1. Introduction
The rural community is the basic unit of production and life for most farmers. The methods for implementing effective governance in the wider and broader rural communities to improve the quality of life of farmers is a topic of common concern and is increasingly attracting more scholarly and governmental attention [1,2]. Although developed countries and developing countries face different problems in rural governance, they all rely on the power of the country, market, and local communities in governance means [3,4,5] to achieve the goal of effective governance. Due to their individuality and complexity, the governance structure, governance content, governance subjects, and governance modes in ethnic-minority areas are unique [6,7], so the governance of ethnic-minority communities is an effective representation of rural community governance.
Existing research on the governance of ethnic villages focuses on industrial economic development [8], community organization development [9], community sustainable development [10,11,12], community poverty governance [13], and ethnic cultural homogenization [14,15]. The development of the tourism industry plays an important role in promoting rural economy [16,17], rural ecological environments, and rural cultural revitalization [18]. In addition, tourism is also considered a potential mechanism for rural community development [19]. However, few articles analyze tourism development in ethnic villages from the following two perspectives at the same time. The first perspective is research on the social mentality of a certain village and local residents within a certain time range, or around something or some kind of social phenomenon occurring in the village. The second perspective is the evolution of logical sequences of rural social development.
In order to fill this gap, this study constructs a binary analysis framework based on diachronic and synchronic theories. Diachronic and synchronic dimensions make up the theoretical framework for research from the perspective of historical evolution and multi-subject collaborative participation. In view of this, using Longjing Village as a case study, this paper analyzes the historical evolution process and internal logic process of rural tourism development promoting rural governance, which has important theoretical and practical significance.
The structure of this paper as follows. First, we review research into ethnic village governance and ethnic village tourism. Then, we present the case study and research method, and subsequently we introduce the data and analysis method. Finally, we present the conclusion and discussion. Limitations and future research directions conclude this paper.
2. Literature Review
At present, a great amount of research has been conducted into the governance of ethnic-minority villages, and it is considered that the integration of rural tourism and ethnic village governance is an important way to realize the modernization of village governance [20]. Ethnic village tourism promotes rural industry diversification, creates opportunities for the rural population to return, and injects vitality into “hollow villages” to be governed [21]. The development of tourism in ethnic villages not only promotes the transfer of knowledge and technology from the external population to local residents, but also improves the cultural literacy and business skills of local residents and injects intellectual support into rural governance [22]. However, the development of tourism in ethnic villages has changed the traditional ways of production and life in rural areas. The traditional farming economy has been replaced by the tourism economy, which has led to a change in the rural social foundation. This change not only brings new opportunities but also challenges rural governance. Tourism development in ethnic villages promotes local economic and social development, and also changes the functions of ethnic villages. In addition, the involvement of the government, tourists, tourism enterprises, and other stakeholders has complicated the social structure of ethnic village communities [23,24,25], diversified the demands of stakeholders [26], and increased the difficulty of the governance of ethnic village communities [27].
Much attention about tourism development and rural governance of ethnic villages has been attracted to many scholars, who have made interpretations from different perspectives, such as tourism poverty alleviation [28,29,30], order reconstruction [31], and tourism community governance [32]. Firstly, tourism poverty alleviation plays a positive role in the governance of ethnic villages, but there are also conflicts and contradictions [33]. On the one hand, ethnic village tourism, community governance, and rural revitalization are mutually coordinated and coupled [34]. Ethnic village tourism is not only an important channel to achieve “hemopoietic” poverty alleviation in poor areas [35], a key to rural revitalization [36], but is also a source of sustainable livelihood for local residents [37]. On the other hand, tourism poverty alleviation has intensified the differentiation of village economic interests [38], and the new interest order has caused new contradictions and conflicts [39]. Secondly, the order of the ethnic village has been reconstructed due to tourism development [40]. The rise of professional farmers [41] and the influx of external practitioners have impacted the traditional rural order, which is the underpinning of rural social governance. Therefore, in the construction of rural order, reasonable intervention is conducive to the development of ethnic tourism, which in turn plays a role in the governance of rural society [42]. Thirdly, in terms of governance performance, on the one hand, it emphasizes the role of legal systems and community government in promoting tourism economy, realizing interest adjustment, and protecting minority culture in the governance of ethnic tourism villages [4,43,44]. On the other hand, with the help of local knowledge, managers can achieve flexible governance combining rigid institutional policies with community culture. For example, Liu Xiangjun and others [45] analyzed the relationship between tourism development and environmental governance of ethnic villages, and then took local knowledge as the intermediary element, clarified the effective governance mechanism of local knowledge on the spatial environment, and achieved the effect of resolving the contradiction between tourism development and environmental governance. This research also explained that the influencing factors of governance performance in ethnic tourism areas are the premise of realizing the modernization of rural governance systems and capacity [32].
The above findings provide many case studies and abundant theories for subsequent research, while there is still room for progression. Firstly, from the perspective of causality, this can improve the income level of local residents, and achieve tourism poverty alleviation and rural revitalization to develop tourism in ethnic villages; and tourism industrialization is an effective way for rural governance. Secondly, from the perspective of governance means, rural governance measures can be implemented with the help of the compulsion of law and the ethics of local culture. However, the internal logic of industrial development to achieve rural governance is more complex, and a single constraint is difficult to achieve effectiveness for rural governance in practice. At the same time, existing research does not present the internal logical relationships between tourism industry development and rural governance. This research uses Longjing Village as a case study, which is a demonstration village of rural governance dominated by ethnic village tourism development, to explore the evolution processes of tourism development and rural governance from the perspective of diachrony, clarify the internal logical relationship between tourism development and rural governance from the perspective of synchrony, then provide a theoretical basis for ethnic tourism village governance against the background of the transformation of ethnic village governance.
3. Case Study and Research Methods
3.1. Case Study
Longjing Village is located in Qingyan Town, Huaxi District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, 29 km from downtown Guiyang, and less than 2 km from Qingyan Ancient Town, which is a 5A tourist attraction. It has convenient transportation links and unique geographical advantages (Figure 1). Longjing Village is a Bouyei (a minority ethnic group) village with a history of nearly 600 years. The Bouyei population accounts for 98% of the total population in the village [46]. It is named Longjing Village because there is an ancient well named Longjing which is endowed with a beautiful legend, and the water has been flowing from the well for thousands of years. The natural environment of the village is beautiful, the cultural heritage is profound, and the landscape resources are excellent. In addition, the architectural culture, catering culture, festival culture, farming culture, and clothing culture of the Bouyei people are well preserved. Before 2011, Longjing Village was a dirty and disorderly ethnic village. Since tourism development, this village has been governed defectively; its development process is shown in Figure 2.
The basis for choosing Longjing Village as the case study is as follows. First, tourism development and the rural governance of Longjing Village are representative; that is, tourism development has significantly promoted rural governance. Since the development of ethnic tourism, great achievements have been made in rural ecological environment governance, human settlement environment governance, and infrastructure governance. In addition, it has enabled villagers to find jobs relating to tourism in the village where they live, attracted migrant workers to return home and start businesses, and has attracted many elites to settle in Longjing Village; these elites can help villagers to become rich by using Bouyei culture symbols effectively as a type of capital, bringing economic benefits. Under the guidance of the local government, all villagers participated in shareholding and established a village collective company [32,47]. By attracting investment, it has expanded village collective organizations, realized the growth of rural collective economy, and promoted the development of rural society, which has enhanced the effectiveness of rural social governance in turn, so forming a virtuous circle. Second, Longjing Village is close to the researcher’s location, with convenient transportation; it is convenient for obtaining data because the researcher previously participated in a review of Longjing Village as an expert of a demonstration village with rural ethnic characteristics.
3.2. Data and Analysis Method
The research team visited Longjing Village, Huaxi District for fieldwork three times: 11–15 November 2021, 12–16 April 2022, and 1–5 May 2022. A non-participatory observation method was adopted to collect research data, including the village’s physical landscape, villagers’ production and living practices, villagers’ participation in tourism management and public affairs, etc. After purposive sampling, this study conducted in-depth interviews with different groups, including government staff, tourists, operators, villagers engaged in intangible cultural heritage inheritance and management, and ordinary villagers. The content of the interview involves the above personnel’s perception of village changes before and after the development of local tourism, and their identification with Bouyei culture and rural governance. Interview questions include: “What is the population composition of Longjing Village?”, “How does Longjing Village develop rural tourism and what is the initial source of capital for tourism development?”, “How do you feel after Longjing Village develops rural tourism?”, “How many villagers in Longjing Village are going out to work now? What do they do?”, “What are the main industries in Longjing Village now? What is the per capita income of villagers?”, “How to solve the contradiction of excessive income distribution gap after tourism development?”, “How does Longjing Village develop Bouyei culture and form characteristic tourist commodities?”, “How does Longjing Village implement government policies in environmental governance?”, “Is there any contradiction in the election of village cadres in Longjing Village? If so, what are the main contradictions?”, and “How is the Bouyei culture of Longjing Village inherited?”.
Before the interview, the researcher introduced the purpose of the interview to the interviewees, and used a recorder to record the content of the interview after obtaining the consent of the interviewees, so as to ensure the integrity of the information. In this study, convenient sampling and snowball sampling were used to collect data. Finally, 26 people were interviewed (Table 1). At the same time, the researchers collected various government documents, village rules and regulations, village chronicles, pictures, and network information as supplementary materials. After translating the interview audio into written materials, and further classifying, explaining, and summarizing the text and pictures, this paper used the text-analysis method to abstract the core concepts of the study, clarify the logical relationship between concepts, and finally explain the implied social meaning in combination with the discourse situation.
3.3. Analytical Framework
Diachrony–synchrony is a group of categories. It was first put forward by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and was used to study the historical changes of language. Later, it was widely used in various fields of humanities and social sciences [48]. Diachrony refers to the time dimension, which explains the historical evolution of something; and synchrony refers to the spatial dimension, which studies the logical relationship state of one thing or multiple things that exist at the same time at a certain stage in the process of historical development [49,50]. Anything exists in a relative static and absolute dynamic state. The process of ethnic community governance is not linear, single dimensional, and static, but is a mixture of multi-dimensional space and time-series changes, so is a relatively dynamic process. Therefore, this paper constructs an analysis framework based on the perspective of diachrony and synchrony, aiming to study the processes, mechanisms, and logical relationships between tourism development and ethnic village governance (see Figure 3).
From the perspective of diachrony, the governance subject, material landscape, and rural culture change with time; the development of tourism particularly brings fundamental changes to the governance of ethnic villages, realizing the leapfrog replacement of community governance. From the perspective of synchrony, multiple subjects such as government, enterprises, local residents, and tourists, coexist in the field of ethnic tourism village communities, and they represent different interest groups. In ethnic tourism village governance, it is important to balance the relationship between various stakeholders and fully mobilize the collaborative participation of all members to achieve the simultaneous development of effective rural governance and sustainable tourism.
4. Ethnic Tourist Villages: Governance Practice of Longjing Village
4.1. Diachrony: The Representation of Rural Governance Effectiveness
(1) The governance subject is the foundation of rural governance and the main undertaker of governance effectiveness. Before the development of tourism, Longjing Village experienced the same period of governance as the majority of western ethnic villages. First, before the founding of the People’s Republic of China (1949), Shuang Gui Zhi, dual-track politics, and Jian Yue Zhi Li, simple governance was implemented, and the government’s governance model for villages was “unnecessary nonintervention”. Second, in the People’s Commune Period (1958–1983), the government implemented the governance model of “integration of government and society”, emphasizing the overall involvement of the state in rural areas. For example, Nong Ye Xue Da Zai, an agricultural learning organization in villages, is an important organizational form of strong government governance in rural areas. Third, in the period of the Household Contract Responsibility System (started in 1978), farmers’ sense of individualization gradually increased while the government’s governance power declined. Rural governance was implemented through agricultural tax collection and public goods supply. Finally, the government managed the countryside with the help of “going to the countryside” of various projects after the cancellation of agricultural tax in 2006. Before the development of tourism, Longjing Village implemented a relatively unique governance model, which was determined by its social foundation. On the one hand, Longjing Village has a strong blood relationship. The villagers are mainly composed of four surnames: Long, Luo, Meng and Wang. The four surnames intermarry with each other, forming a complex kinship and neighborhood relationship. No matter which names the villagers are elected as village cadres, they are more or less related by marriage to villagers with other surnames. On the other hand, the villagers in Longjing are simple and honest. They basically depend on farming land for a living and form a harmonious neighborhood relationship through mutual assistance in production and life (CWH-01, Director of Village Committee).
After the development of tourism, enterprises, tourists, and other social capital entered Longjing Village, resulting in the complication of interpersonal and interest relationships. Grass-roots government participated in rural social relations as a leading role. For example, the government and the village committee attempted to introduce a type of business model that was led by a platform company, which maximized the interests of capital and damaged the interests of farmers in Longjing Village’s tourism industry, so the government abandoned this business model. Instead, the village committee set up a village collective company with the participation of all villagers, which is responsible for the supervision, operation, and management of various businesses in Longjing Village; this has greatly improved the income of residents. As the village committee staff said: Our per capita income in 2021 has reached 23,000 yuan, significantly higher than the income of surrounding villages (CWH-02). In order to make tourism better serve the development of ethnic villages, the cadres of Longjing Village pay full attention to the leading role of rural elites and gives more preferential policies to introduce talent. In 2020, we introduced a talent specializing in the design, manufacturing and sales of ethnic products through rent free, tax relief and other preferential policies. She integrated Bouyei elements into modern handicrafts, realizing the modern transformation of ethnic culture, and driving the employment of villagers to 500 person times (CWH-05, Government staff). Under the idea that the development of the rural tourism economy drives the development of the whole region’s economy, Longjing Village realizes the mode that the government, enterprises, rural elites, and community residents participate in governance in coordination.
(2) The material landscape is the sensory display of ethnic village governance. Regarding the appearance of the village, it is built along the mountain, with orderly rows of white-walled and cyan-tiled buildings built along the canal formed by the flow of the Longjing well, forming a good spatial layout. At the entrance of the village, there are some new building groups. Up to the end of the last century, the buildings in our village were basically made of stone, wood and cyan tiles. At that time, the housing function was single. There were two floors inside the house, and the second floor was separated by wood boards. With the spread of technical knowledge of housing construction and the improvement of villagers’ income, some villagers abandoned the original architectural style and built new buildings with 2 to 3 floors. After tourism development, according to the requirements of the grass-roots government for village planning, all the buildings are unified into cyan tiles and white walls (CM-01, villager). Combined with the architectural style with national characteristics and the needs of tourism development, the architectural landscape should reflect national characteristics. Therefore, on the basis of modern architecture, national elements should be added to highlight their visual differences.
Regarding environmental sanitation in ethnic villages, the government has issued “five aspects of governance”: namely, housing governance, drinking water and domestic sewage governance, garbage governance, toilet governance, and negative folk custom governance. At our research site, researchers found that environmental sanitation slogans were set up in the public areas of villages and at the intersections of internal roads with large movements of people. At the beginning, it was unacceptable to accept the “five aspects of governance” documents issued by the government. For example, for self-built houses, the application and approval process for homestead should be followed, and then qualified builders or qualified construction units should be selected to build houses, which increased the difficulty for villagers to build their own houses. In terms of domestic waste treatment, it is a huge challenge for traditional rural life habits to uniformly classify and transport the waste to the place where the waste is stored. Later, it was generally believed that a good village environment was the prerequisite for the development of ethnic tourism, so the village environment was included in the scope of mandatory governance. Now, it is felt that the change of these habits has greatly improved the living environment of Longjing Village, where sewage and livestock manure were everywhere in the past, and we are happy to live here (CM-02, Responsible for all the work of the home accommodation). Therefore, the appearance of Longjing Village has been greatly improved, and it has thus won the honor of “National Beautiful and Livable Demonstration Village”.
With respect to the hardware environment in ethnic villages, there are tourism planning problems in ethnic tourism villages. Therefore, with the support of government policies, unified planning has been carried out in Longjing Village. First was the reconstruction of the village gate endowed with Bouyei characteristics. The village gate is an important part of the landscape of a village with national characteristics, and an important building reflecting national symbols and national intentions. Second, tourism infrastructure, such as a tourist service center, signage in the village, and tourism commodities, has been renovated with ethnic elements, reflecting the diversity of governance means.
The development of ethnic tourism promotes the governance from public living space to semipublic living space in rural communities. On the one hand, tourism development promotes the improvement of the material environment of villages, local tourism service capacity, local residents’ recognition of their hometown, and overall rural landscape. On the other hand, it enables tourism resources to be developed and the sustainability of the ecological environment to be continued. It not only meets the needs of tourists, but also creates conditions for local residents to pursue improved lives and enhances residents’ sense of gain and happiness.
(3) Longjing Village is a traditional Bouyei village. Its traditional ethnic culture has undergone changes from public to private to republic. Longjing Village is also a typical “acquaintance society” [51]; that is, the national traditional culture advocates collectivism and public value orientation in value guidance and space shaping. In the traditional society, Longjing Village has formed a unique Bouyei traditional culture in the natural environment close to mountains and rivers, involving ethnic language, traditional costumes, national worship and sacrifice, dance and ballads, and other ethnic characteristics. Under the guidance of the values of harmony between man and nature and affinity between man and God, village residents have formed their national characteristics of being naturally easy-going, good neighbors, and providing warm hospitality.
Deepening of the market economy in rural areas has promoted constant change in the speed and modes of rural economic development. Additionally, driven by consumerism and liberal values, villagers have become more and more rational. When the traditional culture cannot directly produce economic benefits and bring economic rewards, the traditional culture is gradually abandoned by the younger generation, resulting in the reality that the national cultural heritage is facing fracture. As He Xuefeng (2020) mentioned, “When traditional relations are used to develop the economy and deal with various affairs, if they cannot obtain economic returns, it is difficult to continue the tradition itself ” [52]. Then, the local residents leave their villages to find more opportunities to participate in labor, so migrant work has become the mainstream mode of rural social employment. In communication with the outside world, national culture is no longer the collective memory and common value.
The government has started to promote the pilot work of protection and development of ethnic-minority villages at the national level (since 2009), and the focus of ethnic village governance has shifted downward to promote the development and governance of ethnic-minority villages. Developing tourism is an inevitable choice for the governance and progress of ethnic villages. Prerequisites for the development of tourism in ethnic villages are both good natural landscape and unique and rich ethnic-minority culture. The development of tourism in ethnic villages has created opportunities for the revival of traditional ethnic culture. With the development of tourism, the traditional culture of ethnic minorities has been excavated, revived, and disseminated, creating economic and social values, and finally becoming the unique social capital of ethnic villages. Villagers of different ages have regained the traditional culture that was once ignored, and have carried it forward. In order to make better use of the Bouyei culture, the Longjing Village collective organization has established a cultural cooperative, whose members are all residents of the village. They have a strong sense of identity with their own national culture, and organized a large-scale stage play, Bai Yue Long Nv, to attract more tourists to Longjing Village. After giving birth to a child and one month later, I immediately joined the cultural cooperative. I like this job. On the one hand, I can work in the village, which is convenient for taking care of my family and children; On the other hand, I love Bouyei culture very much. Through cultural performance, I can find my confidence as a modern woman and also in minority culture (Interviewee: CM-05, actress).
As indicated above, we can see that ethnic-minority culture is the soul of rural tourism. In the process of ethnic tourism development, reshaping ethnic culture is not only the value guidance of village community governance, but also the inherent essence of building a community of village governance.
4.2. Synchrony: Value Concept of Village Governance Action
Human activities are guided by values [53]. Max Weber (1997) divides social action into four categories: value rationality action, instrumental rationality action, emotional action, and traditional action [54]. Value rationality action, no matter whether it is successful or not, emphasizes pure motivation and legitimate means to achieve its goals for the unconditional value of a certain action. Instrumental rationality refers to the expectation of external things and other people’s behavior, which is used as a “condition” or “means” to achieve goals rationally. Emotional action is dominated by current emotions and feelings, and traditional actions are determined by conventional habits. With the help of the tourism industry in the action logic of promoting rural governance in Longjing Village, the collusion among various stakeholders reflects the interests and value demands of different roles in rural governance. Among them, the government’s action is representative of value rationality, the market action reflects the value concept of instrumental rationality, and the community residents’ action reflects traditional habits, while tourists are dominated by current emotions.
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(1). The government is the rational choice of value to reshape the governance of ethnic villages.
Max Weber elaborated that value rationality pays attention to the value that behavior itself can represent—that is, whether to realize social fairness and justice—and pays attention to the rationality of behavior from certain substantive and specific value concepts. The government controls public resources and public power, representing public interests. The natural landscape and cultural resources of ethnic villages have the attribute of group public resources. Under the guidance of the government, the participation of local residents in tourism development and village governance in Longjing Village is an embodiment of social fairness and justice, and also an important part of promoting good rural governance. In the process of promoting the governance of ethnic villages, it is in the vital interests of the majority of residents to emphasize the value of governance behavior itself.
When village public affairs are involved, all villagers hold a Yuan Ba Hui Yi, which is a courtyard meeting, to discuss together and finally form a solution satisfactory to the majority of villagers under the leadership of village-level organizations. The contents, implementation results, and social effects of the resolution are made public. Consequently, Longjing Village was awarded the title of Yi Shi Yi Yi, a one-case-and-one-discussion demonstration village. The tourism development of our village has also gone through the initial stages of government leading, introducing external capital, and then establishing a village collective company to be responsible for several stages. When introducing external capital for operation, the investment company ignored the fundamental interests of the villagers. Later, after the village committee held a collective meeting, it adopted the current village collective company responsibility model. In 2021, the village collective income will reach RMB 10,000 yuan, which will be mainly used for the villagers’ dividend and infrastructure construction (Interviewee: CWH-02, Staff of Village Committee).
Under the guidance of the government, Longjing Village integrates social values into the practice of rural governance, reshapes the moral norms of rural acquaintance society, and strengthens the role of moral education. The government strives to reconstruct the public spirit and collective memory of the village, and to guide the villagers to be good, filial to the elderly and love their relatives, respect justice and keep promises, and be diligent and thrifty in running their homes. In the tourism development of Longjing Village, the concept of a harmonious human–land relationship is injected into this village, emphasizing the harmonious coexistence of tourism development, natural environment, and human environment. In the “five aspects of governance” of Longjing Village, village cadres took the lead in setting up the “Red and White Council” to break the alienation of rural human exchanges and advocate new civilization and new fashion. Neighborhood relations were promoted through activities such as “good neighbor selection”, “pulling families to talk at night”, “sports talent”, and “longevity star”, and large traditional Bouyei festivals such as “3 March”, “6 June”, and “Eat New” were held to continue the national culture (Interviewee: CWH-04, Staff of Village Committee).
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(2). Market Embedding is the Rational Choice of Tools in the Governance of Ethnic Villages.
The concept of “embeddedness” was first proposed by Karl Polanyi, and is mainly used to describe the relationship between market and society [55]. As Max Weber said, the market is the most effective tool and means to achieve this goal. The favorable location advantage, good natural landscape, and unique Bouyei traditional culture of Longjing Village are the result of rational market choice and the inevitable selection for the development of tourism industry. The embedment of tourism market subjects such as catering, accommodation, shopping, and entertainment gives land, housing, and traditional national culture not only traditional and simple production and living functions, but also capitalization production functions that bring economic benefits. The embedment of tourism market entities such as catering, accommodation, shopping, and entertainment gives land, housing, and traditional national culture not only a single production and living function, but also the function of capitalization and reproduction that brings economic benefits. I use my own house to run as a home accommodation, which, in 2021, the business income has already reached more than 50,000 yuan. The houses where farmers live can still make money, which was never imagined before in tourism development (Interviewee: CM-03, responsible for all the work of the home accommodation). I can sing Bouyei folk songs. My family used to dislike my skill. They thought it could not directly bring economic benefits. Now I work in the cultural cooperative set up in the village and participate in the performance. Every month, I have a fixed income of more than 3000 yuan. Now this skill can really bring direct economic benefits (Interviewee: CM-04, actor).
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(3). The conscious participation of local residents is the traditional choice of action in the governance of ethnic villages.
Traditional actions are determined by conventional habits. Although the development of tourism has brought about the diversification of interest subjects, the villagers of Longjing Village have the social foundation to achieve joint construction, governance, and sharing. On the one hand, these social foundations are derived from the simple folk customs of the Bouyei people and the commonly recognized village rules and regulations. On the other hand, the benefit-sharing mechanism led by the government has actively mobilized the enthusiasm of villagers. Firstly, Longjing Village has successively established labor cooperatives, cultural cooperatives, catering cooperatives and home stay cooperatives. Through the form of cooperatives, the villagers are regrouped to perform their duties and share the dividends brought by the development of ethnic tourism. Secondly, in the public area of the village, a certain scale of stalls has been built with the investment of village collective organizations. Farmers who are relatively poor in the village or who are in remote locations and cannot participate in the operation of the tourism industry are given priority to choose stalls and are provided free of charge to this part of farmers for operation, so as to enhance the enthusiasm and initiative of villagers to participate in tourism. Thirdly, standardize the operation of tourism industry. For example, there are 28 catering enterprises in Longjing Village. Whether operated by residents of the village or invested by external enterprises, they are all included in the jurisdiction of catering cooperatives. Minimum standards are set for catering to avoid market chaos caused by vicious competition and achieve sustainable development of tourism industry (Interviewee: CWH-01, director of village committee).
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(4). Active integration of tourists is the emotional action choice of ethnic village governance.
In the process of tourism experience, tourists have built a synchronic space environment with the tourist destination, which brings intuitive visual perception and experience to tourists. What type of space environment should be constructed? The host of the tourist destination has the initiative and discourse power. As an “intruder”, tourists will adjust their role according to the space field constructed by the host to adapt to the local cultural context. This simple and unsophisticated village is beautifully built, with clean streets and flowers everywhere. There is an ancient well in the village, which has nurtured the residents living here for generations. It may also be because of the spring water that the people here are also very long-lived and there are many old people. Villagers wash their clothes and vegetables alongside the well, feeling live in paradise. And people here are very hospitable, even if there is no consumption, they will warmly invite you to take photos (Netizen: Luo Luoah, comes from: public comments). The transportation here is convenient and the environment is beautiful. The Bouyei culture is very attractive. We also consciously maintain the environment here and abide by the customs here (Interviewee: YK-01, tourist).
5. Conclusions and Discussion
This paper examines the internal logical relationship between tourism development in ethnic villages and rural community governance. From the perspective of diachrony, this paper studies the evolution processes of rural governance subjects, the material landscape of villages, and national traditional culture before and after the development of ethnic village tourism. From the perspective of synchrony, it explores the dynamic mechanism of rural governance in the governance of ethnic tourism villages (see Figure 4).
(1) From the perspective of diachrony, tourism in ethnic villages promotes community governance and achieves leapfrog development. The governance practice of Longjing Village shows that the transformation of a governance subject from single to multiple not only achieves the goal of community co-construction, but also reflects the principle of participation for all. The cultural connotation in the traditional rural material landscape gradually disappears under the impact of the modern market. However, in the process of developing ethnic tourism, the material landscape of modern ethnic minorities has been given meaning again, realizing the integration of national tradition and modernity. The ethnic-minority culture has demonstrated its public value in the traditional society, but it has been gradually alienated by the impact of the modern market economy. The development of rural tourism has changed this phenomenon; it has reshaped the traditional ethnic culture and become the unique group intention of Longjing Village. Tourism development promotes the economic and social progress of ethnic villages, improves the income level of residents, and lays a solid industrial foundation for the governance of ethnic villages and communities [28,29,56], which is consistent with previous research conclusions on the function of tourism in poverty alleviation. Correspondingly, the development of tourism industry has also reconstructed the rural order and increased the complexity of the governance of ethnic villages. It is difficult to achieve effective governance with a single-subject governance model. Therefore, different stakeholders coordinate with each other under the guidance of common goals, which has become the mainstream model of ethnic tourism village governance. This conclusion is different from previous studies that emphasized elite participation [57] and social-capital participation in governance [58], as well as the view that tourism has aggravated the differentiation of village interests [38]. The reasons for these differences may be related to the different social foundations of villages. The material landscape and culture of ethnic villages are maintained in tradition, dissolved under the impact of market economy, and reconstructed after the development of tourism. Tourism development creates local capital, and in turn strengthens the reconstruction of material landscape and ethnic-minority culture, so as to realize the sustainable development of ethnic-minority culture.
(2) From a synchronic perspective, the governance of ethnic tourism villages is affected by tourism practice. The practice of ethnic tourism creates the spatial behavior of the presence of government, enterprises, residents, and tourists. However, different subjects pursue their own value goals in the field of ethnic village tourism communities [59]. As the representative of public resources and public rights, the government should promote tourism development as benefitting local residents and maintain the value goal of equity and justice in interest distribution. Tourism enterprises are the most favorable tools and means to achieve the value goals of tourist destinations, and also an essential element of ethnic tourism development. Their instrumental rationality can improve the utilization efficiency of tourism resources in ethnic villages. Local residents are the backbone of community governance, and also benefit most from community governance. Using conventional traditional actions can encourage local residents to actively participate in the tourism development of ethnic villages. The tourists’ intuitive feelings and self-reflection on the environment are beneficial for restraining their own behavior. The scene of harmonious coexistence of tourism destinations encourages tourists to consciously abide by the norms of tourism destinations, reduce host–guest conflicts, and achieve positive interaction. In the process of realizing the governance of ethnic tourism villages, instrumental rationality and value rationality complement each other. The market subject orientated on value rationality cannot violate the interests of the community for economic interests. The catering cooperative in Longjing Village brings all catering enterprises under the jurisdiction of the cooperative, formulates the minimum charging standard, and regularly carries out supervision and inspection activities in the catering industry. This behavior reflects the combination of instrumental rationality and value rationality.
(3) From the perspective of governance effect, the development of the tourism industry in Longjing Village has practiced the community-based development model. Longjing Village, relying on the rich local natural and cultural resources, integrates tourism, leisure, and recreation with daily routine to realize the local tourism development model of ethnic villages. The prerequisite of tourism communitization in ethnic villages is that the villages have a good basic environment for tourism and diversified tourism industry as support [60,61]. On the one hand, Longjing Village attaches importance to the improvement of production and living environment in village governance, creating a good environmental foundation for the tourism development of ethnic villages, which in turn strengthens the improvement of the basic environment. On the other hand, under the background of the implementation of the regional tourism development strategy in Huaxi District, a tourism industry cluster integrating catering, shopping, accommodation, and entertainment has been formed. In addition to these, the development model of tourism communitization in ethnic villages promotes the reconstruction of rural public space. The collective activities of villagers in this space have shaped ethnic cultural identity, greatly enhanced the participation of local residents in the process of tourism industrialization, and ensured the fair distribution of tourism benefits. This is the result of the coordinated development of tourism and governance in ethnic villages.
Although the practice case of Longjing Village’s development of ethnic village tourism to promote rural governance has special local scenarios, how to coordinate the interaction between diachrony and synchrony, promote community residents’ participation, improve local residents’ living standards, and protect and inherit ethnic culture are common problems faced by many ethnic tourism villages. Previous studies have explained the logical relationship between ethnic village tourism and its revitalization, governance, and public-space remodeling from a static state, i.e., synchronic perspective [42,62,63], but have paid less attention to the dynamic evolution process of ethnic village tourism and village governance. As far as the governance of ethnic villages is concerned, both the current multi-stakeholder participation and the dynamic change process under tourism practice are complex and unique, and it is difficult to make an objective overview from a single dimension. Therefore, the innovation of this paper is to understand the governance under the tourism practice of ethnic villages from the multi-dimensional perspective of the integration of diachrony and synchrony.
6. Limitations and Future Research Directions
This paper uses Longjing Village as a case study to analyze the logical evolution relationship between tourism development in ethnic-minority villages and rural community governance, and reaches some valuable conclusions, but there are still shortcomings. Firstly, the research of this paper is a single case study based on empirical research, lacking empirical testing. Secondly, this paper is a case study selected by purposive sampling, and the next step is to demonstrate whether the research conclusion is deductive. Thirdly, the governance of ethnic communities has particularities and complexities. This paper focuses on the evolution of the governance logic of ethnic-minority villages and shows that tourism development plays a vital role in community governance. However, in practice, the governance of ethnic communities is affected by multiple variables. For the next step, we will use multiple case studies to improve the validity of the study and conduct quantitative empirical tests to attempt to ensure that the development of the tourism industry in ethnic areas is inexorably linked to the governance of rural communities, so as to enhance the applicability of this study.
Writing—original draft, H.F.; Writing—review & editing, X.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
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Enlarge this image.Figure 4. The dynamic mechanism of tourism development and rural governance in ethnic villages.
The information of interviewee collection.
| No. | Gender | Age | Identity | Main Responsibilities | Interview Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CWH01 | M | 56 | Director of Village Committee | Responsible for the overall work of the village committee | November 2021 |
| CWH02 | M | 45 | Staff of Village Committee | Responsible for publicity | November 2021 |
| QY01 | M | 42 | Home stay owner | Responsible for publicity and sales | November 2021 |
| QY04 | F | 40 | Restaurant owner | Responsible for all the work of the restaurant | November 2021 |
| QY07 | F | 36 | Barkeeper | Responsible for the daily work of the bar | November 2021 |
| CM01 | F | 39 | Villager | Subcontractor of tourism commodity production | November 2021 |
| CWH04 | M | 28 | Staff of Village Committee | Responsible for the finance of the village collective company | April 2021 |
| CM04 | M | 40 | Villager in cultural cooperatives | Actor | April 2021 |
| CM06 | M | 37 | Villager who runs restaurant | Responsible for all the work of the restaurant | April 2021 |
| QY02 | F | 40 | Home stay owner | Responsible for all the work of the home accommodation | April 2021 |
| QY03 | M | 41 | Home stay owner | Responsible for all the work of the home accommodation | April 2021 |
| QY05 | M | 42 | Restaurant owner | Responsible for all the work of the restaurant | April 2021 |
| QY06 | F | 39 | Restaurant owner | Responsible for all the work of the restaurant | April 2021 |
| QY08 | M | 33 | Barkeeper | Responsible for the daily work of the bar | April 2021 |
| QY09 | M | 35 | Supermarket owner | Responsible for all the work of the supermarket | April 2021 |
| CWH03 | F | 38 | Staff of Village Committee | Responsible for medical insurance | May 2021 |
| CWH05 | M | 47 | Government staff | Responsible for ethnic affairs | May 2021 |
| CM05 | F | 23 | Villager in cultural cooperatives | Actress | May 2021 |
| CM02 | M | 40 | Villager who runs the home accommodation | Responsible for all the work of the home accommodation | May 2021 |
| CM03 | M | 37 | Villager who runs the home accommodation | Responsible for all the work of the home accommodation | May 2021 |
| CM07 | F | 38 | Villager who runs the restaurant | Responsible for all the work of the restaurant | May 2021 |
| YK01 | F | 28 | Tourist | May 2021 | |
| YK02 | F | 56 | Tourist | May 2021 | |
| YK03 | M | 58 | Tourist | May 2021 | |
| YK04 | M | 35 | Tourist | May 2021 | |
| YJRC01 | F | 35 | Talents introduced | Responsible for the design, production, and sales of tourism commodities | May 2021 |
Data resource: gathered according to the interview content.
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1 College of Sociology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Tourism and Air Service, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
2 College of Tourism and Air Service, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China