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Water Resour Manage (2015) 29:18731885
DOI 10.1007/s11269-015-0916-z
Hesham Abd-El Monsef & Scot E. Smith & Kamal Darwish
Received: 30 June 2014 /Accepted: 5 January 2015 / Published online: 21 January 2015# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract
Objectives Perform an assessment of the environmental and health impacts of the Aswan High Dam (AHD) after nearly 50 years of operation. This paper describes the effect the AHD had on(1) the prevalence and incidence of schistosomiasis in Egypt, (2) sedimentation in the reservoir formed by the AHD (Lake Nasser in Egypt and Lake Nubia in North Sudan), (3) soil water logging and subsequent soil salinization in the Nile Delta (4) coastal retreat along the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea.
Results Schistosomiasis has decreased in Egypt since the AHD. Agricultural fields in the Nile Valley and Delta tend to waterlogged and since the water is not flushed out annually, the soils are saltier and so less fertile. However, the AHD affords multi-cropping during the year and Egyptian farmers have adopted better seeds and harvesting methods. Overall, agricultural production in Egypt has increased. Coastal erosion is severe in some areas, especially at the Rosetta and Damietta promontories. Efforts to stop the overall coastline retreat have been largely unsuccessful. Other areas of the Egyptian Mediterranean coastline are stable or have accreted. Reservoir-induced seismicity is not an issue. Deterioration of low-lying ancient Egyptian monuments due to seepage water from irrigation is a problem.
Keywords Aswan High Dam . Egypt . Nile . Environmental impact
1 Introduction
Negative public opinion on the Aswan High Dam (AHD) formulated soon after it began operation in 1968 and it became a famous example of poorly conceived civil engineering projects. A journalist and major critic of the project, Claire Sterling, wrote a series of articles critical of the project in the early 1970s. Her writings were widely read in magazines such as Life (Sterling 1971a). Construction on the AHD was just completed when Sterling made
H. Abd-El Monsef
Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
S. E. Smith (*) : K. Darwish
Geomatics Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl 32611, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Impacts of the Aswan High Dam After 50 Years
1874 H. Abd-El Monsef et al.
alarming predictions about the potential environment and health impacts of the dam....