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One of the responsibilities of a nursing school is to provide a safe, controlled environment for students to learn and practice the clinical skills necessary to become clinically competent nurses. However, opportunities for nursing students to practice nursing skills in clinical settings are often limited. Thus, even after the completion of studies in a school of nursing, students are often deficient in skills deemed necessary to be a competent practitioner (Kim & Kim, 2005 ). Novice nurses are more likely to make an error in an actual clinical practice and to experience a high level of stress from fear of making mistakes in performing routine procedures. Nurse educators are challenged to identify and develop appropriate teaching methods to meet the goals of clinical skills courses as well as students' learning needs.
The traditional teaching method of nursing education has been lectures and discussion, which does not facilitate active learning (Carcich & Rafti, 2007 ). Recently, simulation using a computer-controlled responsive manikin has been suggested as an innovative teaching method for developing clinical skills (Lee, Eom, & Lee, 2007 ; Overstreet, 2008 ). However, the cost of operating a simulation laboratory is often high, making it difficult for small schools of nursing to implement the teaching method. Video cameras and recordings have long been used as a teaching tool in medicine and other applied health science programs at low costs (Parish et al., 2006 ; Zick, Granieri, & Makoul, 2007 ). This method of self-assessment can provide an opportunity for students to evaluate their own behaviors, such as communication and interaction skills, by reviewing the videotapes of their own performance (McConville & Lane, 2006 ).
Self-reflection of their own performance is an effective method of learning clinical skills. In this study, students in the experimental group reflected on their skills by reviewing the videotapes of their skills. There are some studies reporting that self-reflection improves students' learning motivation and competency. Reflecting on, and being critical of, their own performances may help students internalize information related to the procedure, (Kuiper & Pesut, 2004 ; Levett-Jones, 2007 ; Woolley & Jarvis, 2007 ).
Foley catheterization is a complex clinical procedure that requires several aseptic steps (Cho, Ko, & Kim, 2004...