2 1世纪我国进入老年社会,肺癌的发病率也随之升高,晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC)在临床上十分常见。自20世纪90年代以来,含铂的两药方案化疗仍是NSCLC一线治疗的主流,第三代化疗药物(多西紫杉醇、吉西他滨等)多年临床的应用使含铂两药化疗疗效达到稳定。靶向药物为晚期NSCLC的治疗带来曙光,厄洛替尼(Tarceva, Roche)是 服表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,研究[1]表明对于化疗失败的晚期NSCLC厄洛替尼较安慰剂能延长总生存期及无疾病进展期、改善症状及提高生活质量。本文旨在比较厄洛替尼和一线标准化疗方案治疗NSCLC的临床疗效。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
91例病例为我院2007年1月-2009年4月住院治疗患者,经病理组织学或细胞学确诊为晚期NSCLC患者(III-IV期)。其中男性48例,女性43例;年龄39-72岁,平均60.4岁;鳞癌38例,腺癌44例,肺泡细胞癌9例;III期34例,IV期57例。体能状况评分(ECOG performance status, PS)≤2分。单药组和化疗组在性别、肿瘤类型、分期、KPS评分方面差异无统计学意义,具有可比性(表1)。91例患者均有可测量病灶,治疗前血常规、肝肾功能、心电图检查均正常,预计生存期> 3个月。
1.2 治疗方案
单药组:厄洛替尼150 mg/d,餐后2 h 服,每周监测血常规每个月复查胸部CT评价肿物变化,同时记录药物副反应,必要时给予对症治疗。化疗组:标准一线化疗方案T/P或G/P方案,即多西他赛(80 mg/m2, d1)或吉西他滨(1 000 mg/m2, d1, 8)+顺铂(70 mg/m2, d2),每周期复查血常规、生化及CT,根据毒性反应分级进行统计并分析,必要时给予对症治疗。
1.3 疗效及安全性评价
近期疗效:症状缓解时间(排除基础疾病),经胸部、腹部CT、头颅MRI、骨ECT检查来评价疗效,按照世界卫生组织(WHO)实体瘤疗效评定标准(1981)分为完全缓解(complete remission, CR)、部分缓解(partial remission, PR)、稳定(stable disease, SD)和疾病进展(progression disease, PD),CR和PR患者需在1个月后确证疗效,以CP+PR计算有效率。疗效评价标准(RECIST14)评价,毒性反应根据美国国立癌症研究所常见毒性反应标准(2.0版)评价。
1.4 统计方法
采用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行数据处理,计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验或确切概率法,P< 005为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 近期疗效
单药组:30例接受厄洛替尼治疗的患者,总有效率为23.33%(7/30),其中CR 1例,PR 6例,SD 8例,PD 15例;9人呼吸困难、咳嗽和疼痛等自觉症状较服用前明显缓解,2例服药2个月后肿物明显缩小(图1)。化疗组:总有效率为27.87%(17/61)。单药组和化疗组相比有效率差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)(表2)。
2.2 毒性反应
单药组:1例患者 服21天后出现肺纤维化,停药对症治疗后缓解,最常见的毒性反应是皮疹和腹泻,多数患者为轻度毒性,给予对症治疗后均可缓解。化疗组:主要为细胞毒药物产生的骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应及肝肾功能损害等。单药组与化疗组相比毒性反应差异有统计学意义(P< 005)(表3)。
图 1 1例患者接受厄洛替尼治疗前后肿瘤变化 A:治疗前CT上左肺中叶可见明显肿物;B:厄洛替尼治疗2月后肿物明显缩小. Fig 1 CT changes before and after treatment with erlotinib A: Before treatment, the tumor was shown in the lung; B: After two months treatment with erlotinib, the tumor became small significantly.
3 讨论
本次回顾性分析显示含铂方案的联合化疗在晚期NSCLC患者治疗中有一定的临床疗效,单药组与化疗组相比疗效差异无统计学意义。但是从药物不良反应比较,单药组不良反应明显低于化疗组,尤其是老年体质差患者。Jackman等[2]报道了一项应用厄洛替尼一线治疗≥70岁的老年晚期肺癌患者的II期临床试验,结果显示1年生存率为46%,2年生存率为19%,中位生存时间为10.9个月,提示单独应用厄洛替尼作为老年晚期NSCLC一线治疗是有积极意义,且需要更多的研究来证明其是值得考虑的。III期临床研究[3]表明厄洛替尼治疗一线或二线治疗失败的晚期NSCLC相比最佳支持治疗在延长生存期方面有优势。
厄洛替尼(特罗凯)作为一线治疗也有效且耐受良好。分子靶向药物由于其有别于一般细胞毒性药物的作用机制,使其具有疗效明显而不良反应轻的优势,患者可以在延长生存期的同时,生活质量得到明显改善。对于一些PS评分差、不能耐受化疗的患者及老年尤其是高龄患者,靶向药物厄洛替尼(特罗凯)更为他们提供了生存的希望[4]。近来,研究表明[5,6]EGFR突变阳性的IV期肺腺癌患者对EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗具有高反应性且能延长无疾病进展期,支持此类患者开展随机对照研究,研究结果表明厄洛替尼不仅能延长生存期,也能显著改善肿瘤相差症状和生活质量。
厄洛替尼联合常规化疗一线治疗晚期NSCLC的随机临床试验[7]结果显示,化疗联合小分子EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂一线治疗并不能提高患者生存率。研究[8]提示EGFR信号转导增加细胞周期蛋白D水平,后者是G1期关键的检验点蛋白,厄洛替尼诱导细胞停滞在G1期,而许多化疗药物作用在细胞的其他周期,如多西他赛诱导细胞停滞在M期并凋亡,因此这两类药物联合使用可能存在拮抗作用。厄洛替尼与化疗序贯使用在I/II期临床试验的成功,促使该模式向NSCLC一线治疗跃进。2008年FASE-ACT研究[9]首次提出了厄洛替尼与含铂方案化疗序贯用于III/IV期NSCLC患者的一线治疗,为晚期NSCLC的一线治疗开拓了新的景象。研究显示6周期化疗结束时疾病未进展的患者继续接受厄洛替尼或安慰剂维持治疗,PFS生存曲线的分离自序贯联合期开始,一直持续6-12个月,厄洛替尼维持治疗也带来PFS获益,支持STAURN等厄洛替尼维持治疗研究的结论。厄洛替尼与含铂方案化疗序贯治疗模式一线治疗的临床效果仍然需III期大样本临床试验进一步验证,值得关注和期待。
本文观察了单药厄洛替尼和含铂一线化疗治疗晚期NSCLC的近期疗效和毒副反应,无疾病进展期及总的生存率仍在随访中。近期疗效显示老年、体质较差的晚期NSCLC患者,接受单药厄洛替尼治疗有一定的临床疗效,但是一线化疗依然是晚期NSCLC标准的治疗方案。随着靶向治疗的发展及分子机制的深入研究相信肿瘤综合治疗将进入更准确、更合理的时代。
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Department of Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Baotou, Baotou 014030, China
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Abstract
背景与目的 非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)约占肺癌的80%,其中70%以上为晚期患者。本文拟比较含铂化疗和厄洛替尼治疗晚期NSCLC的客观疗效及毒副反应,探讨晚期NSCLC的合理治疗。方法 回顾分析2007年1月-2009年4月91例晚期NSCLC的治疗情况,单药组:口服厄洛替尼150 mg/d;化疗组:标准一线方案TP/GP方案,21天为一个周期,多西他赛(80 mg/m2, d1)或吉西他滨(1 000 mg/m2 , d1, 8)+顺铂(70 mg/m2, d2);记录临床近期疗效及毒副反应,观察3个月后进行统计分析。结果 91例患者均可评价疗效,单药组总有效率为23.33%(7/30),毒副反应主要为1-2级毒性反应如皮疹、腹泻和呕吐等,其中1例患者口服21天后出现典型肺纤维化;化疗组临床有效率分别为27.78%和28.0%,毒副反应主要为骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应等。单药组和化疗组相比有效率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但单药组毒性反应低于化疗组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 化疗仍然是NSCLC标准治疗方案,单药厄洛替尼治疗晚期NSCLC有较高的临床有效率,尤其是身体状况较差、经济能够承受的晚期老年患者,还需进一步临床研究。
Background and objective About 80% lung cancers belong to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and more than 70% are in advanced stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and toxicity of erlotinib and GP/TP regimen on advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Methods Ninety-one advanced NSCLC patients with different treatments from January 2007 to April 2009 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Ninety-one patients were divided into the erlotinib and TP/GP group. Erlotinib group: received erlotinib 150 mg/dl TP/GP group: the original chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The cycles were repeated for 21 days. The patients were given docetaxel (80 mg/m2, d1) or gemcitabine (1 000 mg/m2, d1, 8) +cisplatin (70 mg/m2, d2); then the adverse reaction and clinical efficacy were recorded during 3 months. Results Total 91 patients were evaluated for efficacy. The total rate of effect was 23.33% in erlotinib group. The side effects were erythra, diarrhea and vomiting. Pulmonary fibrosis was found in one patient after 21 days. TP/GP group: the total rate of effect was 27.78% and 28% and the side effects were bone marrow depression and reaction of gastrointestinal tract. There were no significantly difference between the two groups in the total rate of effect (P>0.05). But the side effects were less in erlotinib group, and there were significantly difference between the two groups. Conclusion Erlotinib on advanced non-small cell lung cancer shows more effectiveness and adverse reactions are tolerable. The further clinical study should be warranted.
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