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0.05.
Finally, we examined the invariance of the structural model by constraining the factor variances and covariances across groups to be equal. Again, an acceptable model fit was obtained, χ 2 (25) = 41.61, p 0.05.
Construct validity
The correlation results (Table II) suggest that IAP is positively correlated with self-efficacy ( r = 0.41, p 0.05). These findings partially converge with what was expected regarding the relationship between the three constructs. However, the internal consistence of Type A personality scale is poor and results related with this scale should be interpreted with caution.
The results in Table III suggest that Type A personality behaviors do not explain IAP ( β = 0.17, p > 0.05; 95 per cent CILB = -0.07 and 95 per cent CIUB = 0.42). H1 was rejected. Our findings also suggest that self-efficacy positively relates with IAP ( β = 0.37, p
it is more robust and is most familiar to psychology and organizational behavior researchers (which facilitates understanding);
it accommodates unidimensional factor structures for within- and between-cluster models (ω only allows for this kind of multi-level factorial structure); and
it is less prone to bias in both the within- and between-clusters (particularly when ICC is > 0.05; Geldhof et al. , 2014).
Finally, after establishing an acceptable multi-level factor structure for adaptive performance, and determining whether this factor structure is reliable, we performed a multi-level CFA on the adaptive performance scale. For multi-level CFA, MUML estimation was used, and goodness of fit was determined through the qui-square index ( χ 2), CFI, the TLI, the RMSEA and the standardized root mean of residual (SRMR) (Dyer et al. , 2005; Muthén, 1994).
A cross-level examination of the relationship between thought self-leadership and adaptive performance in teams
Thought self-leadership is a cognitive self-regulatory skill that regards self-evaluation of one's values and beliefs (i.e. identifying and changing dysfunctional values and beliefs), self-talk (i.e. engaging in inside head or outlook monologues as a way to systematize information, manage stress and make decisions) and self-mental imagery (i.e. using visualization to generate multiple scenarios where behavioral responses are rehearsed; Marques-Quinteiro et al. , 2014; Neck and Houghton, 2006). Thought self-leadership is expected to increase individual capacity for adaptive performance in the sense that it...