Content area
Full text
ABSTRACT:
Uretric stone is a significant global trouble faced with increasing prevalence everyday affecting 5-15% of the population. Acute renal colic, a regular symptom is seen. No any specific cultural, racial groups or geographical factors responsible for this ailment. Recurrence rates are close to 50%and cases of urolithiasis are still increasing massively. Pharmacologic intervention is effective in controlling the pain of kidney stones, interfere in lithogenesis process and contribute for removal. Recurrent stone formation can be prevented by the use of reasonable dietary and fluid recommendations and directed pharmacologic intervention. Calcium-sparing diuretics such as thiazides are also used for its treatment. Citrate medications increase levels of this naturally occurring stone inhibitor. There are several herbal formulations used affluently for preventing recurrence stone formation. In this review article, we provide an update on the non-surgical treatments of stone disease, focusing our attention on what is known and what is new in kidney stone management. As the affected population is getting younger and recurrence rates are high, dietary modifications, lifestyle changes and medical management are essential.
Key words:Uretric stone, non-surgical therapy, fluid intake therapy, diuretic therapy, herbal therapy, probiotic therapy and expulsive therapy
INTRODUCTION:
Since ancient times the uretric stones (urolithiasis) are well known, mainly consisting of calcium salts, uric acid, cysteine, and struvite.1 Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate are the most common types accounting for >80% of stones, followed by uric acid (8-10%) and cysteine, struvite in individuals. The occurrence is increasing world wide, with geographic, racial and gender variation. Family history reports, young age at onset, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and underlying diseases like renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and hyperparathyroidism are the major risk factors for recurrence. High incidence and recurrence rate add enormous cost and loss of work days. Though the pathogenesis of stone disease is not fully understood, systematic metabolic evaluation, medical treatment of underlying conditions and patient-specific modification in diet and lifestyle are effective in reducing the incidence and recurrence of stone disease.2
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
Prevalence of urinary calculi is estimated to be 5% in the general population, with an annual incidence of as much as 1%.3 Men are twice as likely as women to develop calculi, with the first episode occurring at an average age of 30 years. Women have...