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Employees are facing unprecedented challenges and stress in coping with work and family interfaces. For example, job tasks are becoming more complicated such as multi-cultural communication has become a norm. Employees are often expected to work from home with tasks like dealing with instant messaging or video conferencing at night with overseas clients, which may sacrifice their time with family. Likewise, changes in family characteristics such as the increase in dual-earner couples or single parents may impede working life in the way that employees would find less energy and time reserved for work tasks. Accordingly, people may be experiencing work–family conflict (WFC) more than ever before (e.g. Pluut et al., 2018). WFC refers to employees’ perception of conflicts arising from the clashes and challenges of work and family issues, which may occur in two directions, with work interfering with family (WIF) or family interfering with work (FIW) (French et al., 2018). WFC has been examined in hundreds of empirical, experimental and review studies. In the literature, various antecedents and consequences of WFC have been identified (Frone et al., 1992). To our knowledge, there are 20 published meta-analyses related to WFC (Table I). Of these studies, the majority (15 out of 20) focussed on examining its antecedents, such as social supports (Byron, 2005; Ford et al., 2007; Kossek et al., 2011), contextual factors (Allen et al., 2013, 2015; Mesmer-Magnus and Viswesvaran, 2006), role stressors (Michel and Hargis, 2008; Michel et al., 2009, 2010) and personality traits (Allen et al., 2012; Michel, Clark and Jaramillo, 2011; Michel, Kotrba, Mitchelson, Clark and Baltes, 2011). Relatively fewer studies (9 out of 20) focussed on examining its consequences, such as job satisfaction, family satisfaction and life satisfaction (cf. Allen et al., 2000; Amstad et al., 2011; Kossek and Ozeki, 1998). Four of the studies included both antecedents and consequences in the same model, with three of these studies examining antecedents such as social supports and consequences such as family satisfaction (cf. Ford et al., 2007; Michel and Hargis, 2008; Michel et al., 2009) and one study examining strain as both an antecedent and consequence (Nohe et al., 2015). Furthermore, some meta-analyses have examined moderators, such as time...