Introduction
Aims and limitations of this investigation
THIS essay will present a historical narrative of medical journals published within the boundaries of the United States before the year 1850. It attempts to depict the evolution of American medical thought as portrayed in periodical literature with its subsequent influence upon the medical profession and society. Periodicals reflect contemporary ideas and therefore provide the most valuable history of any time. They are not substitutes for books, but they detail tendencies and introduce ideas which may be clarified or expanded in longer treatises.
The period before 1850 was chosen because it was during that time that the American medical journal came into its own. In the beginning, American medical literature consisted of reprints, translations, or imitations of European counterparts. The advent of medical societies in America, combined with the need for better communication among native physicians, produced the first truly American medical periodical literature. Through these years arose demands for definitive ethics in practice, medical legislation for the protection of patient and physician, and the reorganization, expansion, and adjustment of medical education. Quasi- and pseudo-scientific faddism flourished; quackery and the scientific method, equally divided, were tenacious opponents. Allopath, naturopath, and homoeopath alike struggled for general acceptance. Here, too, was the birth of public interest in health, when diet, fresh air, exercise, "goodclean-living" were the panaceas of the world's ills. The first half of the nineteenth century witnessed startling advances in surgery, and improved methods of diagnosis and therapeutics far exceeding the rate of progress of the past. Medicine was rapidly forging ahead and establishing itself as a true science.
Previous studies in this field
Various researches have been made in the realm of serial publications, but most of these have been limited or incomplete. Fielding H. Garrison published an invaluable study of medical and scientific periodicals of the 17th and 18th centuries, but his failure to go beyond 1800 leaves a considerable area to be explored. This work was an attempt at a broad and scholarly presentation of publications of scientific societies and independent publishers of the Western Hemisphere. Henry Bolton's Catalogue of scientiñc and technical periodicals, 1666-1895, is a very extensive list and contains titles in the fields of biology, anatomy, and physiology, but excludes the journals of clinical medicine, as well as many short-lived and less prominent titles. A similar and very important work is the list of medical periodicals emanating from the entire British Empire for the years 1684 to 1938 by William Le Fanu. For American journals there is the significant compilation by John Shaw Billings for titles issued prior to 1878, and thp interesting and informative article by Victor Robinson dealing with those more important titles published before 1822. Philip Hamer presented a historical sketch of medical journals originating in Tennessee before the Civil War, while Edgar Erskine Hume, Jonathan Forman, and Horace M. Simmons did similar services for early medical journals published in Kentucky, Ohio, and Maryland, respectively. Of this group, only Hume's is at all complete. The historical survey of American dental periodicals published from 1839 to 1875 by William Trueman and Thomas Bradford's description of homoeopathic journals of the United States only partially cover their subjects. Brief attention is given to serial literature of this country by Samuel Gross and Henry Shafer in their works, but no really extensive investigation of the American medical journals that arose during the formative years of this nation has ever been made.
Methods employed
To obtain all the titles published during this period, Gregory's Union List of Serials, 2nd edition, was examined. The result was augmented and revised, using the lists of Garrison, Billings, Trueman, Bradford, and the first three series of the Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office to make a total of nearly 250 entries. The titles procured were listed in a chronological order for the running history and the appendix. Wherever possible the entries have been verified by personal examination, using the extensive holdings of the New York Academy of Medicine, but when this procedure was not feasible, the titles were substantiated by accepted authorities in the field. The narrative, however, is the result of personal examination, which revealed those titles which were most indicative of the progress of medicine. These selected journals were then analyzed and their contents presented in a running description of the period.
Perhaps it would be advisable to define the terminology used throughout this study, to explain simply the usage of words in serial publications. Mott1 suc1 cinctly defines "periodical" as an issue of more or less regularity; a "magazine" is a "bound pamphlet" issued more regularly and contains a variety of reading matter with a strong connotation of entertainment-a "magazine or storehouse." The "journal" originally meant "daily" being related etymologically to the word diurnal, but is now of broader application than the word "periodical,"-"the term usually connotes a more serious or technical publication. ... as learned and professional journals."2
The background-or ante-American journalistic era
Of all the literature that floods the world today, probably no discipline can claim the volume that is the boast of the medical field, especially that phase of publication known as the periodical. Every nation is represented in some form of serial-a journal, a hospital bulletin, or official report of a local or national government agency.
Despite this volume, the medical periodical has a relatively recent history, having been originated in the seventeenth century, but growing so rapidly as possibly to surpass all other subject fields. Its beginning lies in the mass of periodical literature that was the natural outcome of the rise in scientific societies and news-bulletins, answering the demand of a learned profession and a populace growing in curiosity ànd literacy and no longer in dread of religious restriction. Garrison has aptly stated that "the pedigree of the scientific periodical is out of the scientific society by the newspaper, and the latter derived from the fugitive 'news-letters' and broadsides which were published at odd intervals during the 16th century."3 The news-bulletin dates back to the A eta diurna, or "Daily Doings" of Rome, a political bulletin which presented sporadically to the public brief reports of games, elections, battles, and such events during the fourth century up to the fall of the Western Empire (476 A.D.). The earliest known periodical newspaper of definite continuity, as distinguished from the fugitive, ephemeral news-letter sheets, was the Mercurius Gallo-Belgicus, started in Cologne (1594) covering European news from 1588 to 1594, but was subsequently transferred to Frankfort on the Main, where it remained current until 1630. The Royal Society of London (1660), formerly the "Invisible College" (1645), published its Journal Book which merging into its famous Philosophical Transactions was the earliest substantial serial publication of scientific knowledge. The Journal des sçavans (Jan. 5, 1665) was the first independent scientific periodical.4
To the French also goes the credit for establishing the first purely medical journal, as well as the first of its kind printed in the vernacular. This was the Nouvelles découvertes sur toutes les parties de la médecine, edited by Nicolas de Blegny, in Paris, from 1679 to 1681.6 Thomas Wakley, the founder of the longrun, famous Lancet, is considered the father of medical journalism as an agency in the organization and direction of public opinion and of legislation. His journal was devoted to the circulation of abuses within the profession, thus setting the style for subsequent ventures in the field of periodical publications.
In America the physician who wished to report his cases, observations, or opinions was compelled to submit his#writings to European journals, some of which were translated and reprinted in this country. An early example of this is the Journal of the practice of medicine and surgery and pharmacy in the military hospitals of France, annotated from the French by Joseph Browne, a reprinted translation of Journal de medecine militaire (Paris, 1782-1788).6 The first volume was published in New York about 1790. Mostly, the American doctor presented his work to periodicals other than medical. The Memoirs of the American academy of arts and sciences contain many of the first American medical contributions. The American museum, Philadelphia monthly magazine, and Royal American magazine did much in spreading popular medical knowledge.7 The great plague of Philadelphia and quaint and curious health hints are especially prevalent in these journals. However, with the appearance of the Medical Repository, the American medical journal was inaugurated.
The American Medical Journal-Its Story
The nativity of American medical journalism was accomplished through the combined efforts of three energetic young New York physicians: Samuel L. Mitchill, Columbia College, Edward Miller, 158 Broadway, and E. H. Smith, 45 Pine Street.8 Samuel Latham Mitchill (1764-1831), the most famous of the editing triumvirate, had a distinguished and varied career, with a wide breadth of interests. He was a member of Congress, both as representative and senator, was deeply interested in botanical gardens, philosophical and literary discussions (he wrote of the "Nautilus" as did Oliver Wendell Holmes, but lacked the latter's poetic genius), reveled in attending public functions, was guest of honor on Fulton's "Folly," opened the Erie Canal with DeWitt Clinton, but distinctly disliked medical practice! He was still in his twenties when he became professor of botany, agriculture, natural history, and chemistry in Columbia College, and delved into zoology, geology, and anthropology as well. Mitchill was among the first to investigate American aborigines and conditions of the deaf and dumb in this country. His studies on fishes had caused him to be con- sidered Father of American Ichthyology.8 Edward Miller (1760-1812), senior member of the group, was also professor at Columbia College, holding the chair of Practice of Physic. He was an earnest practitioner of medicine, with a great interest in fevers, and his writings were almost exclusively of the dread American disease of his period, yellow fever. The third member of the illustrious trio, and youngest, was Elihu Hubbard Smith (1771-1798), who originally conceived the idea of a medical journal, persuaded Miller to join him, then the two of them enticed Mitchill into the project. Smith was a precocious youth, who entered Yale at the age of eleven, was graduated at fifteen, and began the practice of medicine at nineteen. He was widely known in literary and medical circles, and respected and admired for his diagnoses as well as his poems. He edited the American edition of Darwin's Botanic Garden, wrote a three-act opera entitled "Edwin and Angelina, or the Banditti" and many essays on yellow fever, which disease took his life at the age of twenty-seven, while his journal was only in its second volume.
The first issue of the Medical Repository appeared July 26, 1797, from the press of T. & J. Swords. It was met with immediate and gratifying response from the medical profession and even eminent laymen rallied to its support as contributors and subscribers; these latter had in their ranks such names as DeWitt Clinton and Noah Webster, Benjamin Rush, Philip Syng Physick, and Elisha Perkins, inventor of the wonderful Metallic Tractors. Robinson says, referring to the last three mentioned, "Thus in at least one instance, the Father of American Medicine, and the Father of American Surgery, found themselves in the same boat with the Father of American Quackery."10 *
There was much amusing and valueless in the Repository, but it is important in that it gave the American physician his first source of medical news and information and set the example. With the success of the Repository, other journals began until by the year 1850 over 200 titles had appeared.
Within its pages could be found tables of meteorological observations, articles on bloodletting, and the raising of blisters as efficacious means of combating disease, on geology, and natural history, with extensive reviews of other medical publications and news notes. It did produce some really important "firsts," such as John Otto's "An account of an hemorrhagic disposition existing in certain families,"11 our first description of hemophilia, and John Steam's momentous introduction of the use of ergot in childbirth.12 A running discussion on the doctrine of phlogiston courses through several volumes with Joseph Priestley taking the affirmative side. Other famous contributors were Noah Webster, Benjamin Waterhouse, Philip Syng Physick, Benjamin Rush, and Valentine Seaman. An early interest in public health and welfare can be detected in the urgings of Mitchill, leading a group of interested laymen, for legislation of health control. The subsequent act of Congress respecting quarantine and health laws, providing for protection against infections and pestilential disease, was passed the 30th of March, 1798.13 An interesting tabulation of cases received in New York Hospital appeared each month with such informative conclusions as "cured, relieved, died, discharged, disorderly [i.e., still sick], eloped-." This notable quarterly proved so popular that it ran through twentythree volumes, ceasing in 1824.
The Medical Repository was the sole representative of our periodical professional literature during the 18th century and several years elapsed in the 19th before the second journal appeared. Though Philadelphia led the nation in size and importance, in culture, commerce, and medicine, the disastrous yellow fever, lasting for several years beyond 1793, so devastated that renowned metropolis that it fell from prominence. Whereas this city could boast of the first dispensary, the first medical school and medical library of the country, it was New York that saw the publication of our first medical journal, and it was fully seven years later that the competitive urge stirred the Quaker City and brought forth this nation's second and third medical periodicals.
Our second journal was the Philadelphia Medical Museum, also a quarterly, established by John Redman Coxe in 1804. Coxe, besides being the founder of medical journalism in Philadelphia, was also a primary instigator in the creation of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, an ardent believer in the vaccination, and the owner of the largest private library in the country-about 1500 volumes. He was also professor of chemistry, materia medica, and pharmacy at the University of Pennsylvania. Though he was considered one of the most scholarly physicians of his era, as time advanced he remained stationary, intellectually speaking, and despite the proximity of his extraordinary library, he used it to propound the knowledge of the past rather than to cast a light for the future, writing voluminous treatises to prove his point. Coxe died at the age of ninety "but was obsolete two generations before his death."14
The Philadelphia Medical Museum, beginning Sept. 17, 1804 and ending 1811, contains little of lasting interest. Its pages are permeated with writings on yellow fever, a naturally prominent subject of that period, with Benjamin Rush contributing much of his theories and reports on the disease.
Two months after Coxe started his journal, Benjamin Smith Barton established the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal, which was issued at irregular intervals, in sections and with supplements, from November 1804 to May 1809. Barton himself was famed as a botanist. His Elements of Botany was the first American work on the subject, and his Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United States earned him the title, Father of American Materia Medica.15 His journal was not well conducted and so adds nothing to his reputation and very little to early American literature.
The first medical journal published in Boston and the fourth in the United States was the Medical and Agricultural Register, edited by Daniel Adams. This title, beginning in January 1806 and lasting for only 24 monthly parts, contains more of the subject of agriculture than of medicine, with such homey little items as recipes for home brew and home-made wine. It does lay claim for at least one milestone in the history of American medicine by introducing the first description of epidemic cerebrospinal fever in the article by Drs. L. Danielson and E. Mann, "A history of a singular and very mortal disease which lately made its appearance in Medford (Mass.)."18
Baltimore was the next city to feel compelled to publish medical journals and set the stage by offering Tobias Watkins' Baltimore Medical and Physical Recorder, the country's fifth medical journal. However, Baltimore seemed destined to produce only short-lived journals as Watkins' periodical existed for only two volumes, from April, 1808 to August 1809. This was closely followed by Nathaniel Potter's Baltimore Medical and Philosophical Lyceum, surviving only from April to December, 1811, while Davidge's Baltimore Philosophical Journal and Review, which despite its name was devoted to surgery, succumbed after one number, July, 1823.
In 1809 the New York Medical and Philosophical Journal and Review appeared. Though no editors are noted on the title page, a perusal of the contents establishes that they were Benjamin DeWitt and J. Augustine Smith. It was similar in structure and subject to its predecessors, perhaps not so illustrious, but served as a running mate to the Medical Repository, which until 1809 was New York's only medical journal. But the Review could not keep the pace of quarterly publication, appeared semi-annually, and breathed its last with volume three in 1811.
The second decade of the 19th century saw several more journals begin, but few of them were of any importance. Although a style had been set and merely continued, the American physician was becoming more assured, and finding both his voice and an ever spreading audience eager to receive what words of wisdom or interest he might impart. Generally speaking, the journals of this early period contained a diversity of topics. There were articles dealing with natural history, meteorological subjects, geology, insects, and vegetation of the United States, and-oh yes, medicine. This latter was particularly pointed towards discussions of febrile disease, with case observations and theories, extensive reviews of foreign and American publications, miscellaneous news notes and some attempt at reporting hospital and medical statistics. Standards for practice were materializing. Medical schools were growing in size and number, but this was still the beginning.
During the period 1810 to 1820 ten journals emerged. The first, American Medical and Philosophical Register, had a distinguished editorial hand, David Hosack, and his former pupil, John Wakefield Francis. Hosack was widely known in New York in his day as a wealthy and genial socialite and the most influential physician of that city. Francis was an early graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons and later a professor there. Both men assisted greatly in promoting medical journalism in the United States by maintaining a well conducted quarterly which offers much to us, historically, today. There are lengthy and well written biographical sketches of notable physicians of the period, as well as many reminiscences of New York City, accompanied by fine engraved illustrations and portraits. One such interesting article is the historical sketch of the founding and contemporary activities of the College of Physicians and Surgeons.17 The Register was friendly with the Repository, except on the question of the contagiousness of yellow fever, which the Register upheld. The argument developed over a severely critical review of Edward Miller's appendix to the Modern Practice of Physic, which he edited, and added a supplement expounding his theories on the non-contagious nature of the lethal fever. The Register railed against the Repository throughout volume two, with the editorial office of the Repository firmly adhering to Miller's observations-which were correct in essence, as we learned at the opening of the twentieth century.
The next periodical of the decade was the Eclectic Repertory and Analytical Reviews, edited by a "Society of Physicians" in Philadelphia. This journal, running from 1811 to 1821, was not "eclectic" in the sense of sectarian affiliations but "selective," for it existed long before the days of Wooster Beach and his system of "eclectism." Most of its pages contained reprints of outstanding essays of the leading medical men of that and the closely preceding years from England and America. One remarkable exception is the epoch-making communication by Ephraim McDowell of the first ovariotomy performed by him seven years before writing his account, in Danville.13 This article "gave a new impulse to gynecology, made Ephraim McDowell the Father of Ovariotomy, and conferred immortality upon the Eclectic Repertory and Analytical Review."19
The next few titles were of relative insignificance. In brief, they were the Baltimore Medical and Philosophical Lyceum, mentioned in a preceding paragraph; the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery (1812-1828), another Boston venture and a more successful one; and Valentine Mott's ineffectual try at editorship, the New York Medical Magazine (1814-1815). The American Medical Recorder, also of this period and edited by John Eberle, was a much more substantial publication than the preceding titles. This was a well organized journal with contributions from such celebrated personages as John Syng Dorsey, William Edmonds Horner, and James Mease. Abstracts and translations of other journals, reviews, and miscellaneous notes were included. Eberle was no longer editor when William Beaumont, a physician in a remote part of northern Michigan, sent to the Recorder his first observations on the "stomach of the fistulous Canadian trapper,"20 which opened a new field of physiology and initiated the study of gastric function. This essay was erroneously attributed to Surgeon General Joseph Lovell, but the mistake was corrected with a notice in a later issue of the volume with a suggestion for further particulars of the case.21 The Recorder existed for sixteen volumes, merging in 1830 with the American Journal of the Medical Sciences.
Two other titles began the same year as the American Medical Recorder. The notable American Journal of Science, founded by Benjamin Silliman, which exists even today, was (and still is) an excellent periodical with articles on geology, physics, chemistry, mechanics, natural history, entomology, medical botany, and medical chemistry. The second journal, the Medical and Surgical Register, lived for a brief single volume, but remains memorable because in its pages Valentine Mott, its editor, tells how on May 11,1818 he tied the innominate artery-something no man had done before.22
The 1820's saw a new upsurge in periodical publication. There is something fascinating about seeing one's name in print, and the early American practitioner was no exception. Journals began to appear rapidly, many to gasp feebly and expire, a few to continue for a span of years, some to merge with other journals. The larger cities of Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia no longer held the monopoly as seats of publication. The west-that is, that portion of the nation that we know today as the Middle Atlantic States-was opening, and even the South, below Maryland, was trying its hand. The third decade of the 19th century really opened the flood gates of periodical literature and the printed matter began to stream forth with considerable force and energy.
One of the most noteworthy and the vanguard of this period was the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, edited by Nathaniel Chapman and "supported by an association of physicians." This title was published by Mathew Carey and Son of Philadelphia, a firm that has given great impetus to publishing in the medical field and whose proprietor is responsible for magazine production in his own right. Chapman created his journal to refute the dis- paraging remark made by Sydney Smith in the Edinburgh Review, "In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American Book? or goes to an American play? or looks at an American picture or statue? What does the world yet owe to American physicians or surgeons?"23 This quotation was carried on the title page of the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences as long as Chapman remained its sole editor. His prospectus states firmly: "Next to the invention of the art of printing, periodical publication probably exercises the most beneficial influence in awakening literary curiosity and diffusing knowledge. . .. To the United States, productions of this nature would seem to be singularly adapted. An inquisitive and reading people, we are, however, so widely dispersed as to render access, for the most part, exceedingly difficult to libraries, and other auxiliaries of learning... . Ever since the establishment of our Independence, it has become the habit of Europe very wantonly to traduce our national character, our institutions, and achievements. Calumnies from this source have been so long tacitly endured, that they really seem now to be raised, as it were, under the sanction of prescriptive privilege. ... Even allowing that we are as deficient as is alleged, in literary and other polite attainments, it does not at all militate against our pretentions to genius or to generous views and dispositions. Candidly examined, our history will show, that in whatever course the energies of our people have been directed, there we are eminently distinguished."24 Chapman achieved and maintained his goal of setting before the world the credit due American physicians, as his periodical, merging in 1828 with the Philadelphia Monthly Journal of Medicine and Science, and with the assistance of Isaac Hays, became the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, unsurpassed today in the field.
The New York Medical and Physical Journal (1822-1830) contained works of Valentine Mott, Samuel Mitchill, David Hosack, John Torrey, Joseph Priestley, and DeWitt Clinton. It was a good publication with the usual style and content of its contemporaries but contributed nothing spectacular. The year 1822 also witnessed the appearance of the Medical Newspaper-, or, the Doctor and the Physician of Boston; the Vaccine Inquirer, from Baltimore; and the first medical journal published west of the Alleghenies. This was the Western Quarterly Reporter of Medical, Surgical and Natural Science, a rather futile excursion into the publishing field by John D. Godman, in Cincinnati. The journal lasted only six issues despite the editor's prefatory statements that the Quarterly Reporter "will be enriched by many valuable disquisitions on subjects connected with the improvement of the West, and we expect that the patronage of a discriminating publick will enable us to accompany each number with engravings of such objects as are interesting and useful."25 It contained many commentaries and translations of European articles, much on geology and natural history, an interesting denouncement of serious consideration of "phrenology" as an adjunct to science or medicine, and an essay by the editor deploring the practice of medical journals and the profession in cultivating a "jargon" or use of foreign words and expressions in writing and conversation. This affectation "betrays the want of education and their inability to use their mother tongue correctly."26 And this was over a century ago!
The next year produced the Medical Reformer, of New York (1823 only); the Monthly Journal of Medicine, Hartford, Connecticut (1823-1835), and the Boston Medical Intelligencer (1823-1828), America's first medical weekly. The Intelligencer, founded by Jerome F. C. Smith, was bought by Drs. Ware and Channing in 1828, merged with the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and continued as the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, until 1929 when it became the New England Journal of Medicine, a highly reputable publication, respected and beloved by the Boston physician to this day.
After this there appeared in swift succession the New York Monthly Chronicle of Medicine and Surgery (1824-1825); the Carolina Journal of Medicine, Science and Agriculture (1825-1826), published in Charleston, South Carolina; Ohio Medical Repository of Original and Selected Essays and Intelligence, Cincinnati, which was long in title but short in life (1826-1827) and later merged into the Western Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences; the North American Medical and Surgical Journal, of Philadelphia (1826-1828), mentioned before; and the American Journal of Foreign Medicine, published in Boston to present a selection, mostly British, of literature from foreign medical periodicals.
In 1827 there arose another type of medical journal which in this instance created little stir, but was later to be widely imitated and followed. This was the Medical Advocate; Devoted to the Cause of Advocating the Thomsonian System of the Practice of Medicine, on Botanical Principles, Boston (1827-1828). Medicine has always had its rebels and quacks, and though Samuel Thomson (1769-1843) can hardly be included in the last category, certainly his theories were never completely accepted by the profession, nor were they widely received by the lay public. Thomson was an ardent believer in the curative forces in nature, and his system consisted in the use of herbs. He was instrumental, however, in forcing the allopath, or regular physician, to diminish the quantity of drugs administered, and reduced the popularity of the use of mercury and bleeding which was the vogue in his day. Thomson had much more forceful peers in the adherents of homoeopathy and eclectism which were later contemporaries.
Meanwhile the West was expanding and the medical scene moved accordingly. Transylvania University had become a far-famed institution of learning with a Medical Department that presented to America some of its most dis- tinguished physicians and outstanding medical literature. Cincinnati and Louisville, Kentucky, assumed for the West the prerogatives formerly due to Philadelphia and New York as centers of learning and publication.
At this time the Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences (18271838) appeared in Cincinnati, edited by Daniel Drake, the West's most famous physician. This periodical had started as the Western Medical and Physical Journal but in 1828 it merged with the Ohio Medical Repository of Original and Selected Essays and Intelligence and continued the volume numbering without interruption. Drake's journal contained numerous contributions from Kentucky physicians with an emphasis on disease in the Mississippi Valley. As an indication of the concern felt by the medical profession over the growing inclination of the public to entertain and support the fraudulent practitioners in their midst one shoulcj read the article in the tenth volume which violently denounces quackery in the United States and England, with sample advertisements of the pills, ointments, and other so-called family remedies.27 Volume nine (1836) added a supplement of twelve pages which lists the graduates (there were eighteen) who having defended their theses were awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine, the first graduating class of the medical department of Cincinnati College. Classes of the school were composed of students from all of the then known United States with the majority from Ohio, Kentucky, and Mississippi. It was apparent also that strong efforts were being made to reform the medical schools in Ohio, as can be attested to by numerous brief articles throughout the journal proposing reorganization of both curricula and faculty. The Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences suspended publication in 1838 but was revived in 1840 and consolidated with the Louisville Journal of Medicine and Surgery to form the Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
Next appeared the New England Medical Review and Journal from Boston, a quarterly, which lasted one volume, January to October, 1827, then joined the Boston Medical Intelligencer, described previously, to become the famous Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (1828-1928).
This latter, also a weekly, and now known as the New England Journal of Medicine, contained some of the most influential writings of the era. For instance, there was Henry Jacob Bigelow's "Insensibility during surgical operations produced by inhalation."28 Dr. Bigelow relates of the extraction of teeth, removal of tumors and even amputation of limbs with the assistance of ether which, discovered and developed within this decade, brought about a whole new concept of surgery, enabling the operator to devise and perform feats of skill with the knife heretofore unimagined. Besides considerable discussion on this topic, the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal offers such tidbits as a note on the expansion of phrenology abroad and contrasting apathy in the United States. There is also an item on the establishment of a phrenological professorship in a college of Buenos Aires.29 At this time the move toward specialization was quite pronounced. An advertisement in volume thirty-five informs the world at large that Dr. J. H. Dix "relinquishes general practice and from this date (February 14, 1843) will attend exclusively to the medical and surgical treatment of Diseases of Eye and Ear."30
An interesting article by R. L. MacDonnell, reprinted from the British American Journal of Medical Science, of Montreal, "Use of microscope in practice of medicine,"31 suggests a rising interest in microscopical investigation and a more scientific approach to diagnosis. There was, however, still an interest in meteorological subjects and natural history, but purely medical articles were more and more dominating the scene.
About the same time that Boston was organizing its most notable periodical, Philadelphia set before the world America's most widely honored and respected journal, the American Journal of the Medical Sciences. This title really began in 1827, superseding the Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, and continued under the guidance of Nathaniel Chapman and Isaac Hays for many years. The "Yellow Journal," as it is affectionately called by the profession, is still one of our most reputable periodicals, without whose files no medical subject can be thoroughly studied. Hays and Chapman designed their journal originally as a quarterly, now a monthly, to be national in character, to be devoted exclusively to the improvement of medical science, and the elevation of the medical profession regardless of local and individual interests. No anonymous contributions would be accepted. This policy was always consistently adhered to and no doubt deserves much of the credit for the continuous success of the journal. "At so early a period in its existence as 1840 and at a time when there was great disposition on the part of our English cousins to view American productions with a deprecating eye, the Lancet stated editorially that 'The American Journal of the Medical Sciences is by far the best periodical (before us); it is, indeed, the best of the trans-Atlantic medical publications; and, to make a comparison nearer home, is in most respects superior to the great majority of European works of the same description'."32 From the very beginning the best element of the profession contributed some of the most memorable works in the field of medicine. Valentine Mott described the "Successful ligature of the common iliac artery,"33 and the remarkable surgical feat of removing the clavicle in its entirety, requiring the ligation of forty vessels.34 Dr. Knight first successfully employed digital compression for the cure of aneurism.35 Dr. Gerhard presented his classic paper "Differentiation between Typhus and Typhoid Fever."36 The journal also maintained departments for the review of medical publications and abstracts of the best medical journals throughout the world.
Another important step in the American medical periodical field was taken the year following the inauguration of the "Yellow Journal," and in an entirely different section of the country. This was the Transylvania Journal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences (1828-1839) of Lexington, Kentucky. It was the first medical journal published in that state and one of our most distinguished early American medical serials. In the beginning it was edited by John Esten Cooke and Charles Wilkins Short; later, others, even the Medical Faculty of Transylvania University, shared in its management. The Transylvania Journal was an excellent source of writings of southern physicians, with good original articles, biographical and obituary notices, reviews of medical publications, and meteorological tables. The founding of the Lexington Lunatic Asylum is noted and gives some insight on the provisions made for the insane of that day.37 The Asylum offered the best in moral and rational treatment of the mentally ill, humane care, comfortable, agreeable surroundings, and some restraint, but actual treatment was at a minimum. In volume five there is an interesting table of "Requisitions for Graduation in the Various Medical Colleges in the United States."38 By the year 1830 most medical schools required a basic course of three years plus a thesis and an examination. The curriculum included courses in chemistry, pharmacy, anatomy, physiology, theory and practice of medicine and surgery, some botany, medical jurisprudence, and one school even offered pathology (University of Vermont). This was a vast improvement over the understandarized, varying courses of studies offered in earlier years.
The last part of the 1820's presented the following titles: Medical Friend of the People, Harrodsburg, Kentucky (1829) ; Monthly Journal of Foreign Medicine Philadelphia (1828-1829); The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy Journal (1829), which later became our present, widely known American Journal of Pharmacy; the Maryland Medical Recorder, Devoted to Medical Science in General, Baltimore (1829-1832), and the Journal of Health, Philadelphia (1829-1833)-a periodical of popular medicine, emphasizing diets, exercise, temperance, and abstinence.
Between 1830 and 1850, there was, on the whole, a great similarity of journals but within a few categories. It was during this period that "eclectism," Thom- sonianism, and homoeopathy, three rebel systems of medicine, made their bids for recognition. Also, dentistry divorced itself from medicine and strode forward as a confident and an independent science. This was the beginning, a bare beginning indeed, of the specialty journals-a phase of periodical publications which gained momentum in the latter part of the nineteenth century, and is here with us today to stay.
Eclectism was a system founded by Wooster Beach (1794-1868) in an attempt to reform the evils of the allopathic profession. This school of medicine sought to promote the use of herbs and roots, nature's remedies, in medical practice, and to dispense completely with bleeding, cupping, and certain excesses in drug administration. Beach founded the Reformed Medical Society of the United States, and edited its official publication, the Reformed Medical Journal, New York (1832 only). This was the first "eclectic" medical journal in the country. There were many more such "reformed" botanico-medical journals, and many followers of the eclectic school of thought. And then there was Thomsonianism which was later assimilated by the Eclectics.
Samuel Thomson (1769-1843) was the originator of the Thomsonian system of medicine which consisted, much like eclectism (by which it was later engulfed), in the use of herbs, and which believed in the curative forces of nature. A fundamental concept of Thomsonianism was that inflammation and fever were not a disease or enemy, that inflammation healed and fever was a friend. Many Thomsonian journals arose during these next two decades but were for the most part of brief existence. Some of these were the Thomsonian Recorder, Columbus, Ohio (1832-1837); Boston Thomsonian Manual and Lady's Companion (1835-1845); Boston True Thomsonian (1840-1943); and Thomsonian Messenger, Norwich, Connecticut (1841-1845). Though one might be led to believe from the titles just mentioned that this was a phenomenon peculiar to the New England section, it is not true. Thomsonianism cropped up with a persistence unbelievable in many remote areas of the country. There was an appeal in botánico-medicine that was especially attractive to the smaller cities and towns and one finds such rural hamlets as Marysville, Tennessee, Albany, New York, and Burlington, Vermont, producing Thomsonian literature.
The theory of botánico-medicine had many adherents; the most prominent, and most closely allied to the regular practice of medicine, was the homoeopathic. Samuel Hahnemann, of Leipzig, Vienna, and Erlangen was responsible for the system, which was introduced in this country shortly after 1825, where it flourished widely. The first periodical published by and for the homoeopathic profession was the American Journal of Homoeopalhia, New York (1835). The editors, John F. Gray and A. G. Hull, explained that they preferred this form of title of the system of Hahnemann, having a precedent in the general adoption of "neuralgia" instead of "neuralgy."
The Homoeopalhia was accompanied by a publication from Allentown, Penn- sylvania, entitled, impressively, Korrespondenzblatt der homoeopathischefi Aerzte. This journal, published in the interest of the Allentown Academy, the first homoeopathic college in the world, was printed, for the most part, in German, although some case reports were in English. There was also a supplement called Archivzettel, consisting of short notes regarding clinical uses of various remedies.
There appeared many other homoeopathic journals, all in the same vein, promoting the theory of "Similia Similibus Curantur," which contends that disease or symptoms of disease are curable by particular drugs which produce similar effects on the healthy body. Homoeopathy did have a profound effect upon medical practice by its emphasis on small doses of medicine and a light diet but has lost its position as an unique medical procedure since the regular physician has taken what was useful of the system, incorporating it within the allopathic system and rejecting the obviously ridiculous.
The regular medical profession had not diminished its literary exertions throughout these controversial years and continued to pour out printed matter at an ever increasing rate. Of the volume of periodical literature for the years 1830-1850, only a few of the journals are worth considering here. The Cholera Bulletin, published by an "Association of Physicians," three times a week from July 9th to August 31st, 1832, and the Cholera Gazette, a weekly, edited by Isaac Hays in Philadelphia the same year, exemplify the increased social conscience of the physician. Cholera, running through Europe, reached America about 1832, and these publications were attempts by an organized profession to reach the public and physicians with information to combat the disease effectively.89
The following year produced the Baltimore Medical and Surgical Journal and Review (1833-1834) edited by E. Geddings, which became the North American Archives of Medical and Surgical Science, Baltimore (1834-1835). Next was the United States Medical and Surgical Journal, New York (1834-1836), a monthly "conducted by a number of respectable physicians in various parts of the United States." It contains biographies of deceased physicians, "winnowed" contents of American and foreign publications, miscellaneous notes, and brief original articles, conforming to their policy of getting as much practical matter as possible into a small space. This journal's one contribution to the history of American medicine is the almost obscure notice of a recently organized Society of Surgeon-Dentists of the City and State of New York-the first dental society in the United States-designed "for mutual improvement, by an interchange of ideas, and communication of facts, together with an effort to elevate the character, and increase the usefulness of the dental profession... to impress the public with a greater feeling of confidence than heretofore in the value of this highly important and useful branch."40
John Bell then produced his Eclectic Journal of Medicine (1836-1840) and its partner Select Medical Library, both continuing until 1846 as Select Medical Library and Bulletin of Medical Science which contained reprints of valuable published works as well as news and case studies, but was not widely circulated because of the exorbitant cost.
Another title should be mentioned at this time, though it existed for a mere four numbers, July 1842 to April 1843, and offered nothing of importance to the progress of medical serial publication-with one exception. This was the New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, of Boston, which contains one of the most remarkable essays in the history of American medical journalism, Oliver Wendell Holmes' "The contagiousness of puerperal fever."41
The geographical expansion continued with the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, of Augusta, Georgia (1836-1867), edited by Milton Antony and Joseph A. Eve; the Louisville Journal of Medicine and Science (1838) which united with the Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences to form the Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery (1840-1855); the Maryland Medical and Surgical Journal, Baltimore (1839-1843)-the official organ of the medical department of the Army and Navy of the United States.
During this time, along with the impetus given by the Thomsonian system and other botanico-medical theories, there developed a widespread interest in "domestic medicine" and "physical culture." One of the most influential innovators of this subject was Sylvester Graham (1794-1851), who ardently advocated the use of the vegetable diet as a preventive of disease. Though he failed to establish a system of dietetics, he was, at least, instrumental in modifying the prevailing habit of excessive use of meat by proving that muscular strength was not dependent upon its consumption. He also popularized the use of unbolted flour, which he introduced and which now bears his name, and paved the way for utilization of cereal foods and of fruit. The Graham Journal of Health and Longevity, emanating from Boston and New York (1837-1839) and edited by David Cambell, propounded to "illustrate by facts and sustain by reason and principles the science of human life as taught by Sylvester Graham." Other similar journals soon followed: the Guardian of Health; a monthly Journal of Domestic Hygiene, Baltimore (1841-1842); Herald of Health, New York (1842-1843); Guardian of Health, Boston (1846-1869); and Scalpel: an Entirely Original Quarterly Expositor of the Laws of Health, New York (1849-1861).
The inception of specialized journals is evinced with the appearance of such periodicals as the American Journal of Dental Science (1839-1909), published simultaneously in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore, demonstrating the extent of the separation of dentistry from surgery; the American Journal of Insanity, edited by officers of the New York State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, New York (1844-1921); and the American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb, Washington (1847-1886).
The fifth decade of the 19th century saw more midwestern and southern medical journals come forth. The Western and Southern Medical Recorder (18411843) was published in Lexington, Kentucky, and edited by James Conquest Cross, who later edited the Southwestern Medical Advocate in Memphis (1847), Tennessee's first medical journal. The deep South was represented by the New Orleans Medical Journal, which, starting in 1844, is being published today as the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal. In Missouri, the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal (1843-1907) gave evidence of the growth of medicine towards the Far West, while the Northwest had its Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal (1844-1846), which later became the Illinois and Indiana Medical and Surgical Journal (1846-1848) and still later, the Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal (1848-1857), all published at Chicago.
Thus, by 1850, all the settled areas of the United States had representative medical periodical publications.
Summary of Findings
Fifty years in the life of a nation, even a rather young nation, is not a large length of time for productivity of any sort. Although as a matter of fact it is a relatively short time, in the case of medical serial publication in the United States it has proved to be a remarkably fruitful period. A growing nation has so many problems, so much organizing, expanding, re-organizing and experimentation to do that it is a wonder that much of lasting value ever emerges from the struggle. Nevertheless, the medical profession progressed as the nation progressed, and despite untold difficulties-economic, geographical, cultural- presented to the world concrete evidence of creditable achievement. Though most of the periodicals which arose during these years could claim little, qualitatively speaking, there can be no dispute with the quantity produced, and in the very mass of literature published lies the essence of accumulated experience -a trial and error experience, but effective, nevertheless.
All in all there were 249 periodicals published before 1850. This figure includes the allopathic, or regular medical journals; the dental periodicals; the medical variants or botanico-medical journals, such as homoeopathic, Thomsonian and eclectic; the publications of Societies and Institutions; and neomedical, or borderline journals. To clarify the picture the categories can be tabulated as follows:
The medical journal classification can be subdivided into the following order by types:
Before the turn of the 19th century most of the then known states had a representative journal. The majority, naturally enough considering the origin of the country, emanated from the New England, or rather northeastern area. New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Cincinnati, in that order, led the field in cities of publication, though many periodicals emerged from smaller towns. For illustration, the general geographical distribution is given:
(Medical and dental publications are included in this table.)
There was only one journal, as already explained, published before 1800, but by 1850 over 200 literary companions had appeared. The five decades investigated produce a table like this:
showing the steady rise in volume of periodical literature.
This period is singularly bereft of purely research periodicals although that fact is not surprising when one remembers that the day of Koch and Pasteur, of Bernard and Brown-Sequard was just dawning, and the scientific, investigative spirit was barely felt abroad, much less in America. The same deficiency applies to the field of specialization. However, the embryo occurs in the American Journal of Insanity and American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb. The specialty journals developed rapidly after the mid-century, but it was not until many years later that the journal devoted solely to investigation and research began to roll from the printing presses.
1 Frank L. A history of American magazines, 1741-1850. New York and London, D. Appleton & Co., 1930. v. 1, p. 5-6.
2 Op. cit., p. 8.
3 Garrison, Fielding H. Journalism, medical. In Reference handbook of the medical sciences. 4th ed. New York, William Wood, 1923. v. 5, p. 706.
4 Garrison, Fielding H. Medical and scientific periodicals of the 17th and 18th centuries. With a revised catalogue and checklist. Bulletin of the Institute of the history of medicine, 2: 285-343, 1934.
5 Ibid.
6 Garrison. Journalism, medical, p. 707.
7 Mott. Op. cit., p. 149.
8 Signatures on circular announcing forthcoming publication. Prospectus, Nov. 15, 1796.
9 Robinson, Victor. The early medical journals of America. Medical life, 36: 553-606, 1929, p. 558.
10 Op. cit., p. 555.
11 Medical Repository, 6: 1-3, 1803.
12 Ibid., 2d Hexade, 5: 308-9, 1808.
13 Ibid., 2: 463-4, 1799.
14 Robinson, Op. cit., p. 564.
15 Armstrong, John M. The first American medical journals. Lectures on the history of medicine, 1926-1932. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1933, p. 357-369, p. 362-363.
16 Medical and agricultural register, 1: 65-69, 1806.
17 American medical and philosophical register, 4: 105-152, 1814.
18 Eclectic repertory and analytical review, 7: 242-244, 1817.
19 Robinson. Op. tit., p. 577.
20 American medical recorder, 8: 14-19, 1825.
21 Ibid., p. 840.
22 Robinson. Op. cit., p. 579.
23 (Sydney Smith.) Review of Statistical Annals of the United States of America, by Adam Seybert. Philadelphia, 1818. Edinburgh Review, 33: 79, 1820 no. 65, Jan-Mar.
24 Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, 1: vii-viii, 1820.
25 Western Quarterly Reporter of Medical, Surgical and Natural Sciences, 1: viii, 1822.
26 Ibid., 2: 16, 1823.
27 Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, 10: 613-622, 1836-7.
28 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 35: 309-317, 1846.
29 Op. cit., p. 482.
30 Op. cit., Advertisement sheet following p. 444.
31 Op. cit., p. 228-234.
32 Landis, H. R. M. History and Development of Medical Science in America as Recorded in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Philadelphia, Lea 1901, p. 6-7.
33 American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1: 156-161, 1827.
34 Ibid., 3: 100-108, 1828.
35 Ibid., 56: 255-257, 1848.
36 Ibid., 19: 289-322; 20: 289-322, 1837.
37 Transylvania Journal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences, 2: 500-511, 1829.
38 Ibid., 5: 296-303, 1832.
39 Shafer, Henry B. American Medical Profession, 1783-1850. New York, Columbia Uni- versity Press 1936. p. 184.
40 United States Medical and Surgical Journal, New York, 1: 157, 1834.
41 New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1: 503-530, 1843.
REFERENCES
Armstrong, John M. The first American medical journals. In Lectures on the history of medicine, 1926-1932. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1933, p. 357-369.
Billings, John S. Medical journals of the United States. Boston medical and surgical journal 100: 1-14, 108, 1879.
Blumer, George. The first medical transactions in America. Yale journal of biology and medicine 6: 299-305, 1934.
Bolton, Henry C. A catalogue of scientific and technical periodicals, 1665-1895. 2nd ed., Washington, Gov't. Print. Off., 1897. (Smithsonian miscellaneous collections, v. 40.)
Bradford, Thomas L. Homoeopathic bibliography of the United States from the year 1825 to the year 1891, inclusive. Philadelphia, Boericke and Tafel, 1892.
Clark, Edward H. Century of American medicine, 1776-1876. Philadelphia, Lea, 1876.
Forman, Jonathan. Medical journals of the period, 1835-1858. In Ohio committee on medical history and archives. Ohio medical history of the period, 1835-1858. Columbus, Ohio, p. 361-366.
Garrison, Fielding H. Journalism, medical. In Reference handbook of the American medical sciences. 4th ed., New York, William Wood & Co., 1923, v. 5, p. 706-712; 901910.
Garrison, Fielding H. The medical and scientific periodicals of the 17th and 18th centuries. With a revised catalogue and check-list. Bulletin of the Institute of the history of medicine 2: 285-343, 1934.
Gross, Samuel D. History of American medical literature, from 1776 to the present time. Philadelphia, P. Madeira, 1875.
Hamer, Phillip M. Medical periodicals in Tennessee before the Civil War. In The Tennessee state medical association. Centennial history of the Tennessee state medical association. Nashville, Tenn., 1930. p. 452-467.
Hume, Edgar E. Early Kentucky medical literature. Kentucky medical journal 34: 349-366, 1936.
Landis, H. R. M. The history of the development of medical science in America as recorded in the American journal of the medical sciences. Philadelphia and New York, Lea Bros., 1901.
LeFanu, William R. British periodicals of medicine: a chronological list. Bulletin of the Institute of the history of medicine, 5: 735-761; 827-855, 1937; 6: 614r-648, 1938.
Mott, Frank L. A history of American magazines, 1741-1850. New York and London, D. Appleton & Co., 1930. 3 v.
Packard, Francis R. History of medicine in the United States. New York, Paul B. Hoeber, 1931. 2 v.
Robinson, Victor. The early medical journals of America founded during the quartercentury 1797-1822. Medical life, 36: 553-606, 1929.
Shafer, Henry B. The American medical profession, 1783 to 1850. New York, Columbia - university press, 1936.
Simmons, Horace M. Medical journalism in Maryland. Maryland medical journal, 40: 101-106,1898.
Trueman, William H. History of the dental periodical literature in the English language from 1839 to 1875. In Index of the periodical dental literature, 1839-1875 (1923), xxvIv.
Young, W. A. Medical journalism in years gone by. Journal of the American medical editors association, 1: 1-7, 1913.
By Myrl Ebert
Library Associate
New York University-Bellevue Medical Center Library
New York City
Appendix Explanatory Note
The list which immediately follows consists of a chronological arrangement of titles gleaned from the Union List of Serials in Libraries of the United States and Canada, 2nd edition, (Gregory), the first three series of the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, W. H. Trueman's History of the Denial Literature in the English Language from 1834 to 1875, and the card catalogue of the New York Academy of Medicine Library. The plan is that of the Union List with the latest form of the title as the main entry. Transactions and proceedings of societies and institutions are under the names of the issuing bodies. Not all entries are purely medical. Scientific, dental, health, and borderline titles are included as being of possible interest to the medical librarian or historian. Only serials which began before 1850 are incorporated in the appendix, regardless of their continuation; some exist even today. Inclusive dates of publication are cited, with additional notes of changes in titles, numbering, suspensions, and mergers. Note that a few proceedings of societies appeared before the first medical journal, and are not to be confused with the independent medical journal-the subject of this study.
Before 1800
1. Medical society of New Jersey. Transactions, v. 1-137, 1766-1903// (1766-1800, published 1875 in 1 v. as Rise, minutes and proceedings of the New Jersey medical society; 1847-1858 in New Jersey medical reporter, later Medical and surgical reporter. Continued in the society's Journal.)
2. Massachusetts medical society. Medical communications. Boston, v. 1-24, 1790-1913// (Continued in Boston medical and surgical journal; later New England journal of medicine, v. 3-4 as Medical dissertations, v. 5-19 also as s2 v. 1-15. Superseded by its Bulletin.)
3. Connecticut state medical society. Proceedings. Hartford, Conn. v. 1-143, 1792-1935// (1792/1829 reprinted 1884. 1860-1875 also as s2 v. 1-14; 1876-1891 also as s3 v. 1-4. Title varies. Superseded by its Journal; later Connecticut state medical journal.)
4. College of physicians of Philadelphia. Transactions, v. 1, 1793// also Transactions. v. 1-3, N 1841-1850; ns v. 1-4, (v. 1-3, ns v. 1-4 as Summary of the transactions. Title varies slightly.)
5. Medical society of the county of Kings and Academy of science of Brooklyn, N. Y. Minutes, v. 1-64, 1794-1885//? (Through Mr 1933 as Medical society of the county of Kings.)
6. Medical repository. New York. v. 1-23, J1 26 1797-1824. Subtitle varies. Vol. no. irregular. Prospectus dated N 15 1796. Cover title for some years as New York medical repository. Also numbered as v. 1-6, 1797-1803; s2 v. 1-6, 1804-1809; s3 v. 1-3, 1810-1812; ns s4 v. 1-8, 1813-1824.
7. Medical and chirurgical faculty of the state of Maryland. Summary of proceedings. v. 1, 1799-1807//1800-1809
8. Charleston medical register. Charleston, S. C. v. 1, 1803//
9. Lancet. Newark, N. J. no. 1, Je 1803//?
10. Philadelphia medical museum. Philadelphia, v. 1-6, S 17 1804-1809; ns v. 1, 1810-1811//
11. Philadelphia medical and physical journal. Philadelphia, v. 1-3, N 1804-1808// (Cover title: Barton's medical journal.) Supplement v. 1-3, Mr 1806-My 1809//
12. Medical and agricultural register. Boston, v. 1, no. 1-24, Ja 1806-D 1807//
13. Medical society of the county of Albany. Albany, N. Y. Transactions, v. 1-3, 18061883// v. 1, 1806-1851 as Annals. (Continued in Albany medical annals.)
14. New York county medical association. Transactions, v. 1-6, 1806-1898//?
15. New York county physicians and surgeons. Proceedings. 1806-1834.
16. Medical and surgical society of the University of the State of New York. Report of the proceedings, v. 1-11, 1807-1817/18// (v. 2, 1809 issued in two editiôns.)
17. Medical society of the state of New York (est. 1806). Transactions. 1807-1905// (Continued in New York state journal of medicine.)
18. Baltimore medical and physical recorder. Baltimore, v. 1-2, no. 1, Ap 1808-Ag 1809//
19. New York medical and philosophical journal and review. New York. v. 1-3, 1809-1811// 1810-1819
20. American medical and philosophical register; or, Annals of medicine, natural history, agriculture, and the arts. New York. v. 1-4, J1 1810-Ap 1814//
21. Journal of foreign medical science and literature. Philadelphia, v. 1-14, 0 1810-0 1824// (v. 1-10 as Eclectic repertory. Merged into American medical recorder, v. 11-14 also as ns v. 1-4.)
22. Connecticut medical society. Communications. New Haven, Conn. no. 1, 1810//
23. Baltimore medical and philosophical lyceum. Baltimore, v. 1, no. 1-4, Ja/Mr-O/D 1811//
24. New England journal of medicine and surgery, and collateral branches of science. Boston. v. 1-15, Ja 1812-D 1826// (v. 6-10, 1817-1821 also as ns v. 1-5; v. 11-15, 18221826 as s3 v. 1-5. Superseded by New England medical review and journal. Index: v. 1-15 in Boston medical and surgical journal v. 25; later New England journal of medicine.)
25. Emporium of arts and sciences. Philadelphia, v. 1-2, My 1812-Ap 1813; ns v. 1-3, Je 1812-0 1814//
26. American aesculapian society. New York. Transactions, v. 1-4, 1812/13-1815/16//? (v. 1 as its Report of proceedings)
27. New York medical magazine. New York. v. 1, no. 1-2, 1814-Ja 1815//
28. Physico-medical society of New York. Transactions, v. 1, 1817//
29. New York physio-medical society. Transactions, v. 1, 1817//?
30. American journal of science. New Haven, Conn. v. 1, J1 1818- (1820-1879 as American journal of science and arts.)
31. American medical recorder. Philadelphia, v. 1-16, no. 2, 1818-Ap 1829// (Merged into American journal of the medical sciences, v. 7-12 as Medical recorder of original papers and intelligence in medicine and surgery, v. 14 omitted in numbering, v. 16, no. 2 incorrectly numbered v. 15, no. 2.)
32. Medical and surgical register. New York. v. 1, 1818-1820//
33. New York medical and surgical register, v. 1-2, 1818-1820// 1820-1829
34. Philadelphia journal of the medical and physical sciences. Philadelphia, v. 1-14, Ja 1820-D 1827// (v. 10-14 also as ns v. 1-5. Superseded by American journal of the medical sciences.)
35. Microscope, ed. by a fraternity of gentlemen. New Haven, v. 1-2, no. 1-50, Mr 21-S 8 1820//
36. Medico-chirurgical review. American reprint. New York. v. 1-4, 1820-1824; ns. v. 1-47, 1824-1847// (Also numbered v. 1-51. Reprint of British journal of the same name.)
37. Microscope. Albany, N. Y. v. 1-7, no. 21 (no. 1-337), 1821-D 29 1827//? (1821-1823? as Microscope and independent examiner.)
38. New York medical and physical journal. New York. v. 1-9, Ja 1822-D 1830// (v. 8-9 also as ns v. 1-2.)
39. Medical news-paper; or, The doctor and the physician. Boston, v. 1, no. 1-26, Ja 1 1822F F 1825//?
40. Vaccine inquirer. Baltimore, no. 1-6, F 1822-Je (?) 1824//?
41. Western quarterly reporter of medical, surgical and natural science. Cincinnati, v. 1-2, no. 2, 1822-1823//
42. Medical reformer. New York. v. 1, no. 1-6, Ja 1-Je 1 1823//
43. Boston medical intelligencer. Boston, v. 1-5, no. 39, Ap 29 1823-F 12 1828// (v. 1-3 as Medical intelligencer with running title, Boston medical intelligencer. United with New England medical review and journal to form Boston medical and surgical journal, New England journal of medicine.)
44. Baltimore philosophical journal and review. Baltimore, no. 1, J1 1823//
45. Microscope. Louisville, Ky.; New Albany, Ind. v. 1-2, no. 20, Ap 17 1824-S 10 1825//
46. American medical review and journal of original and selected papers in medicine and surgery. (Eberle) Philadelphia, v. 1-3, Je 1824-Ag 1826// (v. 1 as Medical review and analectic journal.)
47. Aesculapian Register. Philadelphia, v. 1, Je 17-D 9 1824//
48. New York monthly chronicle of medicine and surgery. New York. v. 1, no. 1-12, J1 1824-Je 1825// '
49. Carolina journal of medicine, science and agriculture. Charleston, S. C. v. 1, 1825; ns v. 1, no. 1-2, 1826.
50. American botanical register. Washington, v. 1-3, 1825-1830//
51. North American medical and surgical journal. Philadelphia, v. 1-12, Ja 1826-0 1831//
52. Ohio medical repository of original and selected intelligence. Cincinnati, v. 1, Ap 1 1826- Ap 18 1827// (Merged into Western medical and physical journal; later Western journal of the medical and physical sciences.)
53. New England medical review and journal. Boston, v. 1, Ja-O 1827// (Superseded New England journal of medicine and surgery. United with Boston medical intelligencer to form Boston medical and surgical journal; later New England journal of medicine.)
54. Western journal of the medical and physical sciences. Cincinnati, v. 1-12 (no. 1-45), Ap 1827-J1 1838// (v. 1, no. 1-7 as Western medical and physical journal. United with Louisville journal of medicine and surgery to form Western journal of medicine and surgery.)
55. Philadelphia monthly journal of medicine and surgery. Philadelphia, v. 1-2, no. 3, Je 1827- F 1828// (Merged into American journal of the medical sciences.)
56. American journal of foreign medicine. Boston, v. 1, no. 1 Je 1827//
57. Medical advocate; devoted to the cause of advocating the Thomsonian system of the practice of medicine, on botanical principles. Boston, v. 1, no. 1-6, Ap 1827-J11828// (No numbers issued S 1827-Je 1828.)
58. American journal of the medical sciences. Philadelphia, v. 1-26, N 1827-1840; ns v. 1, 1841- (Supersedes Philadelphia journal of the medical and physical sciences.)
59. Monthly journal of foreign medicine. Philadelphia, v. 1-3, Ja 1828-Je 1829// (Also with title: Spirit of the European medical journals.)
60. Transylvania journal of medicine and the associate sciences. Lexington, Ky. v. 1-12, no. 1, F 1828-Mr 1839//
61. New England journal of medicine. (Massachusetts medical society; New England surgical society.) Boston, v. 1, F 19 1828- (Formed by the union of New England medical review and Boston medical intelligencer, v. 1-197, no. 33, 1828-F 16 1928 as Boston medical and surgical journal, v. 78-87 also as ns v. 1-10.)
62. American journal of pharmacy. Philadelphia, v. 1, Ap 1829- (v. 1-6 as Philadelphia college of pharmacy journal. 4 preliminary nos. published 1825-1827.)
63. Medical friend of the people. Harrodsburg, Ky. v. 1, no. 1-15, Je 3 1829-My 1830//
64. Maryland medical recorder, devoted to medical science in general. Baltimore, v. 1-3, S 1829-N 1832//
65. Journal of health. Conducted by an association of physicians. Philadelphia, v. 1-4, S 9 1829-Ag 1833// (Caption title of 4 as Journal of health and recreation.) 1830-1839
66. American lancet. New York. v. 1-2; ns v. 1, no. 1-4, Ja 1830-F 26 1831// (v. 1 asNew York medical inquirer.)
67. Baltimore monthly journal of medicine and surgery. Baltimore, v. 1, no. 1-12, F 1830Ja 1831//
68. New York medical journal. New York. v. 1-2, N 1830-Ag 1831//
69. Domestic, medical and dietetical monitor, a journal of health. Woodstock, Vt. no. 1-6, 1830//?
70. Tennessee state medical association. (Through 1901 as Medical society of Tennessee) Transactions, v. 1-78, 1830-1911/12// (Continued in the Society's Journal.)
71. Western journal of health. Cincinnati, v. 1, no. 1-11, Je 1-N 1 1831//?
72. New York medico-chirurgical bulletin. New York. v. 1-2, My 1831-Ap 1832//
73. Thomsonian, and botanic medical adviser. Baltimore, no. 1, 1831//?
74. Reformed medical journal. (Reformed medical society of the United States.) New York. v. 1, no. 1-12, Ja-D 1832//
75. Monthly journal of medical literature, and American medical students' gazette. Boston; Lowell, Mass. v. 1, no. 1-3, Ja-Mr 1832// (Title varies.)
76. Cholera bulletin. New York. no. 1-24, J1 6-Ag 31 1832//
77. Cholera gazette. Philadelphia, no. 1-16, J1 11-N 21 1832//
78. Medical magazine. Boston, v. 1-3, no. 24, J1 1832-J1 15 1835//
79. Healthside. Cincinnati, v. 1-52, no. 6, S 1832-D 1884// (v. 1-5, 1832-S 1837 as Thomsonian recorder; v. 6-17, O 1837-Ag 15 1852 Botanico-medical recorder; v. 18-43, S 15 1832-1880 Physio-medical recorder; v. 44-50, 1880-1883 Cincinnati medical gazette and recorder; v. 52 no. 1, Mr 1883-Ja 1884 Cincinnati medical recorder.)
80. Eclectic journal of science. Columbus, O. v. 1-2, N 15 1832-Ja 17 1835//? (v. 1, no. 124, 1832-D 16 1833 as Eclectic and medical botanist.)
81. Ohio medical reformer. Cincinnati, v. 1, no. 1-2, D 1-15 1832//?
82. Western medical gazette. Cincinnati, v. 1-2, no. 12, D 15 1832-Ap 1835//
83. Medical society of the county of Cayuga, Auburn, N. Y. Transactions. 1832//?
84. American lancet. Philadelphia, v. 1, no. 1-8, F 23-My 29 1833//
85. Register and library of medical and chirurgical science. Washington, v. 1-2, J1 22 1833-1836//
86. Baltimore medical and surgical journal and review. Baltimore, v. 1-2, O 1833-S 1834// (Superseded by North American archives of medical and surgical science.)
87. Annals of phrenology. Boston, y. 1-2, 1833-1835//
88. Thomsonian botanic watchman. Albany, N. Y. v. 1-2, no. 8, Ja 1834-Ag 1835//
89. United States medical and surgical journal. New York. v. 1-3 (no. 1-28), Ag 1834-N 1835//
90. North American archives of medical and surgical science. Baltimore, v. 1-2, O 1834S S (Superseded Baltimore medical and surgical journal and review.)
91. American journal of homoeopathia. New York. v. 1, no. 1-4, Ja-Ag 1835//
92. Botanic investigator. Vicksburg, Miss. v. 1, no. 1-5, Mr 2-0 15 1835//
93. Independent botanic register. Columbus, O. v. 1, My 1835-Ap 1836//?
94. Phrenological magazine and New York literary review. Utica, v. 1, no. 1, My 1835//?
95. Western botanic recorder. Louisville, no. 2-3, J1 14 1835-Mr 25 1836//?
96. Thomsonian defender. Maryville, Tenn. v. 1, no. 1-11, J1 1835-Ag 1836//?
97. Philadelphia Thomsonian sentinel and family journal of useful knowledge. Philadelphia. v. 1-8, Ag 12 1835-Je 1844//? (v. 1-2, 1835-Ag 17 1837 as Botanic sentinel and literary gazette; v. 3-4, 1837-Ag 22 1839 Philadelphia botanic sentinel and Thomsonian medical revolutionist.)
98. Ohio medical repository. Cincinnati, v. 1, no. 1-5, S 26 1835-Ja 1836//
99. Korrespondenzblatt der homoeopathischen aerzte. (Nord-amerikanische akademie der homoeopathischen heilkunst.) Allentown, Pa. v. 1-2, no. 3, O 22 1835-Je 22 1837//?
100. Medical convention of Ohio. Proceedings. 1835-1851//? 1847 as Ohio medical convention (caption title: Ohio state medical convention) Merged into Ohio state medical society. 1835-1839 as Journal of the proceedings. No meetings 1836/37-1840. Suspended 1840-1844. 1851 in Ohio state medical society. Minutes.
101. Moral reformer and teacher on the human constitution. Boston, v. 1-2, 1835-1836// (Superseded by Library of health and teacher on the human constitution; later Teacher of health and the laws of the human constitution.)
102. Boston Thomsonian manual and lady's companion. Boston, v. 1-10, 1835-1845// (v. 1-4 as Thomsonian manual.)
103. Carpenter's annual medical advertiser... published and distributed gratuitously to the physicians of the United States... Philadelphia. 1835-1844//? (Irregular)
104. Botanic journal. Boston, v. 1, no. 1-11, F 1836-Ja 1837//?
105. Kentucky medical reformer. Richmond, Ky. v. 1, no. 1-2, My-Je 1836//?
106. Southern medical and surgical journal. Augusta, Ga. v. 1-3, Je 1836-S 1839; ns v. 1-17, Ja 1845-0 1861; s3 v. 1, J1 1866-J1 1867//
107. Bulletin of medical science. Philadelphia, v. 1-4, N 1836-0 1840; ns v. 1-2, 1841-1842; s3 v. 1-4, 1843-1846; (v. 1-4 as Eclectic journal of medicine.)
108. Select medical library and eclectic journal of medicine. Philadelphia, v. 1-4, N 1836O O Supplement 1837-1840. (Continued as Select medical library and bulletin of medical science.)
109. Eclectic medical journal. Cincinnati, v. 1-97, no. 8, 1836-Ag 1837// (v. 1-7, 1836-1848, as Western medical reformer. Suspended 1838-1844.)
110. Botanic advertiser and Rhode Island record of modern medical reform. Providence, R. I. v. 1-5, 1836-1840//?
111. Botanic advocate and journal of health. Montpelier, Vt. v. 1-3, 1836-1839//
112. Botanic luminary. Saline; Adrian, Mich. v. 1-2, 1836-1838//
113. Southern botanic journal. Charleston; Forsyth, Ga. v. 1-3, F 4 1837-Je 1 1841; ns v. 1, no. 1-7, F 2-0 1 1847//?
114. American medical intelligencer. A concentrated record of medical science and literature. Philadelphia, v. 1-4, Ap 1 1837-Mr 15 1841; ns v. 1, J1 1841-D 1842// (v. 1-2,1837Mr 15 1839 published in two parts; Library and Intelligencer, and referred to in prefaces as American medical library and intelligencer. Superseded by Medical news and library; later Medical news.)
115. Graham journal of health and longevity. Boston; N. Y. v. 1-3, Ap 1837-D 1839// (Merged into Library of health; later Teacher of health.)
116. Western quarterly journal of practical medicine. Cincinnati, no. 1, Je 1837//
117. Teacher of health, and the laws of the human constitution. Boston, v. 1-6, 1837-1842; ns v. 1, 1843// (Supersedes Moral reformer and teacher on the human constitution, v. 1-6 as Library of health, and teacher on the human constitution.)
118. American physiological society. Report. Boston, v. 1-3, 1837-1839//
119. Louisville journal of medicine and surgery. Louisville, Ky. v. 1, no. 1-2, Ja-Ap 1838// (United with Western journal of the medical and physical sciences to form Western journal of medicine and surgery.)
120. Medical examiner and record of medical science. Philadelphia, v. 1-7, Ja 1838-1844; ns v. 1-12, 1845-D 1856// (v. 1-4 as Medical examiner; v. 5-6 Medical examiner and retrospect of the medical sciences. United with Louisville review to form North American medico-chirurgical review.)
121. Thomsonian spy. Manchester, Vt.; Bennington, Vt. v. 1, no. 1-8, Ap-D 1838//?
122. Poughkeepsie Thomsonian. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. v. 1-9, My 12 1838-Je 15 1847// (v. 1, 1838-39 as Thomsonian. Superseded by New York Thomsonian.)
123. Lobelian and Rhode Island medical review. Newport, R. I. v. 1, no. 1, My 1838-Ap 1839//?
124. American journal of homoeopathy. New York; Philadelphia, v. 1, no. 1-6, Ag 1838J1 1839// (Reissued in 1 v. as Miscellanies on homoeopathy.)
125. Miscellanies on homoeopathy. Philadelphia, v. 1, Ag 1838-Je 1839// (A reissue of American journal of homoeopathy. New York; Philadelphia. 1838-1839.)
126. Phrenological journal and science of health. Philadelphia; New York. v. 1-124, no. 1, O 1838-Ja 1911// (1838-1869 as American Phrenological journal. Subtitle varies, v. 87 repeated in numbering, v. 50-123 also as ns v. 1-76).
127. Medical and surgical monographs. (Dunglison's American medical library.) Philadelphia. v. 1-3, 1838-1840//
128. Maine Thomsonian recorder. Portland, v. 1, 1838//? Benjamin Colby, Jr., editor and proprietor, (semimonthly)
129. Société médicale de la Nouvelle-Orléans. Journal, v. 1, Ja-N 1839; ns v. 1-2, no. 8, 1859-J11861//?
130. American journal of dental science. New York. v. 1-10, Je 1839-J1 1850; s2 v. 1-10 O 1850-0 1860; s3 v. 1-40, no. 3, My 1867-My/Je 1909// (Cover title si v. 2-10 as American journal and library of dental science. Suspended Ja 1860-My 1867; Ag 1900-F 1903. v. 34, no. 3 repeated in numbering)
131. New journal of medicine and surgery. New York. v. 1-4 (no. 1-8), JI 1839-Ap 1841// Running title: New York quarterly journal of medicine and surgery. Index: v. 1-4 in v. 4.
132. Maryland medical and surgical journal. (Medical and chirurgical faculty of the state of Maryland) Baltimore, v. 1-3, O 1839-Je 1843// (Official organ of the medical department of the Army and Navy of the United States.)
133. Index of the periodical dental literature. Buffalo, N. Y. 1839.
134. Maine Thomsonian recorder and family journal of health. Gardiner, Me. v. 1-2, 18391840//?
135. American medical almanac; designed for the daily use of practising physicians, surgeons, students, and apothecaries. Being also a pocket memorandum and account book and general medical directory of the United States. Boston, v. 1-3, 1839-1841//? 1840-1849
136. Homoeopathic examiner. New York. v. 1-3, no. 12, Ja 1840-D 1843; ns v. 1-2, no. 12, Ag 1845-J1 1847//
137. Botanic medical reformer and home physician. Philadelphia, v. 1-2, no. 7, My 7 1840Ja 1842//
138. Boston true Thomsonian. Boston, v. 1-3, Ag 15 1840-Ag 1843//
139. Retrospect of practical medicine and surgery. Uniform American edition. New York. v. 1-123, 1840-Je 3 1901//
Í40. Western journal of medicine and surgery. Louisville, Ky. v. 1-32, 1840-1855// (Formed by the union of Western journal of the medical and physical sciences and Louisville journal of medicine and surgery. Superseded by Louisville review. Also numbered as v. 1-8, 1840-1843; s2 v. 1-8, 1844-1847, s3 v. 1-12, 1848-1853; ns (s4) v. 1-4, 1854-1855.)
141. Massachusetts homoeopathic medical society. Proceedings, v. 1-29, 1840-1920//? (1840-1851 as Homoeopathic fraternity; v. 1-11, 1840-1888 as Publications, v. 7-9 repeated in numbering.)
142. Independent botanic advocate. Hartford, Conn. v. 2, 1840?
143. Health journal and advocate of physiological reform. Boston; Worcester, Mass. v. 1-2, no. 1-24, 1840-My 7 1842//
144. Medical examiner and native physician. New York. v. 1, no. 5, F 20 1841.
145. Thomsonian messenger. Norwich, Conn. v. 1-3, Jl 1841-1845//?
146. New York medical gazette. New York. v. 1-2, no. 26, Jl 14 1841-J1 1842//
147. Guardian of health; a monthly journal of domestic hygiene. Baltimore, v. 1, no. 1-12, S 1841-Ag 1842//
148. Western and southern medical recorder. Lexington, Ky. v. 1-2, no. 4, N 1841-Ap 1843// (Merged into Western lancet; later Lancet-clinic.)
149. Southern botanico-medical journal. Forsyth, Ga. v. 1-2, 1841-1842//?
150. Thomsonian scout. Burlington, Vt. v. 1, 1841-1842//
151. Dental mirror and Brooklyn annual visitor. Brooklyn. 1841?-1845//?
152. New York lancet. (Houston) New York. v. 1-3, no. 3, Ja 1 1842-Ja 21 1843//
153. Herald of health. New York. v. 1, no. 1-11, My 1842-Mr 1843//?
154. Lancet-clinic: a weekly journal of medicine and surgery. Cincinnati, v. 1-116, My 1842N N (v. 1-18 as Western lancet (subtitle varies) ; v. 19-39 Cincinnati lancet and observer; v. 40-55 Cincinnati lancet and clinic; v. 56-92 Cincinnati lancet-clinic; v. 1934 also as ns v. 1-21; v. 40-97 as ns s2 v. 1-58.)
155. Medical intelligencer and literary advertiser. Philadelphia, v. 1, no. 1-2, My-S 1842//
156. New England quarterly journal of medicine and surgery. Boston, v. 1, no. 1-4, Jl 1842Ap 1843.
157. Mesmeric magazine; or, Journal of animal magnetism. Boston, v. 1, no. 1, Jl 1842//
158. Phreno-magnetic society of Cincinnati. Journal, v. 1, no. 1, Ag 1842//
159. Southern botanico-medical college journal. Forsyth, Ga. v. 1, no. 1-5, D 1 1842-1843//?
160. Rhode Island medical reformer. Providence, v. 1, no. 1-24, Ja 2 1843-Ja 20 1844//?
161. Health journal and independent magazine. Boston, v. 1, no. 1, F 1843// (Running title: * Independent magazine and health journal.)
162. St. Louis medical and surgical journal. St. Louis, v. 1-91, Ap 1843-Je 1907// (Suspended N 1861-Ja 1864. v. 20-33, 1864-1877, also as ns v. 1-14.)
163. Dental mirror. Northampton, Mass. v. 1, no. 1, Je 1843//
164. New York journal of medicine. New York. v. 1-10, Jl 1843-Je 1848; s2 v. 1-16, Jl 1848M M s3 v. 1-8, Jl 1856-My 1860, (sl-2 as New York journal of medicine and the collateral sciences. Superseded by American medical times.)
165. Boston guide to health and journal of arts and sciences. Boston, v. 1, no. 1-24, Jl 25 1843-Ap 18 1845//
166. Botanic advocate and Thomsonian family physician. New Haven, Conn. v. 1, no. 1-12, Jl 1843-My 1844//?
167. Albany journal of neurology; devoted to physiology, phrenology, medicine and the philosophy of mesmerism. Albany, N. Y. v. 1, no. 1, Jl 1843//
168. Journal of neurology. Albany, N. Y. no. 1, Jl 1843?
169. Dental intelligencer and record. Philadelphia, v. 1-4, S 1 1843-1848// (v. 1-3, no. 13, 1843-0 1847 as Stockton's dental intelligencer.)
170. Medical news. Philadelphia; New York. v. 1-87, 1843-1905// (Supersedes American medical intelligence, v. 1-37, 1843-1879 caption title; Medical news and library; v. 38-39, 1880-1881 Medical news and abstract. Merged into New York medical journal; later Medical record.)
171. Dental visitor. Northampton, Mass. no. 1-2, 1843//
172. New Orleans medical and surgical journal. New Orleans, v. 1, My 1844- (v. 1-2, no. 1 as New Orleans medical journal; v. 22-23 New Orleans journal of medicine. 1904 contains Transactions of the Louisiana state medical society. Suspended My 1861J1 1866. v. 24r-29, N 1870-Je 1873 never published, v. 26-48, J1 1873-Je 1896 also as ns v. 1-23.)
173. Journal of health. Cincinnati, no. 1-3, 1844; ns v. 1, J1 1844-Je 1845// (no. 1-3 as Cincinnati journal of health.)
174. American journal of psychiatry. (American psychiatric association) Utica, N. Y.; Baltimore, v. 1, J1 1844- (v. 1-77 no. 4, 1844-Ap 1921 as American journal of insanity, v. 78-90, J1 1921-My 1934 also as ns v. 1-13.)
175. Rochester medical truth teller, and monthly family journal of health. Rochester, N. Y. v. 1-2, no. 10, J1 1844-Ap 1846//?
176. Botanic-medical reformer, or a course of lectures introductory to a true knowledge of medical science. Mt. Vernon, O. v. 1-2, no. 10, J1 1844-Je 1846//?
177. Health; a home magazine devoted to physical culture and out-door life. New York. v. 1-77, N 15 1844r-1892; s2 v. 43-64, no. 1, 1893-Ja 1914// (v. 1-33, 1849-1861 as Watercure journal; v. 34, 1862 Hygiene teacher and water-cure journal; v. 35-77, 1863-1892 Herald of health; s2 v. 43-48, no. 9, 1893-S 1897 Journal of hygiene and Herald of health )
178. Chicago medical journal and examiner. Chicago, v. 1-58, 1844^-1889// (v. 1-2 as Illinois medical and surgical journal; v. 3-4 Illinois and Indiana medical and surgical journal; v. 5-14 Northwestern medical and surgical journal; v. 15-32, no. 7 as Chicago medical journal.)
179. Association of medical superintendents of American institutions for the insane. Proceedings. v. 1, 1844- (v. 1-76, 1844-1920 reprinted from, or in American journal of insanity.)
180. New York dissector. New York. v. 1-4, 1844-1847//
181. Philadelphia medical advertiser. Philadelphia, v. 1, no. 1-3, 1844-1845//
182. Philosophical medical journal and analytical physician; or, Family physician. New York. v. 1-2, 1844-Je 1848//?
183. Thomsonian advertiser. Boston, v. 1, 1844-1845//
184. Southern medical reformer. Forsyth, Ga. v. 1, no. 1-8, Ja-Ag 1845//?
185. Missouri medical and surgical journal. St. Louis, v. 1-4, no. 3, My 1845-J1 1848// (Merged into St. Louis medical and surgical journal.)
186. Homoeopathic pioneer. Syracuse, N. Y. v. 1, no. 1-12, J1 1845-Je 1846//
187. New York medical intelligencer; or, Eclectic gazette. New York. v. 1, no. 1-8, Ag 27D D 1845//
188. New York medical and surgical reporter. New York. v. 1-2, no. 18, O 18 1845-My 8 1847//
189. Buffalo medical journal and monthly review of medical and surgical sciences. Buffalo, N. Y. v. 1-15, 1845-1860. (v. 1 as Buffalo medical journal, v. 15, no. 1-13 have running title: New York monthly review of medical and surgical science and Buffalo medical journal. Superseded by Buffalo medical journal.)
190. Half-yearly abstract of the medical sciences: being a practical and analytical digest of contents of the principal British and Continental medical works... American edi- tion. New York; Philadelphia, v. 1-58, 1845-1873// (Superseded by Monthly abstract of medical science.)
191. Boston Thomsonian medical and physiological journal. Boston, v. 1, no. 1-18, 18451846// (1845 as Boston Thomsonian medical journal. Merged into New England medical eclectic.)
192. Brown's quarterly dental expositer. 1845? (Only 1 no. published. Contained only prospectus of Solymon Brown's Biographies of Distinguished Dentists and Dental Manufacturers, which was never published.)
193. Green mountain spring. Devoted to discussion and information concerning the popular and medical uses of water. Brattleboro, Vt. v. 1-3, no. 12, Ja 1846-D 1848//
194. American journal of homoeopathy. New York. v. 1-9, no. 4, Ap 1846-Ag 1854// (Cover title: v. 1, no. 1 as New York journal of homoeopathy.)
195. Magnetic and cold water cure. Rochester, N. Y.; Boston, v. 1, no. 1, Je 1846//?
196. New York dental recorder. New York. v. 1-10, S 1846-1856//
197. Annalist; a record of practical medicine in the city of New York. v. 1-3, O 1 1846-Je 15 1849//
198. American medical association. Proceedings of the National medical convention. 18461847//
199. Ohio state medical society (superseded by Ohio state medical association). Transactions. v. 1-59, 1846-1904//
200. Charleston medical journal and review. Charleston, S. C. v. 1-15, 1846-1860; ns v. 1-4, Ap 1873-Ja 1877// (v. 1-2 as Southern journal of medicine and pharmacy.)
201. New England medical eclectic and guide to health. Worcester, Mass. v. 1-2, 18461847// (Superseded by New England botanic, medical and surgical journal; later Worcester journal of medicine.)
202. Guardian of health. Boston, v. 1-8, 1846-D 1869// (v. 1, no. 1 as Monthly miscellany and journal of health; v. 1, no. 2-12 Journal of health and monthly miscellany; 2 Practical educator and journal of health; 3 Journal of health and practical educator; 4-5, J1 1863-Ap 1865 Union monthly and journal of health and education. Suspended 1848-Je 1863.)
203. Fountain hydropathic journal. Morristown, N. J. v. 1, no. 1-2, 1846//?
204. Medical investigator; devoted to the botanic practice of medicine. Bloomington, Ind. v. 1, no. 1-12, Ja-D 1847//?
205. Dental circular. (Place undetermined.) Mr 1847//
206. Southern medical reformer. Petersburg, Va. v. 1, no. 1-12, My 1847-Ap 1848//?
207. Southwestern medical advocate. Memphis, Tenn. v. 1, no. 1-5, Jl-N 1847//
208. Wood's addenda to the medico-chirurgical review. New York. v. 1-2, J1 1847-Ap 1848// (Each issue comprises 2 sections: American quarterly retrospect and Foreign quarterly retrospect.)
209. New York Thomsonian. Stillwater, N. Y. v. 1, no. 1-19, J1 17 1847-Mr 28 1848//? (Superseded Poughkeepsie Thomsonian)
210. Southwestern homoeopathic journal and review. St. Louis, v. 1-3, no. 10, Ag 1847My 15 1850//
211. American annals of the deaf. Washington, v. 1, 1847- (O 1847-J1 1886 as American annals of the deaf and dumb. Suspended O 1849-JI 1850)
212. Medical and surgical reporter. Burlington, N. J.; Philadelphia, v. 1-11, O 1847-S 1858// (v. 1-7, 1847-1854 as New Jersey medical reporter and transactions of the New Jersey medical society; v. 8, 1855 New Jersey medical reporter. Superseded by Medical and surgical reporter, Philadelphia.)
213. Dental news-letter. Philadelphia, v. 1-12, no. 4, O 1847-J1 1859// (Superseded by Dental cosmos.)
214. Dental register. A monthly journal devoted to the interests of the profession. Cincinnati. v. 1-77, no. 11, O 1847-N 1923// (v. 1-19, 1847-D 1865 as Dental register of the West.)
215. Georgia botanic journal and college sentinel. Macon, v. 1, no. 1-11, D 1847-0 1848// (Superseded by Southern botanico-medical reformer)
216. Eclectic medical review. Pittsburgh, Pa. v. 1-2, no. 6, 1847-0 1848//?
217. Belmont medical society. Bridgeport, Ohio. Transactions. 1847-1857//?
218. Medical association of southern central New York. Transactions. Montgomery. 18471930// (v. 1-6 as Proceedings. Superseded by its Journal. Numbering irregular.)
219. New York academy of medicine. New York. Transactions, v. 1-3, 1847-F 2 1871; ns v. 1-13, 1871-1901//
220. Worcester journal of medicine. Worcester, Mass. v. 1-12, 1847-1856// (Superseded by New England medical eclectic and guide to health, v. 1-5,1847-1851 as New England botanic, medical and surgical journal. Merged into College journal of medical science.)
221. American medical almanac for 1848; containing statistics of the various colleges, hospitals, dispensaries, etc., of the United States; togethér with other information of value to the physician and student. Philadelphia. 1847?
222. Ohio medical and surgical journal. Columbus, v. 1-16, no. 6, S 1848-N 1864; ns v. 1-3, no. 6, Je 1876-D 1878//
223. Northwestern journal of homoeopathia. Chicago, v. 1-4, O 1848-S 1852//
224. Michigan homoeopathic journal. Detroit, v. 1-2, no. 9, N 1848-1854//? (v. 1-2, no. 7 as Michigan journal of homoeopathy. Subtitles vary.)
225. American medical association. Transactions, v. 1-33, 1848-1882// (continued in its Journal...)
226. Boston society for medical improvement. Extracts from records, v. 1-8, 1848-1882//
227. British and foreign medico-chirurgical review. New York; Philadelphia, v. 1-28, 18481861// (American reprint of the British journal.)
228. Medical society of the state of Pennsylvania. Proceedings, v. 1-3, 1848-1850// (Superseded by its Transactions ...)
229. Milwaukee homoeopathic medical reporter. Began 1848? (Published only short time.)
230. Natchez dentist. 1848?
231. Ohio medical examiner. Columbus, v. 1, no. 1-9, 1848-1849// (no. 1-3 as Northern Ohio medical and scientific examiner.)
232. Southern botanico-medical reformer. Macon, Ga. v. 1-3, Mr 1849-N 1851//? (Supersedes Georgia botanic journal and college sentinel.)
233. Union journal of medicine. Syracuse, N. Y. v. 1-5, no. 7, J11849-J1 1853// (v. 1, 1849Je 1850 as Eclectic medical and surgical journal; v. 2-3 New York eclectic medical and surgical journal; v. 4 Eclectic journal of medicine, v. 4, no. 11-12 cover title; Eclectic and American journal of medicine.)
234. American water-cure reporter. New Graefenberg, N. Y. v. 1-2, no. 12, 1849-D 1850//? (v. 1-2, no. 6 as New Graefenberg water-cure reporter.)
235. Buchanan's journal of man. Cincinnati, v. 1-6, no. 4, 1859-Ag 1856; ns v. 1-3, 18871890//
236. Dental guardian and Kentucky annual visitor. Lexington. 1849.
237. Indiana state medical convention. Indianapolis. Proceedings. 1849.
238. Kentucky medical recorder. Louisville, v. 1-2, 1849-1851; ns v. 1-3, no. 10,.1851-Je 1854// (v. 1, ns v. 2 as Transylvania medical journal.)
239. Louisiana state medical society. Proceedings, v. 1-5, 1849-1854//?
240. Michigan medical association. Journal of the proceedings, v. 1, 1849-1850//
241. Quarterly homoeopathic journal. Boston, v. 1-2, no. 4, 1849-1850; ns v. 1-2, no. 4, J1 1852-Ap 1854.
242. Scalpel; an entirely original quarterly expositor of the laws of health. New York. v. 1-12, 1849-1851// (Subtitle varies.)
243. South Carolina medical association. Transactions, v. 1-56, 1849-1904//? (v. 1-2, 19 as Minutes of the proceedings. Superseded by its Journal.)
244. Southern medical reformer (Coxe). Macon, Ga. v. 1-3, no. 3, 1849-N 1851//?
245. Southern medical reports. New Orleans, La. v. 1-2, 1849-1850//
246. Dental messenger and Lancaster annual visitor. 1849-1851//?
247. Dental pearl. New York. 1849//
248. Nothall and Holmes journal. Brooklyn, N. Y. 1849? (or Northoll and Holmes journal.)
Index1
Aesculapian register, 47
Albany journal of neurology, 167
American Aesculapian society. Transactions, 26
American annals of the deaf, 211
American botanical register, 50
American journal of dental science, 130
American journal of foreign medicine, 56
American journal of homoeopathia, 91
American journal of homoeopathy, 124, 194
American journal of pharmacy, 62
American journal of psychiatry, 174
American journal of science, 30
American journal of the medical sciences, 58
American lancet, 66, 84
American medical almanac, 135
American medical almanac for 1848, 221
American medical and philosophical register, 20
American medical association. Proceedings of the National medical convention, 198
American medical association. Transactions, 225
American medical intelligencer, 114
American medical recorder, 31
American medical review and journal of original and selected papers in medicine and surgery, 46
American physiological society, 118
American water-cure reporter, 234
Annalist, 197
Annals of medicine, natural history, agriculture, and the arts, 20
Annals of phrenology, 87
Association of medical superintendents of American institutions for the insane. Proceedings, 179
Baltimore medical and philosophical lyceum, 23
Baltimore medical and physical recorder, 18 Baltimore medical and surgical journal and review, 86
Baltimore monthly journal of medicine and surgery, 67
Baltimore philosophical journal and review, 44.
Belmont medical society, 217
Boston guide to health and journal of arts and sciences, 165
Boston medical intelligencer, 43
Boston society for medical improvement. Extracts from records, 226
Boston Thomsonian manual and lady's companion, 102
Boston Thomsonian medical and physiological journal, 191
Boston true Thomsonian, 138
Botanic advertiser and Rhode Island record of modern medical reform, 110
Botanic advocate and journal of health, 111
Botanic advocate and Thomsonian family physician, 166
Botanic investigator, 92
Botanic journal, 104
Botanic luminary, 112
Botanic-medical reformer, 176
Botanic medical reformer and home physician 137
Numbers refer to numbering of the list.
British and foreign medico-chirurgical review, 227
Brown's quarterly dental expositer, 192
Buchanan's journal of man, 235
Buffalo medical journal and monthly review of medical and surgical sciences, 189
Bulletin of medical science, 107
Carolina journal of medicine, science and agriculture, 49
Carpenter's annual medical advertiser, 103
Charleston medical journal and review, 200
Charleston medical register, 8
Chicago medical journal and examiner, 178
Cholera bulletin, 76
Cholera gazette, 77
College of physicians of Philadelphia. Transactions, 4
Connecticut state medical society. Communications, 22
Connecticut state medical society. Proceedings, 3
Dental circular, 205
Dental guardian and Kentucky annual visitor, 236
Dental intelligencer and record, 169
Dental messenger and Lancaster annual visitor, 246
Dental mirror, 163
Dental mirror and Brooklyn annual visitor, 151
Dental news-letter, 213
Dental pearl, 247
Dental register, 214
Dental visitor, 171
Domestic, medical and dietetical monitor, a journal of health, 69
Eclectic gazette, 187
Eclectic journal of science, 80
Eclectic medical journal, 109
Eclectic medical review, 216
Emporium of arts and sciences, 25
Family physician, 182
Fountain hydropathic journal, 203
Georgia botanic journal and college sentinel, 215
Graham journal of health and longevity, 115
Green mountain spring, 193
Guardian of health, 147, 202
Half-yearly abstract of the medical sciences, 190
Health, 177
Health journal and advocate of physiological reform, 143
Health journal and independent magazine, 161
Healthside, 79
Herald of health, 153
Homoeopathic examiner, 136
Homoeopathic pioneer, 186
Independent botanic advocate, 142
Independent botanic register, 93
Index of the periodical dental literature, 133
Indiana state medical convention. Proceedings, 237
Journal of animal magnetism, 157
Journal of foreign medical science and literature, 21
Journal of health, 65, 173
Journal of neurology, 168
Kentucky medical recorder, 238
Kentucky medical reformer, 105
Korrespondenzblatt der homoeopathischen aerzte, 99
Lancet. Newark, N. J., 9 *
Lancet clinic, 154
Lobelian and Rhode Island medical review, 123
Louisiana state medical society. Proceedings, 239
Louisville journal of medicine and surgery, 119
Magnetic and cold water cure, 195
Maine Thomsonian recorder, 128
Maine Thomsonian recorder and family journal of health, 134
Maryland medical and surgical journal, 132
Maryland medical recorder, 64
Massachusetts homoeopathic medical society. Proceedings, 141
Massachusetts medical society. Medical communications, 2
Medical advocate, 57
Medical and agricultural register, 12
Medical and chirurgical faculty of the state of Maryland. Summary of proceedings, 7
Medical and surgical monographs, 127
Medical and surgical register, 32
Medical and surgical reporter, 212 -
Medical and surgical society of the University of the State of New York. Report of the proceedings, 16
Medical association of southern central New York. Transactions, 218
Medical convention of Ohio. Proceedings, 100
Medical examiner and native physician, 144
Medical examiner and record of medical science, 120
Medical friend of the people, 63
Medical intelligencer and literary advertiser, 155
Medical investigator, 204
Medical magazine, 78
Medical news, 170
Medical news-paper; or, The doctor and the physician, 39
Medical reformer, 42
Medical repository, 6
Medical society of New Jersey. Transactions, 1
Medical society of the county of Albany. Transactions, 13
Medical society of the county of Cayuga. Transactions, 83
Medical society of the county of Kings and Academy of science of Brooklyn, N. Y. Minutes, 5
Medical society of the state of New York. Transactions, 17
Medical society of the state of Pennsylvania. Proceedings, 228
Medico-chirurgical review. American reprint, 36
Mesmeric magazine; or, Journal of animal magnetism, 157
Michigan homoeopathic journal, 224
Michigan medical association. Journal of the proceedings, 240
Microscope, 35, 37, 45
Milwaukee homoeopathic medical reporter, 229
Miscellanies on homoeopathy, 125
Missouri medical and surgical journal, 185
Monthly journal of foreign medicine, 59
Monthly journal of medical literature, and American medical students' gazette, 75
Moral reformer and teacher on the human constitution, 101
Natchez dentist, 230
New England journal of medicine, 61
New England journal of medicine and surgery, and collateral branches of science, 24
New England medical eclectic and guide to health, 201
New England medical review and journal, 53
New England quarterly journal of medicine and surgery, 156
New Orleans medical and surgical journal, 172
New York academy of medicine. New York. Transactions, 219
New York county medical association. Transactions, 14
New York county physicians and surgeons. Proceedings, 15
New York dental recorder, 196
New York dissector, 180
New York journal of medicine, 164
New York journal of medicine and surgery, 131
New York lancet, 152
New York medical and philosophical journal and review, 19
New York medical and physical journal. New York, 38
New York medical and surgical register, 33
New York medical and surgical reporter, 188
New York medical gazette, 146
New York medical intelligencer, 187
New York medical journal, 68
New York medical magazine, 27
New York medico-chirurgical bulletin, 72
New York monthly chronicle of medicine and surgery, 48
New York physio-medical society. Transactions, 29
New York Thomsonian, 209
North American archives of medical and surgical science, 90
North American medical and surgical journal, 51
Northwestern journal of homoeopathia, 223
Nothall and Holmes journal, 248
Ohio medical and surgical journal, 222
Ohio medical examiner, 231
Ohio medical reformer, 81
Ohio medical repository, 98
Ohio medical repository of original and selected intelligence, 52
Ohio state medical society. Transactions, 199
Philadelphia journal of the medical and physical sciences, 34
Philadelphia medical advertiser, 181
Philadelphia medical and physical journal, 11
Philadelphia medical museum, 10
Philadelphia monthly journal of medicine and surgery, 55
Philadelphia Thomsonian sentinel and family journal of useful knowledge, 97
Philosophical medical journal and analytical physician; or, Family physician, 182
Phrenological journal and science of health, 126
Phrenological magazine and New York literary review, 94
Phreno-magnetic society of Cincinnati, 158
Physico-medical society of New York. Transactions, 28
Poughkeepsie Thomsonian, 122
Quarterly homoeopathic journal, 241
Reformed medical journal, 74
Register and library of medical and chirurgical science, 85
Retrospect of practical medicine and surgery, 139
Rhode Island medical reformer, 160
Rochester medical truth teller, and monthly family journal of health, 175
St. Louis medical and surgical journal, 162 Scalpel, 242
Select medical library and eclectic journal of medicine, 108
Société médicale de la Nouvelle-Orléans. Journal, 129
South Carolina medical association. Transactions, 243
Southern botanic journal, 113
Southern botanico-medical college journal, 159
Southern botanico-medical journal, 149
Southern botanico-medical reformer, 232
Southern medical and surgical journal, 106
Southern medical reformer, 184, 206, 244
Southern medical reports, 245
Southwestern homoeopathic journal and review, 210
Southwestern medical advocate, 207
Teacher of health, and the laws of the human constitution, 117
Tennessee state medical association. Transactions, 70
Thomsonian advertiser, 183
Thomsonian, and botanic medical adviser, 73
Thomsonian botanic watchman, 88
Thomsonian defender, 96
Thomsonian messenger, 145
Thomsonian scout, 150
Thomsonian spy, 121
Transylvania journal of medicine and the associate sciences, 60
Union journal of medicine, 233 United States medical and surgical journal, 89
Vaccine inquirer, 40
Western and southern medical recorder, 148
Western botanic recorder, 95
Western journal of health, 71
Western journal of medicine and surgery, 140
Western journal of the medical and physical sciences, 54
Western medical gazette, 82
Western quarterly journal of practical medicine, 116
Western quarterly reporter of medical, surgical and natural science, 41
Wood's addenda to the medico-chirurgical review, 208
Worcester journal of medicine, 220
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Copyright Medical Library Association Oct 2013
Abstract
The first half of the nineteenth century witnessed startling advances in surgery, and improved methods of diagnosis and therapeutics far exceeding the rate of progress of the past. Garrison has aptly stated that "the pedigree of the scientific periodical is out of the scientific society by the newspaper, and the latter derived from the fugitive 'news-letters' and broadsides which were published at odd intervals during the 16th century.\n Thus, by 1850, all the settled areas of the United States had representative medical periodical publications.
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