1. Introduction
Organic-inorganic hybrid materials have attracted attention because of the unique properties derived from both organic and inorganic moieties. As one of the famous hybrid materials, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used for applications ranging from medical applications to optical devices due to its optical transparency, non-toxicity, non-flammability, and mechanical flexibility. The properties of the hybrid materials are mostly determined by the chemistry of the organic and inorganic components, their arrangements, and the microstructures [1,2]. These hybrid materials are widely synthesized via an alkoxide-derived sol-gel method because the low temperature process prevents the decomposition of the organic component [3,4,5]. However, the conformation of the organic and inorganic components is hardly controllable by the alkoxide-derived sol-gel method because the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of inorganic moieties of organically modified alkoxides take place competitively, which results in different nucleation-growth processes. A solvent-free sol-gel method which involves the nonhydrolytic condensation and nonaqueous acid-base reaction allowed us to prepare highly controlled inorganic networks at an atomic level because precursors can react directly with the counterpart [6,7,8]. We have reported silicate-phosphate (silicophosphate) and silicate-phosphite (silico-phosphite) alternating copolymers (–(O–P–O–Si)n) by a direct reaction of phosphoric acid (or phosphorous acid) and organically modified chlorosilane [9,10,11,12]. The network formation process involved a nonaqueous acid-base reaction as follows: P–OH + Si–Cl → P–O–Si + HCl↑. Thus, the phosphorous and silicon precursors are alternatingly linked by oxo bridges. The resultant hybrid materials exhibited low glass transition temperatures around at −25 °C to 70 °C, which allowed for the homogeneous introduction of optically active organic dyes and rare-earth ions in the hybrid materials for optical applications [13]. It was found that the molecular structures and the oligomer-scale networks were related to the chemical durability and the thermal properties of the hybrid materials [14,15]. Silicophosphate oxo bridges (Si-O-P) were quite hygroscopic due to the hydrolysis by water in ambient atmosphere. Usually, size and hydrophobicity of the organic group largely affect the stability. It has been reported that the phenyl-modified silicophosphate materials with 100% degree of condensation exhibit good stability in an ambient atmosphere. This was achieved by introducing bulky and hydrophobic moiety like phenyl group and also by the highly linked well-developed oxo networks [14]. On the other hand, it is well known that the network dimension and degree of condensation largely affect the thermal property of the resultant polymeric materials, especially for the softening temperature. Actually, it is expected for the organically modified silicophosphate materials as one of alternatives of so-called “low-melting glasses” which have softening (glass transition) temperature around 100 °C–400 °C. We have also reported that the silicophosphate materials are one of the candidates for such alternative materials [15,16]. Thus, the design of these structures is important to control the chemical, thermal, and optical properties.
In the present study, silicophosphate hybrid oligomers, which contain organic moieties in inorganic main chains, were prepared from phosphoric acid and organo-bridged bis(chlorosilane) by nonaqueous acid-base reactions. The 1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane ((C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2) and 1,4-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)benzene ((C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2) were used as organo-bridged bis(chlorosilane). In the silicophosphates reported so far, organic functional groups were introduced as the side chain of the (–(O–P–O–Si)n) networks. The use of organo-bridged bis(chlorosilane) as precursors resulted in the incorporation of organic moieties in the inorganic networks as (–(O–P–O–Si–R–Si)n) (R: Bridging organic functional groups), which attain the further flexibility for a design of atomic level structures in the hybrid materials. In addition, the formation of regular structures, such as layered structures and cage structures, is expected in the hybrid materials as reported in the conventional sol-gel derived organo-silica, metal organic framework, and metal-organic polyhedra, which provide us sophisticated properties, such as gas sorption, and unique optical and mechanical properties [17,18,19,20,21]. Herein, different types of silicophosphate oligomers were prepared from phosphoric acid and organo-bridged bis(chlorosilane) by simply changing the reaction temperature and molar ratio of precursors. The structures of silicophosphate oligomers were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The silicophosphate oligomers are expected to be used as building blocks for preparing hybrid materials with well-defined molecular structures for desired functionalities.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Reactivity between Phosphoric Acid and Organo-Bridged Bis(Chlorosilane) and the Preparation of Silicophosphate Oligomers
The silicophosphate hybrid oligomers were synthesized by a nonaqueous acid-base reaction between phosphoric acid and organo-bridged bis(chlorosilane) ((C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 or (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2) (Figure 1). In this method, the precursors were mixed under N2 atmosphere and then gradually heated to predetermined temperatures. Then, the solutions were kept at the temperature for 5.5 h and cooled to an ambient temperature. In the nonaqueous conditions, H2PO4− anions were produced by autoprotolysis of phosphoric acid. The H2PO4− anion as nucleophilic reagent attached to silicon in organo-bridged bis(chlorosilane) by SN2(Si) addition reaction, resulting in the formation of P-O-Si linkage. According to the reaction mechanism, the energy gap between HOMO energy level of H2PO4− anion and LUMO energy level of organo-bridged bis(chlorosilane) determined the reactivity between phosphorus and silicon precursors and the yield of the resultant hybrid materials12. Figure 1b shows the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the precursors. The HOMO level of the H2PO4− anion was contributed by the O-2p orbital. LUMO levels of the organo-bridged bis(chlorosilane) were constructed mainly by the Si-4p orbital. The LUMO levels with the same energy were confirmed in the (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 and (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 precursors, indicating that the both silicon precursors exhibited the same reactivity to phosphoric acid.
2.2. Silicophosphate Hybrid Network Formation from Phosphoric Acid and (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2
The phosphoric acid and (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 were mixed with a stoichiometric composition (H3PO4: (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 =1:1.5) and reacted in THF at 50, 100, and 150 °C. Spinnable and transparent products were obtained. Figure 2 shows 31P and 29Si NMR spectra of the products prepared at 50 and 100 °C. In the 31P NMR spectra, three distinct peaks were observed at −4.8, −12.8, and −22.5 ppm, which were assigned to Q1, Q2, and Q3 units, respectively. The fraction of each unit was calculated from the NMR spectra. The higher reaction temperature of 100 °C led to a decrease of the fraction of Q2 unit from 66.5% for 50 °C to 46.5% for 100 °C and an increase of that of Q3 unit from 29.2% to 50.0% with maintaining that of Q1 unit (4.3% for 50 °C and 3.5% for 100 °C). This result indicates that both products contained P-OH at the terminal of the (–(O–P–O–Si–C2H4–Si)n) networks and the products prepared at 100 °C had more branched networks. In the 29Si NMR spectra, two distinct peaks were observed at 33.1 and 21.6 ppm, which were assigned to M0 and M1 units. The fractions of M0 and M1 units for the product prepared at 50 °C were calculated as 14.8% and 85.2%. In the product prepared at 100 °C, M1 unit was the dominant structural unit as the fractions of M0 and M1 units were 0.05% and 99.5%, respectively. A similar result was observed for that at 150 °C (Figure S1). GPC investigation indicated that the resultant products were constituted of lower molecular weight molecules than 1000 g/mol, which was calculated according to the molecular weight of standard polystyrene. From these results, it was concluded that the product prepared at 50 °C contained both P-OH and Si-Cl at the terminal of the networks, while the terminal of the networks at 100 °C and 150 °C was mostly P-OH. The formation of linear and/or cyclic oligomers was assumed in the product prepared at 50 °C by comparing with those at 100 °C and 150 °C because the linear Q2 unit is the main structural unit. Cyclic oligomers and polyhedral (e.g., cage and double-decker) likely form in the products prepared at 100 °C and 150 °C because the branched Q3 unit was the main structural unit and the fraction of Q1 unit was relatively low compared to that of the Q3 unit.
2.3. Silicophosphate Hybrid Network Formation from Phosphoric Acid and (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2
Clear and viscous products with a bit brownish color were obtained by a reaction between phosphoric acid and (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 in THF with a stoichiometric composition (H3PO4: (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 = 1:1.5) at 25, 50, 100, and 150 °C. Figure 3a,b shows 31P and 29Si NMR spectra of the products prepared at each temperature. The peaks at 2.8, −5.1, −13.5, and −24.8 ppm in the 31P NMR spectra are assigned to Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q3 units, respectively. The peaks at 19.9 and 9.2 ppm in the 29Si NMR spectra are assigned to M0 and M1 units. Figure 3c,d shows the fraction of each unit at different reaction temperatures. The phosphoric acid exhibited higher reactivity to (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 molecules at higher temperatures. The 29Si NMR investigation showed that all chlorine in (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 molecules reacted with the phosphoric acid, resulting in the formation of P-O-Si linkage at the reaction temperature over 100 °C. Notably, the formation of only Q2 and Q3 structural units was observed in the product prepared at 150 °C, indicating that the product contained no terminal P-OH and Si-Cl in the networks and phosphoric acid, and (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 molecules were alternatingly connected to each other. Under this condition, the fractions of Q2 and Q3 units were 37.3% and 62.7%, respectively. The result indicates the formation of cyclic oligomers as well as cage molecules at 150 °C.
The effect of composition, in terms of molar ratio, of H3PO4: (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 =1:x (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.68, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0) was investigated at 150 °C reaction temperature. When the molar ratio of silicon precursor was less than stoichiometric composition (x < 1.5), viscous products, that were insoluble in tetrahydrofuran (THF), were obtained (therefore, NMR measurement was not conducted for these products). This is presumably because high-molecular weight silicophosphate is prepared by a self-condensation of phosphoric acid. Figure 4 shows 31P NMR spectra and the corresponding fraction of the products prepared at different compositions (x = 1.5, 1.68, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0). An increase of Q3 unit and a split of the peak related to Q3 unit were observed with increasing the molar fraction of the (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2. The peak splitting indicates the formation of Q3 unit in different chemical environments. At x = 3.0, the network was composed of mostly branched Q3 units linked by linear (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 molecules. In that product, the terminal group of the inorganic networks was determined as Si-Cl because both M0 and M1 units were confirmed by 29Si NMR investigation (Figure S2). The products prepared at x = 1.5 and 3.0 were investigated by GPC (Figures S3–S6). The product of x = 1.5 was constituted of only lower molecular weight molecules, like cyclic and cage molecules less than 1000 g/mol, which was calculated according to the standard polystyrene. On the other hand, the composition at x = 3.0 resulted in the silicophosphate alternating copolymers with a wide range of molecular weight from 200 to 10,000 g/mol.
In the present study, different types of silicophosphate oligomers with different network structures (such as cyclic and cage oligomers) and terminal groups (P-OH and/or Si-Cl) were prepared by changing the reaction temperature and molar ratio of the precursors. Although various types of molecular silicophosphates, such as cyclic and cage oligomers, have been reported so far [22,23,24,25,26], this is the first report on the synthesis of silicophosphates oligomers which contain organic moieties in inorganic main chains. The organic moieties incorporated in the inorganic chains of silicophosphates can increase the surface area as reported in silicophosphate xerogels prepared from bridged acetoxysilanes and phosphoryl reagents [27]. This advantage allows for the further use as building blocks for preparing hybrid materials with well-defined network structures for desired functionalities.
3. Materials and Methods
Orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4 (≥99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich Co., Tokyo, Japan), 1, 2-Bis(Chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane, (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 (96%, Sigma-Aldrich Co.), and 1, 4-Bis(Chlorodimethylsilyl)benzene, (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 (95%, Sigma-Aldrich Co.) were used as precursors. All the samples were prepared under a N2 atmosphere as reported [9]. For the H3PO4-(C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 system, H3PO4 and (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 were dissolved in 9 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a molar ratio of H3PO4: (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 = 1:1.5 with stirring and then gradually heated to 50, 100, and 150 °C in 30 min. Then, the solutions were kept at each temperature for 5.5 h and cooled to ambient temperature. The H3PO4-(C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 system was conducted by the same procedure as the H3PO4-(C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 system. The compositions of the precursors in this system were changed as H3PO4: (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 = 1:x (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.68, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0).
The 31P NMR and 29Si NMR spectra were measured using Varian Unity-Inova (300 MHz) and JEOL ECX400, ECS400. The samples for NMR measurements were prepared by 3-fold diluting the resulting viscous liquid with chloroform-d (98.00%, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and THF (super dehydrated with stabilizer, ≥99.5%, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). The chemical shift of 31P was obtained relative to that of 85% H3PO4. The chemical shift of 29Si NMR was obtained relative to that of tetramethyl silane.
The molecular weights of the samples were estimated by a GPC with Tosoh CO-8020, RI-8020, DP-8020, and SD-8022 systems (Tosoh Co., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a guard column (Tosoh TSKgel guard column SuperHZ-L, Tosoh Co., Tokyo, Japan) and three analytical columns (two Tosoh TSKgel SuperHZ1000 columns, and a TSKgel SuperHZ2000 column (Tosoh Co., Tokyo, Japan)) at 40 °C. Polystyrene standards (TSKgel Standard Polystyrene, Tosoh Co., Tokyo, Japan) were employed for the calibration. Tetrahydrofuran (THF)was used as the eluent at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.
The DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level were carried out for the H2PO4−, (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2, and (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 using the Gaussian 09 program [28]. The DFT calculations were also performed for the cage-type (PO)2(Ph(Me2SiO)2)3 molecules to determine the stabilized molecular structure.
4. Conclusions
Silicophosphate oligomers with alternating hybrid copolymer structures were prepared from phosphoric acid and organo-bridged bis(chlorosilane) ((C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 or (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2) by nonaqueous acid-base reactions. In the H3PO4-(C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 system with a stoichiometric composition, P-OH or Si-Cl terminated linear and/or cyclic oligomers were mainly prepared at 50 °C and P-OH terminated cyclic oligomers and polyhedral (e.g., cage and double-decker) oligomers were likely obtained at 100 and 150 °C. In the H3PO4-(C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 system, at the stoichiometric composition, P-OH or Si-Cl terminated oligomers were obtained at temperature below 100 °C. Importantly, low molecular weight ring and cage oligomers (ring tetramer, cage pentamer, and ring hexamer) were considered to be synthesized in the product prepared at 150 °C. At the 150 °C reaction temperature, an excess of phosphoric acid (x = 0.5 and 1.0) led to a self-condensation of phosphoric acid that impeded the formation of P-O-Si linkages, while the excess of (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 resulted in the Si-Cl terminated products with a wide range of molecular weight where almost all phosphorous had three P-O-Si linkages with (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 molecules.
The present synthetic approach for the alternating hybrid copolymers opens the simple and facile way to prepare small rings or cages that are expected for applications in gas sorption, drug delivery, and others as micro structure building units with a small cavity within them.
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at
Author Contributions
Writing, original draft preparation, K.O.; investigation, M.T. (Masanari Takano); formal analysis, Y.T. (Yasuaki Tokudome); DFT calculation, Y.T. (Yomei Tokuda); conceptualization M.T. (Masahide Takahashi); writing, review and editing, M.T. (Masahide Takahashi). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.
Acknowledgments
In this research work we used the supercomputer of ACCMS, Kyoto University.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
Figures
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. (a) Precursors used in the present study, (b) HOMO and LUMO energy levels of H2PO4−, (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 and (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 molecules evaluated by DFT calculation.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. (a) The 31P and (b) 29Si NMR spectra of the products prepared from phosphoric acid and (C2H4)(Me2SiCl)2 at 50 °C and 100 °C.
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. (a) The 31P and (b) 29Si NMR spectra of the products prepared from phosphoric acid and (C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 at each temperature. (c) The fraction of Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q3 units at each temperature calculated from 31P NMR spectra. (d) The fraction of M0 and M1 units at each temperature calculated from 29Si NMR spectra.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. (a) The 31P NMR spectra and (b) the corresponding fraction of Q2 and Q3 units at each composition calculated from 31P NMR spectra in the H3PO4-(C6H4)(Me2SiCl)2 system.
© 2019 by the authors.
Details
; Takano, Masanari 2 ; Tokudome, Yasuaki 2 ; Tokuda, Yomei 3 ; Takahashi, Masahide 2
1 Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599–8531, Japan; JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
2 Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599–8531, Japan
3 Faculty of Education, Shiga University, Otsu, Shiga 520-0862, Japan