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Objective: To discuss the role of proprioception in motor control and in activation of the dynamic restraints for functional joint stability.
Data Sources: Information was drawn from an extensive MEDLINE search of the scientific literature conducted in the areas of proprioception, motor control, neuromuscular control, and mechanisms of functional joint stability for the years 19701999.
Data Synthesis: Proprioception is conveyed to all levels of the central nervous system. It serves fundamental roles for optimal motor control and sensorimotor control over the dynamic restraints.
Conciusions/Applications: Although controversy remains over the precise contributions of specific mechanoreceptors,
proprioception as a whole is an essential component to controlling activation of the dynamic restraints and motor control. Enhanced muscle stiffness, of which muscle spindles are a crucial element, is argued to be an important characteristic for dynamic joint stability. Articular mechanoreceptors are attributed instrumental influence over gamma motor neuron activation, and therefore, serve to indirectly influence muscle stiffness. In addition, articular mechano receptors appear to influence higher motor center control over the dynamic restraints. Further research conducted in these areas will continue to assist in providing a scientific basis to the selection and development of clinical procedures.
Key Words: neuromuscular, stability, motor control
This is Part II of a 2-part series discussing the current understanding surrounding peripheral afferent information acquisition, processing, and levels of motor control as they relate to functional joint stability. In Part I, the sensorimotor system and the mechanisms responsible for proprioception and neuromuscular control as they relate to functional joint stability were addressed. The purpose of Part II is to build upon and apply the concepts developed in the Part I. Specifically, we will address the contribution of proprioception in controlling the activation of the dynamic restraints and motor control.
The Role of Proprioception in Motor Control
Critical to effective motor control is accurate sensory information concerning both the external and internal environmental conditions of the body.1-4 During goal-directed behavior, such as picking up a box while walking, provisions must be made to adapt the motor program for walking to changes occurring in the external environment (uneven ground) and internal environment (change in center of mass because of the additional load). These provisions are stimulated by sensory triggers occurring in both feedback (mechanoreceptor...