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Abstract
Plastic pollution in the aquatic environment has become a major environmental concern over the past few decades. It is estimated that ~15 million metric tons of plastic waste ends up in the aquatic environment annually. Over time, these plastic debris break down into smaller size particles, i.e., micro- and nanoplastics, due to various factors including mechanical friction, UV irradiation, etc. Several research studies have investigated the toxicity impacts of these micro- and nanoplastics on aquatic organisms using a wide array of polymer types, particle shapes, particle sizes, and test concentrations. However, there are still significant knowledge gaps in understanding their impacts to aquatic invertebrates.
In the first part of this thesis aims to address these gaps to advance our knowledge on the impacts of these particles on aquatic invertebrates.Existing scientific literature was critically reviewed to understand the status of research in this field and identify the knowledge gaps. Based on the reviewed literature, it was recognized that there is no clear consensus on how to pre-treat commercially prepared micro- and nanoplastics before using them for toxicity assessments; and the impacts of the preservatives present in these commercial formulations were not yet properly understood. Furthermore, the review showed that only limited studies have investigated the impacts of irregularly shaped micro- and nanoplastics which are a more realistic representation of the plastic particles present in the natural environment. Hence, the impacts of these irregular-shaped particles, and their associated complexity is still unclear.
To address some of these gaps, the thesis investigated the impacts of a preservative, sodium azide, that is widely present in the commercial formulations of micro- and nanoplastics. Acute toxicity experiments of as-purchased and dialyzed nanoplastics were used to understand the role of sodium azide in toxicity assessments. The results show that sodium azide contributes to the observed toxicity of commercial formulations of polystyrene nanoplastics whereas the tested nanoplastics do not have any significant impacts on the acute survival of Daphnia magna. Further experiments were performed to investigate the sub-lethal impacts of the same particles. The experiments showed that in the absence of preservatives, the tested nanoplastics do not have significant impact on the survival of Daphnia magna, but can cause severe impacts on other historic traits, such as growth and reproduction.
Another knowledge gap that was addressed in the final part of this thesis is understanding thepotential occurrence of non-spherical plastic particles in the aquatic environment, as well as theirtoxicity to Daphnia magna. In this case, single-use face masks were selected as a potential sourceof non-spherical plastic particles in the aquatic environment. First, the study investigated therelease of microplastic fibres from single use face masks and the fate of the released microplasticsin the environment. The results showed that face masks can be another major source ofmicroplastics in the environment, and a significant portion of these microplastics may end up innatural waters. Jar test results estimate that ~4–47 million microplastic fibres released from theface masks can be released into natural waters per day after wastewater treatment in an urbanenvironment (assuming a population of 4300 persons/km2). Finally, a comprehensive toxicityviassessment was conducted to assess the toxicity of these released plastics to Daphnia magna.





