient (F.F.) comes to our attention.
2.1. Clinical History
The patient had previously undergone orthodontic treatment since the age of 9, the presence of persistent deciduous (51 and 61), and two ST were found in areas 11 and 21 preventing their eruption (Figure 1).
The two ST were removed at different times (10-years-old and 13-year-old), and a late rapid expansion (14-year-old) was performed without any improvement (Figure 2 and Figure 3).
2.2. Clinical Exams and Diagnosis
Patient in good health. Clinical evaluation revealed the absence of teeth 11 and 21.
The orthodontic situation was re-evaluated with new intraoral photos and X-rays (Figure 4 and Figure 5).
The patient had molar and canine class I, dental and skeletal malocclusion, counterclockwise mandibular growth with a tendency to brachycephalic growth, good transverse dimension arch and slight lower crowding. To confirm the position and relationship with adjacent structures, CBCT was recommended. The position of the two upper incisors was assessable with CBCT and LLT.
The 11 and 21 presented a very apical position (immediately under the anterior nasal spine) and a significant inclination (51.2°) (Figure 6 and Table 1).
The patient wore a removable prosthetic device for aesthetic and functional purposes to replace elements 21 and 11 (Figure 7).
2.3. Therapeutic Plan
An orthodontic–surgical therapy that aimed to pull down the two elements and bring them into a more occlusal position was adopted. Initially, the elements of the upper arch were aligned with a fixed straight-wire multibrackets technique, which also made it possible to apply a pontic in areas 11 and 21, not to compromise the aesthetic and functional aspects of the patient. After osteotomy, a full-thickness flap was made to access the crowns using a scalpel. After dental exposure, two eyelets were bonded, and elastic tractions were applied. The flap was then positioned to cover the teeth and buttons according to the closed eruption technique. On 16 and 26, a fixed palatal appliance was cemented, with supports on 14/24 and a retroincisive papillae osteomucosal resin support. This was done to allow the elements to be pulled without causing unwanted movement of adjacent elements due to the action-reaction effect. The front resin portion was equipped with three loops to allow elastic traction in several directions (Figure 8).
After ten months, the upper incisors emerged from the gingiva and reached a more occlusal position. A further diode laser uncovering and modelling of the mucosa was carried out. A 0.019 × 0.025 steel arch was used as anchorage while central incisors were engaged with a 0.014 thermal nickel-titanium (NiTi) arch (Figure 9).
Subsequently, the prosthetic elements were removed, and the eyelets were replaced with metal brackets. This allowed the extrusion with the 0.014 thermal NiTi arch properly engaged (Figure 10).
After three months, the incisors were further extruded and almost aligned with the other elements of the upper arch. Thus, it was possible to engage the 0.014 thermal NiTi base arch. The metal brackets on 11 and 21 have been further replaced with aesthetic twin brackets.
The fixed orthodontic treatment was then also started in the lower arch.
3. Results
After 24 months of treatment (including COVID-19 lockdown periods), 11 and 21 were correctly positioned in the occlusal plane with good bone and periodontal support.
The patient improved the vertical dimension, the upper lip support and the smile aesthetics (Figure 11, Figure 12 and Figure 13).
4. Discussion
Careful treatment planning of impacted incisors is crucial for a favorable prognosis. It is always multidisciplinary as it requires the intervention of an orthodontist and an oral surgeon [6,16,39].
The choice of the orthodontic–surgical treatment plan with a closed eruption technique and elastic tractions was guided by several factors.
First of all, the patient’s age (adolescent) was considered: the patient wore a removable prosthesis that replaced the two missing incisors with significant discomfort [5,40].
Analyzing the patient’s clinical history, it emerged that no extrusion movement of the impacted incisors had occurred despite the patient having already removed the two supernumeraries in different periods and had already performed a rapid, although the late, expansion of the palate (14-year-old) [8]. The alternative solution of extraction of impacted teeth and implant therapy was then offered [26].
LLT and CBCT confirmed the unfavorable inclination and height of the crowns. The roots were already wholly developed, so there was no eruptive thrust. Furthermore, no lacerations were reported [33,41]. Parents were also informed of the possibility of treatment failure.
After aligning the upper arch with the straight-wire technique, a full-thickness flap, palatal bone removal and elastic traction with closed eruption were performed. The occlusal plane was stabilized by a molar cemented palatal device, with first upper premolars support arms and an osteo-mucosal support. Otherwise, it could have been affected by the reaction forces caused by extrusion forces [42].
The device choice has been made to allow the patient to have pontics in zone 11–21 during the treatment and not to have discomfort in social life.
During the OPG X-ray and intraoral X-ray examination, good palatal, mesial and distal bone margins were highlighted with more significant resorption on the vestibular side [2,43,44,45,46,47].
The roots were shorter, also in relation to the adjacent lateral incisors. According to the literature, the reabsorption may be due to the initial impediment caused by supernumeraries mobilization and to the orthodontic eruption movement [2].
The treatment lasted 25 months with several periods of inactivation because the patient was treated during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the first lockdown. The elements were correctly positioned on the occlusal plane with an excellent gingival margin [48,49,50].
Upper and lower restraint with retainers and Essix was adopted [51].
5. Conclusions
An early and accurate diagnosis supported by clinical and radiological examinations, such as OPG X-ray and CBCT, is essential.
It is crucial to evaluate the predictive eruption factors that influence the treatment plan, such as: age of the patient, history, compliance, distance from the occlusal plane, vertical position of unerupted incisors and inclination in relation to the midline.
A complication during the tooth eruption could adversely affect the occlusion development and potentially burden the child’s psychological evolution.
The early orthodontic interceptive treatment with obstacle removal and an orthopedic expansion with RME is fundamental.
Elastic tractions with the closed eruption technique for occlusal repositioning is preferred. This approach improves the intraosseous position and the mucogingival condition of the retained tooth.
In general, surgical–orthodontics treatment of impacted incisors has a good chance of success, but it is relatively time-consuming.
It is necessary to inform the patients and their parents of the failure risk and the increased treatment time, especially in the presence of impacted incisors in a very high alveolar position.
Conceptualization, F.I., A.D.I., A.M.I., D.D.V., G.D., A.S., S.C., G.C., F.L. and A.P.; methodology, A.D.I., M.G., F.C., L.N., A.M., A.C., G.C., F.P., S.C. and M.C.; software, I.R.B., A.P., F.C., S.C., D.G., A.M., F.C. and G.D.; validation, F.I., F.L., F.C.,V.S., L.N., G.D., A.D.I., A.M.I. and A.S.; formal analysis, A.M.I., F.L., V.M.P., D.D.V., A.D.I., B.R. and G.M.; investigation, G.M., G.D., A.D.I., F.L., A.M.I., A.P., S.C., A.S. and F.I.; resources, A.M.I., S.C., A.P., G.D., A.D.I., F.I., I.R.B. and G.M.; data curation, G.D., F.C., F.L., M.G., A.M., G.C., M.G., F.I., D.D.V. and G.M.; writing—original draft preparation, A.D.I., A.M.I., G.D., M.G., A.S., F.C., F.L. and F.I.; writing—review and editing, F.I., F.L., D.D.V., G.M., M.G., A.S., V.S. and G.D.; visualization, F.L., A.S. and I.R.B.; supervision, M.G., D.D.V., F.I., A.D.I. and F.L.; project administration, F.I., G.D., G.M., A.P., G.C., S.C. and V.M.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
This research received no external funding.
The present clinical study was based in the University of Bari (Italy), in full accordance with ethical principles, including the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and the additional requirements of Italian law. Furthermore, the University of Bari, Italy, classified the study to be exempt from ethical review as it carries only negligible risk and involves the use of existing data that contain only non-identifiable data about human beings. The patient signed a written informed consent form.
Informed consent was obtained from the subjects involved in the study. Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient and his parents to publish this paper.
All experimental data to support the findings of this study are available contacting the corresponding author upon request.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
| OPG | Orthopantomography X-ray |
| RME | Rapid Maxillary Expander |
| LLT | Latero-Lateral Teleradiography |
| CBCT | Cone Beam Computed Tomography |
| ST | Supernumerary teeth |
| FF | Patient name |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. F.F. 9y, OPG X-ray initial clinical evaluation with persistent deciduous 51–61, supernumerary teeth and impacted incisors 11–21.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. F.F. 13y OPG X-ray presence of one supernumerary tooth and impacted incisors 11–21.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. (A–E) F.F. 15y 6m intraoral photos at the beginning of treatment: right (A), front (B), and left (C) view; occlusal upper (D), and occlusal lower (E) view.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. (A–E) F.F. 15y 6m initial radiographic documentation: LLT (A), OPG X-ray (B), CBCT right (C), front (D), and left (E) view.
Enlarge this image.Figure 7. (A–C) removable prosthetic device for aesthetic and functional purposes to replace elements 21 and 11: patient frontal smile (A); prosthetic device frontal view (B); cast model and prosthetic device occlusal view (C).
Enlarge this image.Figure 8. (A,B) post-operative view before device placement (A); fixed palatal appliance with three loops and central incisors pontic (B).
Enlarge this image.Figure 10. (A–C): Central incisors with eyelets (A); central incisors with brackets (B); central incisors extrusion with 0.014 thermal NiTi arch properly engaged (C).
Enlarge this image.Figure 11. (A–C) F.F. 17y 7m final radiographic documentation: LLT (A); central incisors intraoral X-ray (B); OPG X-ray (C).
Enlarge this image.Figure 12. (A–J) F.F. 17y 7m final intraoral photos: 11 periodontal probing (A,B); 21 periodontal probing (C,D); right (E), front (F) and left (G) view; overjet view (H); occlusal upper (I) and occlusal lower (J) view.
Enlarge this image.Figure 13. (A–D) F.F. 17y 7m extraoral photos at the end of the treatment: frontal view closed lips (A); frontal view smiling (B); facial profile with closed lips (C); facial profile smiling (D).
F.F. 15y 6m Steiner’s cephalometric analysis.
| Values | Normal | |
|---|---|---|
| SNA | 80.4° | 82°+/−2° |
| SNB | 78.8° | 80°+/−2° |
| ANB | 1.6° | 2°+/−2° |
| GONIAC ANGLE | 116.1° | 130°+/−7° |
| INTERINCISIVE ANGLE | 98.4° | 131°+/−6° |
| SUPERIOR INCISOR ANGLE | 51.2° | 22°+/−2° |
| INFERIOR INCISOR ANGLE | 28.9° | 25°+/−2° |
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Details
; Inchingolo, Alessio Danilo 1
; Patano, Assunta 1
; Coloccia, Giovanni 1
; Ceci, Sabino 1
; Garibaldi, Mariagrazia 1 ; Inchingolo, Angelo Michele 1 ; Piras, Fabio 1
; Cardarelli, Filippo 1 ; Settanni, Vito 1
; Rapone, Biagio 1
; Corriero, Alberto 1
; Mancini, Antonio 1
; Corsalini, Massimo 1
; Nucci, Ludovica 2 ; Bordea, Ioana Roxana 3
; Lorusso, Felice 4
; Scarano, Antonio 4
; Giovanniello, Delia 5
; Dipalma, Gianna 1
; Vito Marino Posa 6 ; Daniela Di Venere 1
; Inchingolo, Francesco 1
1 Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
2 Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy;
3 Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
4 Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
5 Department of Toracic Surgery, Hospital San Camillo Forlanini, 00152 Rome, Italy;
6 Polymedical Clinic Peucezia, 70023 Gioia del Colle, Italy;