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European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 64, 490494
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Iron excess in recreational marathon runners
S Mettler1,2 and MB Zimmermann3,4
1Physiology and Behavior Group, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; 2Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland; 3Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland and 4Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Background/Objectives: Iron deficiency and anemia may impair athletic performance, and iron supplements are commonly consumed by athletes. However, iron overload should be avoided because of the possible long-term adverse health effects.
Methods: We investigated the iron status of 170 male and female recreational runners participating in the Zrich marathon. Iron deficiency was defined either as a plasma ferritin (PF) concentration o15 mg/l (iron depletion) or as the ratio of the concentrations of transferrin receptor (sTfR) to PF (sTfR:log(PF) index) of X4.5 (functional iron deficiency).
Results: After excluding subjects with elevated C-reactive protein concentrations, iron overload was defined as PF 4200 mg/l. Iron depletion was found in only 2 out of 127 men (1.6% of the male study population) and in 12 out of 43 (28.0%) women. Functional iron deficiency was found in 5 (3.9%) and 11 (25.5%) male and female athletes, respectively. Body iron stores, calculated from the sTfR/PF ratio, were significantly higher (Po0.001) among male compared with female marathon runners.
Median PF among males was 104 mg/l, and the upper limit of the PF distribution in males was 628 mg/l. Iron overload was found in 19 out of 127 (15.0%) men but only 2 out of 43 in women (4.7%). Gender (male sex), but not age, was a predictor of higher PF (Po0.001).
Conclusions: Iron depletion was present in 28% of female runners but in o2% of males, whereas one in six male runners had signs of iron overload. Although iron supplements are widely used by athletes in an effort to increase performance, our findings indicate excess body iron may be common in male recreational runners and suggest supplements should only be used if tests of iron status indicate deficiency.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 64, 490494; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.16
Web End =10.1038/ejcn.2010.16 ;...