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1. Introduction
The classic Supply Chain (SC), now called the Forward SC, does not play a vital role in End-of-Life (EOL) products. The reverse SC or Reverse Logistics tries to take responsibility for EOL products (Pauliuk et al., 2017). In recent years, reverse logistics (RL) has become one of the most notable issues in different industries. It also has some substantial effects on customer relationships and logistics related to operational capabilities (Bouzon et al., 2016). RL includes a wide range of activities on used products such as recycling, reusing, remanufacturing, collecting, repairing and recycling (Agrawal and Singh, 2019). Generally, RL purpose is to manage the reverse flow, and if efficient management is carried out on reverse operations, it can improve the distribution and collection system of the goods and materials (Safdar et al., 2020). Utilization of RL networks has some advantages, such as minimizing the costs and the number of pollutants, increasing the total profit of the network by recycling materials and components and sending them to markets, etc. (Chan et al., 2020). One of the substantial SC management processes is designing network logistics (Melo et al., 2009). In recent years, some companies such as Dell, Kodak and Xerox decided to design RL networks because of the stringent pressures and regulations regarding environmental and economic profits from remanufacturing and recovery activities (Rubio et al., 2019). A study in China shows that the quality of EOL vehicles plays a vital role when recyclers decide on their recycling behavior (Yu et al., 2020).
RL is the significant dimension of the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). The CLSC as an integrated approach has been known due to the development of the SC, in which both forward and reverse SC are considered simultaneously. CLSC has two types of duties: firstly, covering the demands of customers and secondly, collecting the EOL products (Krug et al., 2020).
Nowadays, the production of electronic and electrical waste is increasing (Sahu et al., 2018). The management of these wastes plays an essential role in environmental sustainability. This becomes even more important when most of these wastes are reusable or recyclable (Shittu et al., 2020). Traditional waste management was limited to landfilling or recycling and paid...