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The supply-chain development programme (SCDP I and II) is an industry-focused programme of research being carried out by researchers at the Cardiff Business School and the University of Bath. The work is sponsored by 18 major UK-based manufacturing, distribution and service organizations which wish to remain or become world-class in their supply chain management activities. The authors wish to express their thanks to Dr M. Naim of the Logistics Systems Dynamics Group at the University of Wales for his comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
Introduction
Work carried out in the first Supply Chain Development Programme (SCDP I), together with early work in the second programme (SCDP II), has shown that in order fully to understand the different value streams[1 ] in which the sponsors operate, it is necessary to map these intercompany and intracompany value-adding processes. These value-adding processes make the final product or service more valuable to the end consumer than otherwise it would have been. The difference between the traditional supply or value chain and the value stream is that the former includes the complete activities of all the companies involved, whereas the latter refers only to the specific parts of the firms that actually add value to the specific product or service under consideration. As such the value stream is a far more focused and contingent view of the value-adding process.
At present, however, there is an ill-defined and ill-categorized toolkit with which to understand the value stream, although several workers (e.g. [2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]) have developed individual tools. In general these authors have viewed their creations as the answer, rather than as a part of the jigsaw. Moreover, these tools derive from functional ghettos and so, on their own, do not fit well with the more cross- functional toolbox required by today's best companies. It is the purpose of this paper to construct a typology or total jigsaw to allow for an effective application of sub-sets of the complete suite of tools. The tools themselves can then effectively be applied, singularly or in combination, contingently to the requirements of the individual value stream.
Waste removal inside companies
The rationale underlying the collection and use of this suite of tools is to help researchers...