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The PACHIQ (Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire) is designed to help clinicians and researchers assess how parents view relationship with their children (PACHIQ-- Parent version), and how children evaluate their relationship with their parents (PACHIQ-Child version). The items in this questionnaire refer to both interpersonal behavior and feelings. Conceptually, the PACHIQ is based on learning theory and structural systems theory. The development of the PACHIQ was described by Lange, Blonk and Wiers (1998). The present article reports additional psychometric data obtained in the development and validation of a revised, shorter version of the questionnaire (PACHIQ-R). We present norm tables for families with children who are referred for psychological treatment, and norm tables for families in the normal Dutch population. The PACHIQ-R displays a twofactor structure with factors interpreted as
Conflict Resolution and Acceptance. The parent version of the PACHIQ-R contains 21 items, the child version 25 items.
Fam Proc 41: 709- 722, 2002
Several studies have demonstrated the importance of the emotional atmosphere in the family setting as a determinant of psychological problems in children (Fauber & Long, 1991; Ginsburg, Silverman, & Kurtines, 1995; Kashani, Vaidya, Soltys, et al., 1990; Kaslow, Deering, & Racusin, 1994; Rapee, 1997). A large number of studies link ineffective parenting to disruptive child behavior (Cernkovic, & Giordano, 1987; Dishion, Patterson, Stoolmiller, & Skinner, 1991; Frick, Lahey, Loeber, et al., 1992; Radziszewska, Richerdson, Dent, & Flay, 1996; WebsterStratton, 1998; Wootton, Frick, Shelton, & Silverthorn, 1997). Ineffective parenting is characterized by lack of supervision, involvement, and positive reinforcement. In studying the effects of parenting on child psychopathology, it is important to have valid and reliable instruments to assess the quality of parent-child relationships. So far, a number of instruments have been developed from different theoretical perspectives.
Several instruments have been developed by family structure theorists (Moos, & Moos, 1981; Olson, Sprenkle, & Russell, 1979). These instruments focus primarily on cohesion within the family. Both low and high levels of cohesion, as measured by these instruments, are thought to be associated with an increased liability of psychopathology. The inverted U relationship between the level of cohesion and liability complicates the interpretation of test scores. With respect to interpretation, instruments that focus on the quality of the communication within the family, affective involvement and...