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Livestock systems, crop-livestock systems, and crop systems are all important components of dryland agriculture. The most important opportunity for improving water management in dryland cropping systems is increasing the use of crop residues as surface mulch, but this has also the most serious constraint. It is a constraint not only because there is not sufficient residue produced in dry years, but in many developing countries, crop residues are commonly removed from the land and used for animal feed or household fuel. In many developing countries, the rapid increase in population is closely linked to soil degradation and this is particularly true in dryland regions. Indian agriculture is predominantly a rainfed agriculture under which both dry...