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1. Introduction

In modern multi-area power systems (MAPS), where the power plants are geographically distributed, maintaining the tie-power flow and frequency are the central aspects of the MAPS. At sudden change in the net load, frequency and tie-schedule power deviate from nominal. Therefore, it is essential to preserve the quality of the generated power in the power plant through designing a load frequency control (LFC) [1,2,3,4,5,6]. The general function of the LFC is to maintain the balance between the new net-load demand and the generated power by regulating the tie-line and frequency power flow in MAPS.

In general, power plants are connected together via tie-lines. Maintaining scheduled power flows between interconnected large systems is very crucial. Moreover, keeping the frequencies of each area in a nominal range where the plant model exhibits the following drawbacks: random load change, and mismatched uncertainties. These made the LFC design more complex [7]. Thus, two approaches are used for LFC in the interconnected power network: a centralized and decentralized LFC scheme where the second scheme is preferable as the controller feed-in by the regional information [8,9,10].

There are a lot of control methods that have been designed for LFC, and the significant research papers were proposed for LFC as summarized in [11]. Proportional integral (PI) is the first control method studied in the field of LFC, where the mismatched parameters were neglected. It follows that the PI tuned once for specific operating conditions, hence the PI controller failed under variable operating points [12]. In recent years, some advanced control methods have also been developed. Some intelligent control schemes such as particle swarm optimization, fuzzy logic, artificial neural network and genetic algorithm have been proposed for LFC in MAPS [13,14,15,16,17]. In addition, the optimal control scheme with Proportional integral derivative (PID), particularly the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, was implemented for tuning PID-based LFC [18]. However, the above-proposed controllers consider the mismatched uncertainty of the power systems [19].

Robust control scheme such as variable structure control (VSC) is used to control power frequency. VSC is robust against various power system problems. VSC for LFC for MAPS is presented in [20]. Among the VSC control methods, sliding mode control (SMC) has been greatly used by control engineers. The SMC method is discussed in [21]. The SMC control strategy provides robust performance and fast response. Discrete and continuous time SMC for LFC are examined for power systems [22,23], respectively. A decentralized SMC with an integral sliding surface is studied and presented in [24]. In the literature, the SMC discussed acts on a first-order time derivative. The first-order SMC combination with state observer is provided for LFC in MAPS which is suffered from chattering phenomenon [25]. The second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) has been proposed to handle this problem [26]. The system state variables were assumed to be measured [20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. In contrast, some state variables of the real power system are difficult to measure. The direct measurements with sensors in some cases are difficult or expensive for the measurement. In order to solve the above problem, the state observer has been widely explored for industrial application such as the Luenberger observer [27], unscented Kalman filter [28] and extended observer [29] where the system performance is also affected by matched uncertainty. The state estimator for LFC of MAPS is employed and presented in [29]. With the aim of improving the system performance, first-order SMC based on an observer has been used to observe the load disturbance of the power network given in [30,31]. Also, SOSMC combined with a state estimator has been used to observe the disturbance of the MAPS to improve the system performance with making it free of chattering [32,33]. These controllers above were designed to observe the load change and keep the frequency at nominal if all the system state variables are measured. However, this cannot guarantee for the practical application of these above controllers where some state variables of MAPS are not measurable or difficult to measure. Therefore, this motivates the design of LFC based on a new SMC where the state observer is used fully in the sliding surface and a decentralized second-order sliding mode controller (SOSMCr) is used to solve the above the problems. The major contributions of the paper are as below:

  • The integral sliding surface (ISS) and the decentralized controller are designed based on the estimated system state variables (SSV) so that we do not need to measure the power SSV to achieve LFC. Therefore, the limitation of measuring the power system state variables to achieve LFC in [32,33] has been solved.

  • A new LMI technique is proposed to ensure the stability of MAPS via the Lyapunov theory.
  • SOSMC combined with state estimator is designed to improve the system performance due to a decrease in chattering in the control input.
  • The simulation results indicate the proposed approach has a better performance in terms of settling time and under/overshoots. Thus, this provides evidence of the new controller application for large MAPS.

2. Model of Two-Area Power System (TAPS) in State Space Form

In this section, we introduce the linear dynamic equations for TAPS. A representative diagram of a decentralized LFC for the system is presented in Figure 1. Both areas have their proposed local controller which will be designed in the following sections. The interconnected power line and frequency are kept constant by the proposed local controller. In general, the frequency regulator scheme consists of two feedback loops, mainly the primary LFC loop (inner loop) and secondary LFC loop (outer loop). The inner loop consists of governor droop speed. The outer loop consists of the proposed controller.

The SSV denoted in Figure 1 describes the dynamics of the TAPS.

Using the above system model, the following differential equations are obtained

Δf˙1=−1Tp1Δf1+Kp1Tp1ΔPm1−Kp1Tp1ΔPtie1,2−Kp1Tp1ΔPd1

ΔP˙m1=−1Tt1ΔPm1+1Tt1ΔPv1

ΔP˙v1=−1R1 Tg1Δf1−1Tg1ΔPv1+1Tg1ΔPc1

Δf˙2=−1Tp2Δf2+Kp2Tp2ΔPm2−a12 Kp2Tp2ΔPtie1,2−Kp2Tp2ΔPd2

ΔP˙m2=−1Tt2ΔPm2+1Tt2ΔPv2

ΔP˙v2=−1R2 Tg2Δf2−1Tg2ΔPv2+1Tg2ΔPc2

ΔPtie1,2=2πT12Δf1−2πT12Δf2

ΔE˙1=KB 1Δf1+ΔPtie1,2

ΔE˙2=KB2Δf2+a12ΔPtie1,2

whereΔf1andΔf2are the frequency deviations of the first and second areas,ΔPm1andΔPm2are the generator mechanical output deviations of the first and second areas,ΔPv1andΔPv2are the valve position deviations of first and second areas,ΔE1andΔE2are the area control errors of first and second areas,ΔPtie1,2is the tie-line active power deviation between the first and second areas.Kp1andKp2are operations of the system power of the first and second areas,Tp1andTp2are time constants of the power system of the first and second areas,Tt1andTt2are turbine time constants of the first and second areas,Tg1andTg2are governor time constants of steam of the first and second areas,R1andR2are speed drops of the first and second areas,KB 1andKB 2are frequency bias factors of the first and second areas,T12is the tie-line reactance and synchronizing coefficient between the first and second areas, anda12is the control area capacity ratio.

The system dynamic Equations (1)–(9) are defined in the state space form

x˙(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+Fw(t)y(t)=Cx(t)

where

B=[001Tg1000000000001Tg2000]T;F=[−Kp1Tp100000000000−Kp2Tp200000]T

A=[−1Tp1Kp1Tp10000−Kp1Tp1000−1Tt11Tt1000000−1R1 Tg10−1Tg1000000000−1Tp2Kp2Tp20−a12 Kp2Tp2000000−1Tt21Tt2000000−1R2 Tg20−1Tg20002πT1200−2πT1200000B100000100000B200a1200]

System variable:x(t)=[Δf1ΔPm1ΔPv1Δf2ΔPm2ΔPv2ΔPtie,12ΔE1ΔE2]T

Control input:u(t)=[ΔPc1ΔPc2]T

Disturbance:w(t)=[ΔPd1ΔPd2]T

The basic assumptions are derived for the progress of this work.

Assumption 1.

The pair matrices(A,B)are controllableand the pair matrices(A,C)are observable.

Assumption 2.

Thedisturbance in Equation (10) is bounded and defined by‖w(t)‖≤ς, where‖.‖is the norm.

In addition, some Lemma are adopted for the progress of the paper.

Lemma 1

([34]). LetXandYbe a real matrix of suitable dimension then, for any scalarμ>0, the below matrix inequality holds:

XTY+YTX≤μXTX+μ−1 YTY.

Lemma 2

([34]). The following matrix inequality

[R(z)I(z)I(z)TP(z)]>0

whereR(z)=R(z)T,P(z)=P(z)TandI(z)depend affinity on z, is equivalent toP(z)>0

R(z)−I(z)P(z)−1I(z)T>0.

3. New Second Order-Sliding Mode Control Based Observer Design 3.1. Design of Observer

In control system engineering, it is costly or hard (or sometimes impossible) to measure all system variables; the direct observation of the physical state of the system cannot be done in some cases. Analyzing the indirect effect between the measured input and output signal is considered. Observing and estimating the unmeasured states by measuring enough state variables has been used to overcome this limitation. Due to the estimations, inaccurate results would be inevitable. The state observer is a subsystem that computes the internal state of a given system which cares for unmeasured state variables, by knowing the input and output of the real power system. We use a state space form of the systems open loop to design the observer, and it is written as follows:

z˙(t)=Az(t)+Bu(t)+L[y(t)−y^(t)]y^(t)=Cz(t)

The states observed take two inputs from measuring the real power system, which isu(t)andy(t), the estimated statey^(t)is the output signal coming from the observer. To make the system stable, we chose proper feedback gainKvia the pole assignment method which makes the eigenvalues ofAT−CTKlie in the predefined locations in the negative hyperplane. The observer gainLfor the system can be calculated by using the following relationship:L=KT.

3.2. Integral Sliding Surface (ISS) with State Observer In this subsection, the design of the proposed controller includes two steps. Firstly, the design of ISS which the states of the system in the ISS can asymptotically converge to zero. Secondly, a robust SOSMCr is designed for the system states which always converged to the predefined sliding surface.

We begin by proposing an ISS for the power system

σ[z(t)]=Gz(t)−∫0tG(A−BK)z(τ)dτ

whereGis the constant matrix andKis the design matrix.Gis calculated to ensure that matrixGBis invertible.K∈Rm×nsatisfies the inequality in Equation (16)

Re[λmax(A−BK)]<0

Taking time derivative of Equation (15) and combined with Equation (14), then

σ˙[z(t)]=G{Az(t)+Bu(t)+L[y(t)−y^(t)]}−G(A−BK)z(t)

Settingσ˙[z(t)]=σ[z(t)]=0, we can see that the equivalent control is presented as

ueq(t)=−(GB)−1[GAz(t)+GL[y(t)−y^(t)]−G(A−BK)z(t)]

Substituting Equation (18) into the MAPS in Equation (10) yields

x˙(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+Fw(t)=Ax(t)−BKz(t)−B(GB)−1GL[y(t)−y^(t)]+Fw(t)=(A−BK)x(t)+(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)d(t)+Fw(t)

whered(t)is the difference of the estimated and real SSV. Then the time derivative ofd(t)is as below

d˙(t)=x˙(t)−z˙(t)=(A−LC)d(t)+Fw(t)

The sliding motion equation can be rewritten as the equation below:

[x˙(t)d˙(t)]=[A−BK (BK−B(GB)−1GLC)0 A−LC][x(t)d(t)]+[Fw(t)Fw(t)]

Equation (21) is the power system in the ISS where an eigenvalue of(A−BK)is used to drive the estimated SSV to the hyperplane. The stability of MAPS can be stated as follows.

Theorem 1.

The dynamic system as described in Equation (21)is asymptoticallystable,if there existtwopositive definitematricesR,Pand positive scalarsμ,γsuch that the following LMIs hold

[R(A−BK)+(A−BK)TRR(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)FTR0(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)TRP(A−LC)+(A−LC)TP0FTPRF0−μ−100PF0−γ−1]<0.

To demonstrate the stability of the system dynamic, the Lyapunov function is selected as follows:

V[x(t),d(t)]=[x(t)d(t)]T[R 00 P][x(t)d(t)]

The derivative ofV[x(t),d(t)]is given by

V˙[x(t),d(t)]=[x(t)d(t)]T[R 00 P][x˙(t)d˙(t)]+[x˙(t)d˙(t)]T[R 00 P][x(t)d(t)]

According to Equations (19) and (24), we have

V˙[x(t),d(t)]=[x(t)d(t)]T[R 00 P]{[A−BK (BK−B(GB)−1GLC)0 A−LC][x(t)d(t)]+[Fw(t)Fw(t)]}+[[A−BK (BK−B(GB)−1GLC)0 A−LC][x(t)d(t)]+[Fw(t)Fw(t)]]T[R 00 P][x(t)d(t)]=[x(t)d(t)]T[R(A−BK) R(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)0 P(A−LC)][x(t)d(t)]+[x(t)d(t)]T[R 00 P][Fw(t)Fw(t)]+[x(t)d(t)]T[(A−BK)TR0(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)TR(A−LC)TP][x(t)d(t)]+[Fw(t)Fw(t)]T[R 00 P][x(t)d(t)]=[x(t)d(t)]T[R(A−BK)+(A−BK)TR R(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)TR P(A−LC)+(A−LC)TP][x(t)d(t)]+xT(t)RFw(t)+wT(t)FTRx(t)+dT(t)PFw(t)+wT(t)FTPd(t)

Applying Lemma 1 to Equation (25), we obtain

V˙[x(t),d(t)]≤[x(t)d(t)]T[R(A−BK)+(A−BK)TR R(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)TR P(A−LC)+(A−LC)TP][x(t)d(t)]+μxT(t)RFFTRx(t)+μ−1 wT(t)w(t)+γdT(t)PFFTPd(t)+γ−1 wT(t)w(t)≤[x(t)d(t)]T[R(A−BK)+(A−BK)TR+μRFFTR R(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)TR P(A−LC)+(A−LC)TP+γPFFTP][x(t)d(t)]+λς2

whereλ=γ−1+μ−1.

Simplifying Equation (26), we get

V˙[x(t),d(t)]≤[x(t)d(t)]TΦ[x(t)d(t)]+λς2

In addition, by using Lemma 2 to Equation (22), the LMI (22) is equivalent to the below equation

Φ=−[R(A−BK)+(A−BK)TR+μRFFTR R(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)(BK−B(GB)−1GLC)TR P(A−LC)+(A−LC)TP+γPFFTP]>0

From Equations (27) and (28), it can be obtained

V˙≤−λmin(Φ)‖[x(t)d(t)]‖2+∂

where the constant value is∂=λς2and the eigenvalue isλmin(Φ)>0.Therefore,V˙[x(t),d(t)]<0is achieved with‖[x(t)d(t)]‖>∂λmin(Φ). Hence, the sliding motion (21) is asymptotically stable.

3.3. Design of Second-Order Sliding Mode Controller Based on State Estimator

In the previous step, we designed the new ISS based on a state observer and proved the whole system is asymptotically stable. In this step, the SOSMC is designed. The concept behind the SOSMC is to take the advantage of the second-order time derivative of the sliding variableσ[z(t)]rather than first derivative.

We consider the following sliding manifoldM[z(t)]

M[z(t)]=σ˙[z(t)]+εσ[z(t)]

and

M˙[z(t)]=σ¨[z(t)]+εσ˙[z(t)]

whereε>0is a positive constant. Using the above Equations (17) and (31) yield

M˙[z(t)]=G{Az˙(t)+Bu˙(t)+L[y˙(t)−y^˙(t)]}−G(A−BK)z˙(t)+εσ˙[z(t)]=GBu˙(t)+GL[y˙(t)−y^˙(t)]+GBKz˙(t)+εσ˙[z(t)]

As sliding surface and sliding manifold are defined above, the continuous decentralized SOSMC scheme which only depends on the state observer for LFC of the MAPS can be designed as follows

u˙(t)=−(GB)−1{GL[y˙(t)−y^˙(t)]+GBKz˙(t)+εσ˙[z(t)]+δsat(M[z(t)])}

where

sat(M[z(t)])={−1ifM[z(t)]<−1M[z(t)]if−1<M[z(t)]<11ifM[z(t)]>1

To prove reachability of the estimated SSV to the sliding manifold, the following theorem is given as

Theorem 2.

The reachability of the estimated SSV is guaranteed, if the trajectory of the estimated SSV is directed towards the sliding manifoldM[z(t)]=0and once the trajectory hits the sliding manifoldM[z(t)]=0it remains on the sliding manifold thereafter.

The Lyapunov function is described as

V¯(t)=12M2[z(t)]

Taking the derivative ofV¯(t)yields

V¯˙(t)=12{M˙[z(t)]×MT[z(t)]+M[z(t)]×M˙T[z(t)]}=MT[z(t)]{GAz˙(t)+GBu˙(t)+GL[y˙(t)−y^˙(t)]−G(A−BK)z˙(t)+εσ˙[z(t)]}

According to Assumption 1 we achieve

V¯˙(t)=MT[z(t)]{GBKz˙(t)+GL[y˙(t)−y^˙(t)]+εσ˙[z(t)]}+MT[z(t)]GBu˙(t)≤0

Using the control law (33), we have

V¯˙≤MT[z(t)]{GBKz˙(t)+GL[y˙(t)−y^˙(t)]+εσ˙[z(t)]}−MT[z(t)]GB[(GB)−1{GL[y˙(t)−y^˙(t)]+GBKx^˙(t)+εσ˙[z(t)]+δsat(M[z(t)])}]≤−δMT[z(t)]sat(M[z(t)])≤−δ‖M[z(t)]‖2

Therefore,V¯˙is less than zero which shows that the reachability of the estimated SSV to the ISS is guaranteed.

4. Results and Discussions 4.1. Simulation 1: Two-Area Power System (TAPS)

In the first simulation, a numerical simulation for three cases was conducted to examine the feasibility of the proposed designed SOSMC. Subsystem parameters are used to simulate the model as written in Table 1. The three cases can be summarized as follows:

  • Case 1: Step load disturbance under a nominal condition.
  • Case 2: Step load disturbance under mismatched uncertainty.
  • Case 3: Random load disturbance under mismatched uncertainty.

And their results are compared with ref [31].

  • Case 1: Step load disturbance with nominal conditions

First, we simulated the response of the TAPS with SOSMC by introducing a step load change of magnitudeΔPd1=0.02(p.uMV)in area 1 andΔPd2=0.045(p.uMV) in area 2. The frequency divergence in area one (solid line) and area two (dashed line) are illustrated in Figure 2. The tie-line variation is illustrated in Figure 3. The control input signal for area one and two are given in Figure 4.

Frequency and tie-line deviate away from the initial point under the step load. The overshoots seen are damped by the propose controller at a fast response time of 2.5 s. This is achieved by the designed controller gain matrix K in the integral surface. A lack of chattering with control accuracy is also seen in the results, which are due to the SOSMC technique employed. In Figure 4, the small overshoot showed lesser energy used by the designed controller.

Remark 1.Eventhough we used the information of the system state variables from the observer rather than from the sensor, the frequency deviation and the tie-line power fluctuation are kept in a safer range and the system response is better about under/overshoot and settling time.

  • Case 2. Step load disturbance under the mismatched uncertainty.

The proposed SMC scheme was carried out in the presence of the mismatched condition, and the nonlinear term was linearized to make the model of the system consistent in Figure 1, which consists of deleting some higher order terms, where some error will occur between the real system and the simulation model. The step load disturbances were chosen in the same way as case 1. Furthermore, un-modeled dynamics can degrade the stability of the MAPS. To show the robustness of the new controller, a ± 20% of the nominal value was applied to the system parameters and the un-model dynamic was considered and represented by the cosine function [31]:

ΔA=[00000000000000000040cos(t)01.6cos(t)00001.6cos(t)00000000000000000000000.46cos(t)06cos(t)006cos(t)000000000000000000000000000]

The deviation in the frequency of the first and second areas is displayed in Figure 5, and the tie-line power fluctuation is displayed in Figure 6. Figure 7 gives the input of the controlleru1andu2 . Once again, at normal operation, the dynamic changes are at zero marks. With the matched condition in the state matrix as shown in [31], both dynamic change values fluctuated, respectively. At 3 s the dynamic spikes were brought to a safe range. The response of the MAPS in terms of the maximum overshoots and settling time are in comparison with [31]. The values of both are written in Table 2.

Remark 2.

Under the mismatched condition, the proposed controller has good performance in terms of fast response time to bring the dynamic to the zero mark, lesser overshoots seen, and chattering free control without loss of accuracies when compared with [31].

  • Case 3. Random load disturbance under mismatched uncertainty

To validate the robustness of the suggested controller, a random load at 10 s intervals was applied to the power plants. We considered a random load variations pattern given in Figure 8, while the mismatched uncertainty was still kept the same as with case 2. Figure 9 shows the frequency divergence. The tie-line power variation is displayed in Figure 10 and the control signals in both areas are displayed in Figure 11.

Thus, the tie-line power deviation and frequency deviation converge to zero by using the sliding surface and the controller based on the state estimator. The response of the power system is better in terms of overshoot even when the system state variables are not measured. Therefore, the new controller can be applied in large power systems.

Remark 3.Even at random load variation and mismatched uncertainties, the ISS and the controller based on the state observer performed well by keeping the tie-line power and frequency at a safer point at every interval. The response of the power system is better with minimal overshoot which have no effect on damage to the actuator valve.

4.2. Simulation 2: England 10 Generation 39 Bus Power System

To extend the proposed controller based on state observer performance, we simulated it in a New England 39 bus system as Figure 12 and system parameters are from [33]. It comprised of three area power systems with 10 generators and 39 bus nodes. All generators were synchronized and connected in parallel.

Because load demands in a real power system keep changing, we applied random load variation in each area as shown in Figure 13. Figure 14, Figure 15 and Figure 16 show the frequency variation of area 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the tie-line power deviation is displayed in Figure 17. The tie-line power flow and frequency fluctuation rapidly converged to zero even though the system state variables were not measured. Therefore, this approach is better to maintain frequency and tie-line power at a safe range in a large power network where SSV are difficult to measure.

Remark 4.In this approach, the suggested controller based on observer is tested with a real power network and theresults indicate that the suggested method is powerful for the control of a large power network under load variations depending on time, with fast settling time and small overshoot.

Remark 5.In general, the proposed method achieved better control performance in terms of keeping tie-line power and frequency at the accepted point for the power system where SSVs are difficult to measure. The proposed scheme is extremely powerful, and not only reduces chattering but also guarantees the robustness of the MAPS.

5. Conclusions The system state variables are difficult or expensive to measure for load frequency control (LFC) of a multi area power system. In this paper, a new method based on SMC combined with an observer has been proposed to estimate the system state variables for LFC. The estimated state observer is used fully in the sliding surface and continuous second order sliding mode controller, which reduces the chattering problem and improves the system performance. In addition, the new linear matrix inequality technique is derived to prove the stability of the whole system which includes estimated state variables and the real state variables. Experimental simulation results show that the frequency deviation and the tie-line power flow are observed with reduced settling time and magnitude of overshoot in comparison with existing methods in the literature. Furthermore, the second order sliding mode-based observer has been successfully applied for an IEEE 39 bus multi area power system with the load variations, with matched and mismatched uncertainties. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed scheme is not only robust in the presence of matched and mismatched uncertainties but also can be successfully applied to a real power system.

Figure 1. Schematics of TAPS interconnection.

Figure 2. The frequency variation.

Figure 3. The tie-line power deviations.

Figure 4. Control signal.

Figure 5. The frequency deviations.

Figure 6. Tie line power deviation.

Figure 7. Control signal.

Figure 8. Random load variation.

Figure 9. The frequency variation.

Figure 10. Tie-line power variation.

Figure 11. Control signal.

Figure 12. New England test system.

Figure 13. Random load variation.

Figure 14. The frequency variation of 1st area.

Figure 15. The frequency variation of 2nd area.

Figure 16. The frequency deviation of 3rd area.

Figure 17. Tie-line variation of 3 areas.

Areas Tp Kp KB R Tg Tt KE T12
1 80.6781.50.050.40.170.53.77
2101.0041.50.10.30

Kind of the Controller Proposed Method SOSMC Observer Based SMC [31]
ParametersTs(t) Max.O. S (pu)Ts(t) Max.O. S (pu)
Δf13−5.0×10−47−5.0×10−4
Δf23−6.5×10−47−8.0×10−4

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.-T.T. and V.V.H.; methodology, A.-T.T. and V.V.H.; software, A.-T.T. and P.T.T.; validation, A.-T.T. and V.V.H.; resources, A.-T.T.; writing-original draft preparation, E.N.A. and P.T.T.; writing-review and editing, V.-D.P., A.-T.T. and V.V.H.; visualization, T.M.N. and A.-T.T.; supervision, T.M.N., B.L.N.M. and V.V.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Science and Technology Development of Ton Duc Thang University (FOSTECT), website: http://fostect.tdtu.edu.vn, under Grant FOSTECT.2017.BR.05.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data used is reported in the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Anh-Tuan Tran

1,

Bui Le Ngoc Minh

2,3,

Van Van Huynh

1,*,

Phong Thanh Tran

1,

Emmanuel Nduka Amaefule

1,

Van-Duc Phan

4 and

Tam Minh Nguyen

2

1Modeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam

2Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam

3Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Tien Giang University, My Tho City 840000, Vietnam

4Faculty of Automobile Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

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© 2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

In multi-area interconnected power systems (MAIPS), the measurement of all system states is difficult due to the lack of a sensor or the fact that it is expensive to measure. In order to solve this limitation, a new load frequency controller based on the second-order sliding mode is designed for MAIPS where the estimated state variable is used fully in the sliding surface and controller. Firstly, a model of MAIPS integrated with disturbance is introduced. Secondly, an observer has been designed and used to estimate the unmeasured variables with disturbance. Thirdly, a new second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) law is used to reduce the chattering in the system dynamics where slide surface and sliding mode controller are designed based on system states observer. The stability of the whole system is guaranteed via the Lyapunov theory. Even though state variables are not measured, the experimental simulation results show that the frequency remains in the nominal range under load disturbances, matched and mismatched uncertainties of the MAIPS. A comparison to other controllers illustrates the superiority of the highlighted controller designed in this paper.

Details

Title
Load Frequency Regulator in Interconnected Power System Using Second-Order Sliding Mode Control Combined with State Estimator
First page
863
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
19961073
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040863
ProQuest document ID
2488511055
Copyright
© 2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.