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This study provides a validation of EMBU-C on Pakistani adolescents. 1279 adolescents were selected through multistage sampling with the age range of 12-18 (M 13.93, SD 1.83). The participants were given a modified version of EMBU-C Muris, Meesters, & van Brakel, 2003), School Children Problem Scale (SCPS, Saleem & Mahmood, 2011) and a demographic performa. The result showed that EMBU-C produced almost similar factorial structure to the original (4 factors). The EMBU-C was found to have satisfactory internal consistency and proved a reliable and valid scale for Pakistani culture. The results revealed the perceived Parental Warmth was found to be a negative predictors and Parental Rejection was found to be a positive predictor of mental health problems (p<0.001). The results are discussed in terms of gender differences and cultural and clinical implication of parental rearing practices.
Keywords: Perceived parental rearing, mental health problems, adolescents
The quest for causes of emotional and behavioral problems and psychopathology in children and adolescents always led us to childhood. The early child-parent relationship, starts shaping from infancy, is considered as an essential factor for the growth and development of children (Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Eggum, 2010). There are three main strands of investigations into parent-child relationship in the consequence in later life. Among the most popular is Bowlby's Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1973) which emphasizes the stability and the quality of relationship as the main determinant of healthy attachment. Second approach to study parent-child relationship is Parenting Styles that include Authoritative, Authoritarian and Permissive parenting styles (Baumrind, 1966) having differential impact on the mental health of the adolescents. The third one is Perceived Parental Rearing Practices (Mûris, Meesters, Merckelbach, & Hülsenbeck, 2000) that claims four distinctive rearing practices namely Overprotection, Warmth, Rejection and Favoring subjects.
As the interest in studying the association between dysfunctional parenting and mental health increased, numerous instruments have been developed to measure parental practices of rearing. Among the most frequently used measures is The Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU; "my memories of upbringing") is one of the most widely used measure to assess perceived parental rearing behaviors. EMBU was originally developed to measure adult memories of their upbringing (Perris, Jacobsson, Lindström, von Knorring, & Perris . 1980). This scale has been widely used cross-culturally and has...