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J Plant Res (2013) 126:483496 DOI 10.1007/s10265-012-0543-1
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Phylogeny of New World Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae) based on cpDNA (psbA-trnH) and nrDNA (ITS) sequence data
Aaron A. Jenks Jay B. Walker Seung-Chul Kim
Received: 16 July 2012 / Accepted: 23 November 2012 / Published online: 23 December 2012 The Botanical Society of Japan and Springer Japan 2012
Abstract Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae) is economically and ethnomedicinally signicant and comprised of more than 500 species. Although strongly supported as monophyletic, it has received no comprehensive systematic research since the initial establishment of 91 taxonomic sections in 1939. Representative taxa of 73 sections of Calosphace were sampled to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and identify major lineages using chloroplast (intergenic spacer psbA-trnH) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer). Phylogenetic analysis of the combined data sets established monophyly of seven sections (Blakea, Corrugatae, Erythrostachys, Hastatae, Incarnatae, Microsphace, and Sigmoideae) and four major lineages (S. axillaris, Hastatae clade, Uliginosae clade, and core Calosphace). Sections spanning two or more centers of diversity are not supported by our results; rather, supported relationships exhibit signicant geographic structure. Mexico is supported as the geographic origin of Calosphace, and no more than seven dispersal events to South America are required to account for current disjunct distributions.
Keywords Calosphace Lamiaceae Molecular
phylogeny Salvia Western hemisphere
Introduction
Salvia L., commonly known as sage, is a genus of approximately 900 species with a worldwide distribution. It is the largest of an estimated 180200 genera in the family Lamiaceae. Salvia is placed in the subfamily Nepetoideae (Cantino 1992; Kaufmann and Wink 1994), which is strongly supported as monophyletic (Cantino 1992; Cantino and Sanders 1986; Wagstaff et al. 1995, 1998).
While recent molecular studies support a non-monophyletic Salvia, subgenus Calosphace (Benth.) Benth. was strongly supported as monophyletic and sister to subgenus Audibertia (Benth.) Epl. ex Walker (Walker and Sytsma 2007; Walker et al. 2004). Morphological analyses have also supported the monophyly of Calosphace (El-Gazzar et al. 1968; Ramamoorthy and Lorence 1987; Reiseld 1987), the largest subgenus with more than 500 species (Epling 1939).
Calosphace was originally described by Bentham (1832). Although Linnaeus described only 28 species of Salvia (Linnaeus 1753), by 1832 Bentham had described 266 species divided among 14 sections. In his contribution to DeCandolles Prodromus, Bentham...