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As the first decade of the nineteenth century came to a close, United States' and Portuguese imperial commercial policies collided for reasons that defied the longer history of mercantilist regulation. In 1807, the United States government issued the Embargo Act, forbidding U.S. ships from sailing to international ports. Infamous and ultimately short-lived, the embargo was intended as a response to French and British acts of economic warfare during the Napoleonic Wars that included seizures of U.S. ships. Less than a year later, with Napoleon's troops crossing Spain to occupy Lisbon, the Portuguese royal family set sail for Brazil. The move thwarted a Napoleonic usurpation of the throne and allowed the Portuguese Prince Regent to ride out the war in Portugal between French occupiers and Anglo-Portuguese forces at a presumably safer distance. Among the relocated sovereign's first acts was the opening of Brazil's ports to all friendly nations. As the barriers to Brazilian markets fell away, embargoed North Americans, including many who previously had practiced and preached free trade, were left to observe from afar as British traders rushed in to set up shop in Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. As Tyson Reeder argues in this ambitious and extensively-researched book, this moment of political-economic divergence—when an old mercantilist power opened ports and a new free-trading power shut them—was one of several turning points in the commercial relations between British America and the Luso-Atlantic in the Age of Revolution. Tracing the contingencies and entanglements of British, U.S., Portuguese, and Brazilian trade policies and political projects across more than a century, and across multiple local, national and imperial archives, Reeder is particularly interested in the ways in which U.S. diplomatic and commercial practices took inspiration from, and later set aside, republican and free trade ideologies. "Rather than advance tidy national narratives," he concludes, "the revolutionary age exposed the difficulty of...