1. Introduction
The direct current (DC) power distribution network has many advantages, it can improve the power quality, decrease the power loss and running cost, harmonize the contradiction between the power grid and distributed power supply effectively [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Therefore, it has become one of the important directions of research on the distribution network.
The connection mode of the DC power distribution network and the alternating current (AC) network is the basis of system design and one of the key technologies in the DC power distribution [8,9,10]. System fault simulation is carried out generally in order to study the operating characteristics for a connection between the AC network and the DC network. Experts and scholars have completed a lot of research on DC fault analysis. In reference [11], the fault mechanism of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) DC-side bipolar short circuit is analyzed, and the circuit model of overcurrent analysis is established. In reference [12], the transient characteristics of the MMChigh-voltage direct current (HVDC) DC-side fault are studied, and the equivalent circuit model under short-circuit fault is established. The mathematical expressions of fault voltage and current are given. Based on the mechanism of the MMC DC-side bipolar short circuit fault, references [13,14] establish the fault current analytical expression of each stage of the fault development process. In reference [15], the DC fault characteristics of the MMC-HVDC are analyzed in depth, and the equivalent circuit model of the MMC under fault is proposed. In reference [16], a general calculation method of the fault current is proposed for the DC-side bipolar short-circuit fault of the flexible DC grid. In reference [17], the overvoltage and insulation coordination of a flexible DC power distribution network is studied.
Therefore, this paper uses the method of fault simulation analysis to study the connection mode between the DC distribution system and the AC system. A system simulation model configured with the connecting transformer and not configured with the connection transformer are established separately. Simulation analysis is conducted for the connection mode of the DC power distribution system and the AC network. Then, the AC-side fault simulation analysis and DC-side fault simulation analysis are carried out to study the influence of whether to configure the connection transformer on the system characteristics. 2. System Overview 2.1. System Structure
The system structure of a ±10 kV flexible DC distribution system is shown in Figure 1. In order to realize the power transfer function and improve the power supply reliability of the power distribution network, the system is equipped with a “star” network topology with three independent AC power sources. The three-terminal AC system is connected with the medium-voltage DC distribution bus through a fully controlled voltage source converter in order to improve the power quality of the AC power distribution network associated with the DC power distribution system [7].
The relevant parameters of the converter are shown in Table 1.
The type and capacity of source, storage and load in the flexible DC power distribution system are shown in Table 2.
2.2. Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC)
For Tangjia station and Jishan II station, because the DC bus is equipped with a DC circuit breaker, a basic MMC converter topology can be used. The power module topology is shown in Figure 2 [7].
Since the DC bus of Jishan Station 1 is not equipped with a DC breaker, its converter should adopt a topology with a DC fault self-clearing capability. The power module topology is shown in Figure 3 [7].
2.3. Short Circuit Fault Analysis
2.3.1. AC-Side Short Circuit Fault
Taking the single-phase grounding fault as an example to analyze the fault characteristics of the AC side, when a single-phase grounding fault occurs in the A phase of the AC system, it will be given as [8]:
U˙AK=0U˙BK=E˙B−E˙A=3E˙A e−j5π/6U˙CK=E˙C−E˙A=3E˙A e−j5π/6
where, EA, EB, EC are the three relative ground voltages of the AC system, and UAK, UBK, UCK are the three relative ground voltages of the fault point. According to the symmetric component method, the zero-sequence voltage is given as:
U˙0=13U˙AK+U˙BK+U˙CK=−E˙A
When the connection transformer is configured, because the converter transformer adopts triangle connection mode, the zero-sequence current will not be traded, so there is no zero-sequence component in the valve side and the DC side.
2.3.2. DC-Side Short Circuit Fault
After the bipolar short-circuit fault occurs on the DC side of the MMC, the fault current is mainly divided into a sub-module capacitive discharge current and an AC system feed-in current, in which the capacitive discharge current is the main part. The AC current feed-in cannot be considered in analytical calculation [18]. The equivalent circuit of capacitive discharge of the MMC sub-module before blocking is shown in Figure 4.
According to circuit theory, the expression of the fault current can be obtained as follows:
idct=e−tτUdcCeLesinωt−Idc0 ω0ω1sinω1t−θ1
where,Udcis the DC bus voltage of the MMC,Idc0is the initial current,τis the decay time constant of the discharge current,θ1is the initial phase angle determined by the initial current,ϖ0is the resonance angle frequency,ϖ1is the angular frequency of the oscillating current,Le=2L/3, L is the equivalent reactance of the bridge arm, andCeis the equivalent capacitance of the bridge arm.
3. System Configuring with Connection Transformer 3.1. Access Mode for Connection Transformer
The traditional high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system uses a converter transformer to connect to the AC grid, and the converter transformer and the converter valve together realize power conversion and electrical isolation between the AC system and the DC system. The flexible HVDC systems generally use connection transformers to connect with AC systems. The connection transformers can realize voltage conversion and make voltage source converters work in the optimal voltage range. Referring to the flexible HVDC transmission system, the flexible medium voltage direct current (MVDC) distribution system can be connected to the AC network by the connection transformer [6].
For the ±10 kV DC distribution system shown in Figure 1, the AC side is connected to the 10 kV AC distribution network. The connection transformer adopts a 10 kV/10 kV transformer, and the connection group is Dyn. That’s because the connection transformer is the link of power transmission between the AC side and the DC side. In order to isolate the influence of zero-sequence components at both ends of the transformer, the connection transformer is generally designed to eliminate zero-sequence components, and one side of the transformer must be an ungrounded system. For the connection mode of a single converter, the three-phase double-winding transformer with the Dyn connection is usually used. The neutral point is grounded by resistance, which provides the ground potential reference point for the DC distribution system [7].
According to relevant requirements of the urban distribution network planning and design specification, the limit of the single-phase continuous grounding current of the non-effective earthing system is 10 A. Therefore, the continuous DC grounding current under the single-pole grounding fault of the DC power distribution system is also considered to be limited below 10 A. When the system has a positive ground fault, the neutral point potential jumps to the negative value of the fault pole−10 kV. When the ground current is less than 10 A, the grounding resistance should be greater than 2000 Ω. In the case of a single-pole ground fault, the unbalanced voltage is 10 kV, and the grounding current is 10 A, which allows the three-phase DC current flowing through the connecting transformer to be 5 A, and the grounding resistance should be no less than 2000 Ω. Considering a certain margin, the grounding resistance that satisfies the continuous ground current and the DC bias of the transformer is taken as 3500 Ω.
When configuring the connection transformer, the main circuit connection of the DC power distribution system is shown in Figure 5. In the figure, the converter of the DC power distribution system is connected to the 10 kV AC bus through the 10 kV/10 kV connection transformer, and the 10 kV AC bus is taken out through the 110 kV/10 kV power transformer. There is no neutral point in the 10 kV AC power distribution system. The grounding is realized by connecting the grounding transformer of the Z-connection group on the busbar of the 10 kV AC system. The neutral point of the grounding transformer is grounded by a small resistance.
3.2. System Simulation Analysis In this section, based on the topological structure and system parameters of the DC distribution system with connection transformer, the system simulation model is established in Power Systems Computer Aided Design/Electromagnetic Transients including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC) to simulate the faults on the AC side and the DC side. According to the simulation results, the influence of AC side faults on DC side voltage and current, and the influence of DC side faults on AC side voltage and current, are analyzed.
3.2.1. Normal Operation
When the system is in normal operation, the overvoltage and overcurrent levels at key positions of the system are shown in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively.
3.2.2. 10 kV AC System-Side Fault
The fault occurring in the 10 kV AC system mainly considers the single-ground short-circuit fault and the phase-to-phase short-circuit fault. Among them, the phase-to-phase short-circuit fault only considers the most serious three-phase-to-ground short circuit fault. Considering the influence of the distributed resistance and the distributed inductance of cable on fault characteristics, the fault current at the outlet of the 110/10 kV transformer is the largest. Therefore, only the simulation condition that the fault point is set at the 10 kV AC bus side and at the outlet of the 110/10 kV transformer is considered. In the simulation, the fault introduction time is set to 1.6 s, and the fault duration is 0.04 s. During the fault, the voltage and current levels at the key locations of the AC and DC sides of the DC distribution system are shown in Table 5.
It can be seen from Table 5 that, when the AC system has a single-phase ground fault, the zero-sequence component appears in the AC system under the condition of configuring the connection transformer. When the three phase-to-ground short-circuit fault occurs in the 10 kV AC bus, the current flowing through 10 kV AC bus increases sharply, and the maximum current is 29.29 kA. This current will be transmitted to the side of the converter valve through the connection transformer, which will increase the current in the converter valve and the bridge-arm reactor accordingly, thus generating overvoltage on the bridge-arm reactor.
The voltage across the neutral point grounding resistance of the grounding transformer and the current waveform flowing through the grounding resistance are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7, respectively. The voltage waveform of the 10 kV AC bus to ground is shown in Figure 8. It can be seen from the figure that the voltage of the fault phase goes to zero, and the voltage of the non-fault phase rises; but in the small resistance grounding system, the voltage rise value is lower than the line voltage. The maximum voltage across the grounding resistance is 6.49 kV. Under the isolation of the connection transformer, the DC side voltage and current are almost unaffected, and the voltage and current multiples are all one.
According to the above analysis, when the single-phase grounding fault occurs in the 10 kV AC system, the voltage of the AC bus and the DC bus at the valve side is almost unaffected due to the isolation effect of the connection transformer. If the protection action is not taken into account when the three phase-to-ground short circuit fault occurs in the 10 kV AC system, the maximum current flowing through the converter valve is 2.63 kA, the maximum overvoltage generated on the bridge-arm reactor is 7.61 kV, and the maximum current flowing through the DC line is 2.04 kA.
3.2.3. 10 kV DC System-Side Fault
The DC side fault analysis focuses on whether the DC side fault will be transmitted to the AC system side, thus affecting the normal operation of the AC system. This section mainly considers the DC side single-pole grounding fault and bipolar short-circuit fault. Considering the influence of the distributed resistance and the distributed inductance of cable on fault characteristics, the fault current at the outlet of the converter station is the largest. Therefore, the fault point is set at the 10 kV DC bus side and at the outlet of the converter in Tangjia Station during simulation. The time of introducing the fault is 1.6 s. The duration of the single-pole grounding fault is 1.0 s and that of the bipolar short-circuit fault is 0.005 s. In the simulation calculation, the fault is in self-clearing mode without considering the protection action. During the fault, the calculation results of overvoltage and overcurrent at critical locations are shown in Table 6.
Table 6 shows that the single-pole grounding fault has little effect on the voltage of the AC bus, while the voltage of the 10 kV AC bus increases slightly to the ground. As shown in Figure 9, the voltage at both ends of the grounding resistance of the AC system is not affected. As shown in Figure 10, under the DC side bipolar short-circuit fault, the system flows through a large short-circuit current, which will produce a large overvoltage on the DC reactor and bridge-arm reactor.
According to the above analysis, when the single-pole grounding fault occurs on the DC side, the voltage and current on the AC system side are almost unaffected by the isolation of the connection transformer. When the bipolar short-circuit fault occurs on the DC side, the maximum overcurrent of the converter valve and the bridge-arm reactor flows through the converter valve is 1.79 kA without considering the blocking of the converter valve and the action of the DC circuit breaker, and the maximum current transmitted to the 10 kV AC bus is 1.89 kA. 4. System Configuring with no Connection Transformer 4.1. Access Mode for no Connection Transformer When the DC distribution system is not configured with the connection transformer, the converter is directly connected to the 10 kV AC bus through the AC reactor. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the interaction between AC and DC distribution systems, which includes the influence of AC-side faults on the DC-side voltage and current, and the influence of DC-side faults on the AC-side voltage and current.
According to the difference of the grounding mode of the 10 kV AC distribution system, the grounding mode of the DC system is also different. As shown in Figure 11, all 10 kV AC distribution systems are grounded by grounded transformers through a small resistance (10 Ω), which can be used as a reference point of ground potential on the DC side. The influence of the grounding mode is mainly reflected in the grounding fault. When the single-phase grounding fault occurs on the DC side, the fault point and the AC-side grounding point form a circuit, while the AC-side grounding resistance value is low, and the circuit will flow through a large current. If the system continues to operate, the larger DC current will have a greater impact on the underground pipeline network and the surrounding communication equipment; moreover, the larger current amplitude flowing through the neutral point when the fault occurs, the overcurrent protection of the AC distribution system will quickly remove the fault, leading to the immediate outage of the DC system. In summary, under this system connection, the normal operation of the AC/DC distribution system will be affected when the DC distribution system occurs a single-pole grounding fault, which greatly reduces the power supply reliability of the system.
4.2. System Simulation Analysis In this section, based on the topological structure and system parameters of the DC distribution system without a connection transformer, the system simulation model is established to simulate the faults on the AC side and the DC side. According to the simulation results, the influence of AC side faults on DC side voltage and current, and the influence of DC side faults on AC side voltage and current, are analyzed.
4.2.1. 10 kV AC System-Side Fault
The 10 kV AC system side fault mainly considers the single-ground short-circuit fault and the phase-to-phase short-circuit fault on the 10 kV AC bus side. In the simulation, the fault introduction time is set to 1.6 s, and the fault duration is 0.05 s. During the fault, the voltage and current levels at the key locations of the AC and DC sides of the DC distribution system are shown in Table 7.
It can be seen from Table 7 that, when the AC system has a single-phase ground fault, the zero-sequence voltage component appears in the AC system. Under the action of the zero-sequence voltage component of the AC system, zero-sequence components with the same amplitude and phase appear between positive and negative poles of the DC line to ground voltage, as shown in Figure 12.
It can be seen from Table 7 that, when the three-phase-to-ground short-circuit fault occurs in 10 kV AC bus, because the system is a small resistance grounding system, the short-circuit current will increase sharply, so that the current flowing through the converter valve and the DC line will increase significantly, and the current flowing through the converter valve and bridge-arm reactor will rise to 2.25 kA, which puts forward higher requirements for the current flowing ability of the power electronic devices of the converter valve. The increase of the current also makes the voltage of the bridge arm and both ends of the reactor rises significantly, reaching to about 7.71 kV, which has a certain impact on its insulation level. The maximum current flowing through the DC line is 1.45 kA, and the maximum overvoltage generated at both ends of the DC reactor is 10.11 kV. The voltage waveform at both ends of the neutral grounding resistance of the grounding transformer and the current waveform flowing through the resistance are shown in Figure 13. The waveform of ground voltage of the 10 kV AC bus is shown in Figure 14.
It can be seen from the graph that the ground voltage of the fault phase will jump to zero and the voltage of the non-fault phase will rise, but because of the small resistance grounding system, the voltage is lower than the line voltage. After the fault is cleared, a large transient overvoltage will appear.
4.2.2. 10 kV DC System-Side Fault
This section mainly considers the DC side single-pole grounding fault and bipolar short-circuit fault. The time of introducing the fault is 1.6 s. The duration of the single-pole grounding fault is 1.0 s and that of the bipolar short-circuit fault is 0.005 s. In the simulation calculation, the fault is in self-clearing mode without considering the protection action. During the fault, the calculation results of overvoltage and overcurrent at critical locations are shown in Table 8.
The waveform of the voltage of single-pole to ground is shown in Figure 15, when the single-pole grounding fault occurs on the DC side. It can be seen from the graph that the voltage of the fault pole becomes zero and the voltage of the non-fault pole jumps twice as much as the normal operation. There is a short transition process in the process of change. The waveform of voltage at both ends of the grounding resistance and the current flowing through the grounding resistance are shown in Figure 16. The neutral grounding point of the AC system jumps to the negative value of the fault pole voltage, that is −9.7 kV, and the current flowing through the grounding resistance is about 1 kA. Figure 17 shows the voltage waveform of the single-pole to ground of the 10 kV AC bus when the DC side single-pole grounding fault occurs. Due to the voltage change of the ground point, the relative ground voltage of the 10 kV AC system deviates as a whole, and the maximum overvoltage value is −20.22 kV. That is to say, the DC side fault is transmitted to the 10 kV AC system side, which makes the AC system produce large overvoltage and overcurrent. The protection of the AC system will act, which will affect the continuous operation of both the DC system and the AC system.
Table 8 shows that when the bipolar short circuit fault occurs on the DC side, there will be a large short-circuit current in the fault circuit, which causes a sharp increase in the current flowing through the converter valve and the bridge-arm reactor, thus causing a high overvoltage on the DC reactor and the bridge-arm reactor. The voltage at both ends of the bridge arm and the unipolar voltage of the DC line to the ground rise to a higher level.
In conclusion, if the system is not configured with a connection transformer and the AC system is grounded by small resistance, when the DC system fault occurs, the converter valve and bridge-arm reactor will flow through a large short-circuit current, which seriously affects the safety of the converter and reactor. At the same time, faults on the DC side will also be transmitted to the AC system side, which affects not only the reliable operation of the DC system, but also the reliable operation of the AC system. 5. Conclusions The access mode of the three-terminal flexible DC power distribution system to the AC system is studied in the paper, and the conclusions are shown as follows:
(1) The configuration of the connection transformer can effectively isolate the interaction between the AC and the DC system, and can ensure that the continuous operation under the DC single-pole ground fault without affecting the operation of the 10 kV AC bus, thereby greatly improving the reliability of the power supply of the AC–DC hybrid power distribution system.
(2) If the system is not configured with a connection transformer and the AC system side is grounded by small resistance, the fault current generated by the fault of the AC system side will be transmitted to the DC side, which greatly increases the current through the converter valve and DC line, and generates large overvoltage at both ends of the DC reactor, which will cause great harm to the continuous operation of the DC system. The faults on the DC side will cause the grounding resistance of the AC system side to flow through a large current, and the AC system side will produce a large overvoltage and overcurrent, which will affect the continuous operation of the AC and DC system.
To sum up, when no connection transformer is installed, the fault will cause a great impact between the AC and the DC system and will increase the cost of converter valves and DC reactor. Configuring the connection transformer can effectively isolate the interaction between the AC and DC systems, while saving costs, greatly improving the operational feasibility of the system. Therefore, it is suggested to configure the connection transformer in the DC distribution system.
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. Topology of MMC based on Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCT) cross-clamped.
Enlarge this image.Figure 11. Diagram of the DC distribution system without connection transformers.
| Tangjia Station | Jishan I Station | Jishan II Station | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rated capacity (MVA) | 20 | 10 | 10 |
| Reactive output range (Mvar) | −10~10 | −5~5 | −5~5 |
| Rated DC voltage (kV) | ±10 | ±10 | ±10 |
| Rated DC current (A) | 1000 | 500 | 500 |
| Rated AC voltage (kV) | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 |
| Rated AC current (A) | 1155 | 577 | 577 |
| Rated current of bridge arm(A) | 666 | 333 | 333 |
| Voltage | Source | Storage | Load |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 kV | Jishan I Station 10 MW | 0 | 0 |
| Jishan II Station 10 MW | |||
| Tangjia Station 20 MW | |||
| ±375 V | Photovoltaic(PV) 0.7 MW | 1 MW | 1 MW charging pile |
| 500 kW DC load | |||
| 500 kW AC load |
| Key Position | Voltage (kV) |
|---|---|
| 110 kV AC bus to ground | 90.2 |
| 10 kV AC bus to ground | 8.3 |
| Both ends of bridge-arm reactor | 1.0 |
| Both ends of bridge arm | 20.6 |
| DC reactor valve-side to ground | 10.4 |
| DC reactor line-side to ground | 10.1 |
| Both ends of DC reactor | 0.3 |
| 10 kV DC bus inter-pole | 20.7 |
| Both ends of AC system ground resistance | 0 |
| Key Position | Current (kA) |
|---|---|
| 110 kV AC bus | 0.08 |
| 10 kV AC bus | 1.68 |
| Bridge-arm reactor | 1.06 |
| Positive 10 kV DC bus | 1 |
| Negative 10 kV DC bus | 1 |
| AC system ground resistance | 0 |
| Parameter | Key Position | Single Phase-to-Ground | Three Phase-to-Ground |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overvoltage (Peak Value) | 10 kV AC bus to ground (kV) | 8.55 | 8.34 |
| Both ends of bridge-arm reactor (kV) | 4.02 | 7.61 | |
| Both ends of DC reactor (kV) | 5.39 | 8.79 | |
| 10 kV DC bus to ground (kV) | 20 | 16.21 | |
| 10 kV DC bus inter-pole (kV) | 20.21 | 23.77 | |
| Both ends of ground resistance of connection transformer (kV) | 0 | 0 | |
| Overcurrent (Peak Value) | 10 kV AC bus (kA) | 1.76 | 29.49 |
| Bridge arm-reactor (kA) | 1 | 2.63 | |
| 10 kV DC bus (kA) | 1 | 2.04 | |
| Ground resistance of connection transformer (kA) | 0 | 0 | |
| Fault point (kA) | 0.2 | 29.49 |
| Parameter | Key Position | Single-Pole Grounding Fault | Bipolar Short-Circuit Fault |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overvoltage (Peak value) | 10kV AC bus to ground (kV) | 8.47 | 8.68 |
| Both ends of bridge-arm reactor (kV) | 2.34 | 6.51 | |
| Both ends of DC reactor (kV) | 6.91 | 45.79 | |
| 10kV DC bus to ground (kV) | 27.46 | 18.87 | |
| 10kV DC bus inter-pole (kV) | 20.73 | 37.66 | |
| Both ends of ground resistance of connection transformer (kV) | 0 | 0 | |
| Overcurrent (Peak value) | 10kV AC bus (kA) | 1.65 | 1.89 |
| Bridge arm-reactor (kA) | 1.01 | 1.79 | |
| 10kV DC bus (kA) | 1 | 3.23 | |
| Ground resistance of connection transformer (kA) | 0 | 0 | |
| Fault point (kA) | 1.17 | 11.89 |
| Parameter | Key Position | Single-Ground | Three-Phase-to-Ground |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overvoltage (Peak Value) | 10 kV AC bus to ground (kV) | 14.24 | 13.67 |
| Both ends of bridge-arm reactor (kV) | 4.04 | 7.71 | |
| Both ends of DC reactor (kV) | 4.02 | 10.11 | |
| 10 kV DC bus to ground (kV) | 18.35 | 17.95 | |
| 10kV DC bus inter-pole (kV) | 20.56 | 23.20 | |
| Both ends of ground resistance of connection transformer (kV) | 6.27 | 2.13 | |
| Overcurrent (Peak Value) | 10 kV AC bus (kA) | 2.68 | 54.45 |
| Bridge arm-reactor (kA) | 1.23 | 2.25 | |
| 10 kV DC bus (kA) | 1.45 | 1.45 | |
| Ground resistance of connection transformer (kA) | 0.641 | 0.100 | |
| Fault point (kA) | 1.57 | 55.42 |
| Parameter | Key Position | Single-Pole Grounding Fault | Bipolar Short-Circuit Fault |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overvoltage (Peak value) | 10 kV AC bus to ground (kV) | 19.40 | 9.45 |
| Both ends of bridge-arm reactor (kV) | 8.06 | 14.04 | |
| Both ends of DC reactor (kV) | 5.66 | 129.67 | |
| 10 kV DC bus to ground (kV) | 24.44 | 28.77 | |
| 10 kV DC bus inter-pole (kV) | 22.53 | 56.7 | |
| Both ends of ground resistance of connection transformer (kV) | 9.04 | 0.30 | |
| Overcurrent (Peak value) | 10 kV AC bus (kA) | 2.30 | 2.08 |
| Bridge arm-reactor (kA) | 2.54 | 1.7 | |
| 10 kV DC bus (kA) | 1.89 | 3.05 | |
| ground resistance of connection transformer (kA) | 0.904 | 0.030 | |
| Fault point (kA) | 2.76 | 12.76 |
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, R.Z. and J.C.; methodology, L.Q. and Z.Y.; software, Z.N.; validation, Y.L., L.Q. and J.C.; formal analysis, Z.Y.; investigation, L.Q.; resources, Y.L.; data curation, Z.N.; writing-original draft preparation, L.Q.; writing-review and editing, Y.L.; visualization, Z.Y.; supervision, Z.N.; project administration, J.C.; funding acquisition, R.Z.
Funding
This research was funded by the 'smart energy demonstration project of city-park dual-level 'Internet +' supporting the energy consumption revolution'.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Yao Liu1,2, Jianfu Chen2, Lu Qu3,4,*, Zhanqing Yu3,4, Zipan Nie3,4 and Rong Zeng3,4,*
1School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
2Zhuhai Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
3State Key Lab of Power Systems (Department of Electrical Engineering), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
4DC Research Center, Energy Internet Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
*Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
© 2019. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Details
; Chen, Jianfu; Qu, Lu
; Yu, Zhanqing
; Nie, Zipan; Zeng, Rong