Stretchable and Conductive Cellulose/Conductive Polymer Composite Films for On-Skin Strain Sensors

Abstract

Conductive composite materials have attracted considerable interest of researchers for application in stretchable sensors for wearable health monitoring. In this study, highly stretchable and conductive composite films based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiopehe):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) (CMC-PEDOT:PSS) were fabricated. The composite films achieved excellent electrical and mechanical properties by optimizing the lab-synthesized PEDOT:PSS, dimethyl sulfoxide, and glycerol content in the CMC matrix. The optimized composite film exhibited a small increase of only 1.25-fold in relative resistance under 100% strain. The CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film exhibited outstanding mechanical properties under cyclic tape attachment/detachment, bending, and stretching/releasing tests. The small changes in the relative resistance of the films under mechanical deformation indicated excellent electrical contacts between the conductive PEDOT:PSS in the CMC matrix, and strong bonding strength between CMC and PEDOT:PSS. We fabricated highly stretchable and conformable on-skin sensors based on conductive and stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films, which can sensitively monitor subtle bio-signals and human motions such as respiratory humidity, drinking water, speaking, skin touching, skin wrinkling, and finger bending. Because of the outstanding electrical properties of the films, the on-skin sensors can operate with a low power consumption of only a few microwatts. Our approach paves the way for the realization of low-power-consumption stretchable electronics using highly stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films.

1. Introduction

Conductive materials have attracted increasing attention in stretchable sensors owing to their high conductivity, cost-effectiveness, excellent mechanical properties, and ease of processability [1,2]. Even though on-skin sensors based on highly conductive materials show small resistance changes in strain sensors for small input signals compared to low-conductivity materials, they have exceptional merits in terms of low power consumption, fast response, and low hysteresis [3,4,5]. Over the last several decades, conductive polymers, metal oxides, metal nanowires, and carbon-based materials have been investigated as conductive sensing materials for high-performance on-skin strain sensors [6,7,8,9]. The conductive polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a promising material with high conductivity, solution processability, low cost, and mechanical robustness [10,11,12]. However, conventional composite films based on PEDOT:PSS and polymeric matrices have low stretchability and poor electrical conductivity. Wang et al. reported a polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose/PEDOT:PSS hydrogel with a conductivity of 75 S/cm for electrocardiogram monitoring [13]. Gao et al. developed a conductive PEDOT:PSS/polyvinyl alcohol composite fiber with an electrical conductivity of 3.6 ± 0.1 S/cm for wearable sensors [14]. Sun et al. fabricated a PEDOT:PSS/polyacrylamide hydrogel for flexible strain sensors, which has an electrical conductivity of 6.0 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm [15].

Cellulose is regarded as a promising matrix material for stretchable conductive composites owing to its environmental friendliness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, natural abundance, sustainability, and superior mechanical properties [16,17]. The massive number of hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups of cellulose easily form strong bonds with polymer materials, enabling high-performance composites [18]. Cellulose-based composites can be used for various electronic applications.

In this study, we developed a highly stretchable on-skin strain sensor based on a conductive carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/lab-synthesized PEDOT:PSS composite (CMC-PEDOT:PSS) film. The CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film exhibited high electrical and mechanical robustness under mechanical deformation. The multifunctional sensors based on the conductive CMC-PEDOT:PSS film successfully monitored various bio-signals with high sensitivity, skin conformability, and power consumption, as low as a few microwatts. The results suggest that the stretchable and conductive CMC-PEDOT:PSS film has great potential for wearable health monitoring and can be applied to a variety of stretchable electronics.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Synthesis of PEDOT:PSS Solution

Polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) dissolved in DI water (4.0 wt%), sodium persulfate (Na₂S₂O₈), iron (III) sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃), and DI water (400 g) were mixed and stirred for 1 h at room temperature in argon atmosphere. To further increase the conductivity and stretchability, 1 wt% of CSE100 (AH Materials, Busan, Korea) was introduced into the solution as a conductivity/stretchability enhancer. The 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer was then added to the solution. The mixture solution was stirred continuously for 20 h at room temperature. The molar ratio of EDOT:Na₂S₂O₈ and EDOT:Fe₂(SO₄)₃ was 1:0.9 and 1:0.02, respectively. A dark blue color of the PEDOT:PSS solution was produced, and the PEDOT:PSS weight ratio was fixed at 1:2.

2.2. Preparation of Stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS Composite Film

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) sodium salt (Mw ~250,000), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and glycerol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film was prepared as follows. First, 0.2 g of CMC was diluted with 10 g of deionized water, and then stirred at 40 °C. Subsequently, PEDOT:PSS (2.2, 2.6, and 3.0 g), DMSO (1.4, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 g), and glycerol (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g) were added to the CMC solution and stirred at 40 °C until well dispersed. The prepared solutions were poured over a petri dish, and then dried for a day in an oven at 50 °C. Stretchable cellulose films were obtained by peeling them from the petri dishes.

2.3. Characterization of Stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS Composite Film

The sheet resistance was measured using the van der Pauw method with a source measurement unit (Keithley 2401). The surface morphologies of the films were recorded by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM; MIRA3, TESCAN, Brno, Czech Republic). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was performed using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (CARY 600, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany). The tensile test was examined using a Keithley source measure unit on a custom-made stage. Both ends of the CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films were wired to a source measure unit for characterizing sensing performance.

3. Results and Discussion

A highly stretchable and conductive CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film was fabricated using the process shown in Figure 1a. First, CMC, PEDOT:PSS, DMSO, and glycerol were blended until they were well dispersed. The chemical structures of the materials are shown in Figure S1 (Supporting Information). Next, the mixture was poured onto a Petri dish and dried in an oven at 50 °C for one day. Finally, a stretchable and conductive CMC-PEDOT:PSS film was obtained by peeling it off from the Petri dish. The prepared CMC-PEDOT:PSS film adhered conformably to human skin owing to its excellent conformability and elasticity (Figure 1b). Figure 1c shows the photographs of the CMC-PEDOT:PSS films under the tensile strains of 0% and 100%. The film could be easily stretched to 100% owing to its excellent elasticity.

The CMC-PEDOT:PSS film was optimized by controlling the amount of PEDOT:PSS, DMSO, and glycerol in the CMC matrix. The changes in the relative resistance of the film with respect to the applied strain are shown in Figure 2a–c. The corresponding sheet resistances are shown in Figure S2. As shown in Figure 2a, the relative resistance of the composite films (CMC:DMSO = 1:11 and CMC:glycerol = 1:5) increased by 2.04-, 1.13-, and 3.14-fold with increasing CMC to PEDOT:PSS volume ratios of 1:11, 1:13, and 1:15, respectively, when stretched to 100% strain. An optimum amount of PEDOT:PSS was observed for the film with a ratio of 1:13 (Figure 2a). The thicknesses of the films with the CMC to PEDOT:PSS ratios of 1:11, 1:13, and 1:15 were 41, 37, and 34 μm, respectively. It was observed that the thickness of film did not greatly affect the strain-induced electrical properties. The relative resistance of the films (CMC:PEDOT:PSS = 1:13 and CMC:glycerol = 1:5) increased from 1.26 to 1.82-fold as the CMC to DMSO ratio increased from 1:7 to 1:13 at 100% strain (Figure 2b). The relative resistance of the films (CMC:PEDOT:PSS = 1:13 and CMC:DMSO = 1:9) with the CMC to glycerol ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 were 1.93, 1.25, 2.20, 1.85, and 1.82, respectively, when stretched to 100% strain (Figure 2c). The results showed that the optimum ratios of CMC to PEDOT:PSS, CMC to DMSO, and CMC to glycerol were 1:13, 1:9, and 1:2, respectively. The optimum film (conductivity: ~1.0 × 10⁻² S/cm) exhibited a limited resistance, where the sheet resistance of the optimum film increased from 5500 ohm/sq to 6890 ohm/sq (1.25-fold increase in resistance) when stretched to 100% strain. The sheet resistances of films fabricated under various conditions are shown in Figures S3 and S4 (Supporting Information). Literature data for cellulose-PEDOT-based composites is listed in Table S1.

The mechanical robustness of the optimized CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film was investigated by conducting tape attachment/detachment, cyclic bending, and cyclic stretching/releasing tests (Figure 2d–f). The relative resistance of the composite film changed slightly during tape attachment/detachment tests, which increased only by a factor of 1.13 after 20 cycles (Figure 2d). The film also exhibited a limited resistance change under cyclic bending tests after 500 bending cycles at a bending radius of 5 mm (Figure 2e). Under the cyclic stretching/releasing test at a strain of 50%, the film exhibited a slight increase in relative resistance (1.65-fold) after 100 cycles of stretching. The outstanding mechanical robustness of the CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film is attributed to the excellent electrical contact between the PEDOT:PSS domains and the strong bonding strength between the CMC and PEDOT:PSS molecules, which effectively prevents mechanical deformation of the films.

Figure 3a shows the SEM images of CMC and CMC-PEDOT:PSS films under the strains of 0% and 100%. The CMC film exhibited a smooth surface at a strain of 0%. The surface of CMC film was remarkably deformed, with a large number of cracks and wrinkles, under an applied strain of 100%. The CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film displayed a rough and tangled surface at 0% strain. Despite the high strain applied (100%), the composite film maintained its initial surface state without noticeable cracks or morphological changes. The CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film without structural changes, even at high strain, exhibited very stable electrical properties under mechanical deformation. Figure 3b shows the FTIR spectra of the CMC and CMC-PEDOT:PSS films. The broad band at 3000–3700 cm⁻¹ corresponds to −OH groups, and the peaks at 2800–3000 cm⁻¹ are attributed to the C−H stretching vibration of the CMC film. The peak at 1594 cm⁻¹ corresponds to COO− groups. The CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film exhibited decreased intensities of the peaks (−OH, C−H, and COO− groups) compared to the CMC film. Furthermore, noticeable peak changes in the range of 880 to 1150 cm⁻¹ were observed owing to the introduction of PEDOT:PSS, where the peaks at 950 and 1012 cm⁻¹ correspond to C−S bonds in the thiophene rings and s-phenyl bonds in the sulfonic acid of PEDOT:PSS, respectively.

We demonstrate multifunctional sensors based on optimized CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films to monitor subtle biosignals from the human body, such as respiratory humidity, drinking water, speaking, and various human movements (Figure 4). In Figure 4a, the humidity sensor was attached inside the mask, which detected respiratory humidity and responds to changes in resistance during exhalation and inhalation. The relative resistance of the humidity sensor sensitively decreased and increased during the exhale and inhale processes, respectively. During the exhale process, water adsorption leads to dissociation of the hydroxyl groups (–OH) of PSS and increases the negative charges in PSS. The increase in negative charges in PSS causes an effective Coulombic attraction between the positively charged PEDOT and the negative charges. This process decreases the molecular distance between PEDOT and PSS, and the resistance of PEDOT:PSS. The composite film conformally attached to the throat responded sensitively to the motion of throat muscle in response to drinking water, showing a decrease of approximately 40% in relative resistance change during drinking (Figure 4b). Furthermore, the on-skin sensors on the throat were able to monitor subtle vibrations of the larynx in real time via phonation such as “Hello,” “Cellulose,” “Conducting,” and “Polymer” (Figure 4c–f). The on-skin sensors can perceive the accent of words with a change in resistance. The resistance change decreased slightly when speaking with a weak accent (<10%), whereas it decreased significantly to approximately 20–40% while speaking with a strong accent. It is important to note that the sensors based on the conductive CMC-PEDOT:PSS composites exhibited very low power consumption of only a few microwatts (0.9–7.6 μW at 0.2 V). Moreover, the on-skin sensors successfully detected various human motions such as skin touching, skin wrinkling, and finger bending (Figure 4g–i). The relative resistance change of the on-skin sensors decreased by approximately 20% in a response to a finger touch and recovered the original resistance after taking the finger off (Figure 4g). When the on-skin sensor attached to the back of the hand was repeatedly wrinkled and released, the relative resistance change of the sensor decreased by approximately 20% (Figure 4h). The relative resistance of the sensor attached to the finger increased by approximately 30% when the finger was bent. The resistance almost returned to its initial state when the finger was straightened. Sensors with conductive CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films sensitively monitor subtle bio-signals and human movements with very low power consumption and high sensitivity.

4. Conclusions

We present highly stretchable and conductive CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films. The electrical and mechanical properties of the films were carefully optimized by controlling the lab-synthesized PEDOT:PSS, DMSO, and glycerol content in the CMC matrix. The relative resistance of the optimized composite film increased only 1.25-fold under 100% strain. The CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film exhibited a limited resistance change under cyclic tape attachment/detachment and bending tests, indicating superior mechanical robustness. These results suggest that the strongly linked CMC and PEDOT:PSS molecules efficiently provide high conductivity and prevent the mechanical deformation of the films. The stretchable and conductive CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films were successfully applied to multifunctional sensors to detect subtle bio-signals and human movements, such as respiratory humidity, drinking water, speaking, skin touching, skin wrinkling, and finger bending in real time. High-performance on-skin strain sensors show a low power consumption of only a few microwatts owing to the high conductivity of the films. We believe that the highly stretchable and conductive CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite holds great promise for next-generation, low-power consumption wearable electronics.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.W.H.; methodology and investigation; J.W.H., J.P., J.H.K., S.A.N.E., A.P., A.F.W., S.K., D.C.L. and J.L.; data curation, S.K, D.C.L., J.L., M.-W.M. and M.-S.K.; writing—original draft preparation, J.W.H.; writing—review and editing, M.-W.M., M.-S.K. and Y.H.K.; supervision, Y.H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The experiments on humans were approved by the ethical committee of the Pukyong National University and informed consent was obtained from the participants.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Figure 1. (a) Schematic of fabrication process for CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films. (b) Photographs of CMC-PEDOT:PSS film attached to human skin. (c) Photographs of CMC-PEDOT:PSS films under strains of 0% and 100%.

Figure 2. Relative resistance of CMC-PEDOT:PSS films as a function of ratios of CMC to (a) PEDOT:PSS, (b) DMSO, and (c) glycerol. Relative resistance of the optimized CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film (CMC:PEDOT:PSS = 1:13, CMC:DMSO = 1:9, and CMC:glycerol = 1:2) under (d) tape attach/detach, (e) cyclic bending, and (f) cyclic stretching/releasing tests.

Figure 3. (a) SEM images of CMC and CMC-PEDOT:PSS films under strain of 0% and 100%. (b) FTIR spectra of CMC and CMC-PEDOT:PSS films.

Figure 4. Response curves of on-skin sensors based on CMC-PEDOT:PSS film for (a) respiratory humidity, (b) drinking, and speaking the words (c) hello, (d) cellulose, (e) conducting, and (f) polymer. Changes in relative resistances of sensors monitoring human movements of (g) skin touch, (h) skin wrinkling, and (i) finger bending.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ma15145009/s1, Figure S1: Chemical structures of (a) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), (b) PEDOT:PSS, (c) DMSO, and (d) glycerol; Figure S2: Sheet resistances of CMC-PEDOT:PSS films as a function of ratios of CMC to (a) PEDOT:PSS, (b) DMSO, and (c) glycerol; Figure S3: Sheet resistance of the CMC-PEDOT:PSS film (CMC:DMSO = 1:11 and CMC:glycerol = 1:5) as a function of the ratio of CMC to PEDOT:PSS; Figure S4: Sheet resistance of CMC-PEDOT:PSS film (CMC:PEDOT:PSS = 1:13 and CMC:glycerol = 1:2) as a function of the ratio of CMC to DMSO; Table S1: Cellulose-PEDOT-based composites and their electrical conductivities. References [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] are cited in the supplementary materials.

References

1. Zhang, S.; Chhetry, A.; Zahed, M.A.; Sharma, S.; Park, C.; Yoon, S.; Park, J.Y. On-Skin Ultrathin and Stretchable Multifunctional Sensor for Smart Healthcare Wearables. NPJ Flex. Electron.; 2022; 6, 11. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41528-022-00140-4]

2. Yang, J.C.; Mun, J.; Kwon, S.Y.; Park, S.; Bao, Z.; Park, S. Electronic Skin: Recent Progress and Future Prospects for Skin-Attachable Devices for Health Monitoring, Robotics, and Prosthetics. Adv. Mater.; 2019; 31, e1904765. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904765]

3. Kim, J.; Campbell, A.S.; de Ávila, B.E.F.; Wang, J. Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Nat. Biotechnol.; 2019; 37, pp. 389-406. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0045-y]

4. Chen, J.; Zhang, J.; Luo, Z.; Zhang, J.; Li, L.; Su, Y.; Gao, X.; Li, Y.; Tang, W.; Cao, C. et al. Superelastic, Sensitive, and Low Hysteresis Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Wave-Patterned Liquid Metal for Human Activity Monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2020; 12, pp. 22200-22211. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c04709] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32315158]

5. Tang, N.; Zhou, C.; Qu, D.; Fang, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Hu, W.; Jin, K.; Wu, W.; Duan, X.; Haick, H. A Highly Aligned Nanowire-Based Strain Sensor for Ultrasensitive Monitoring of Subtle Human Motion. Small; 2020; 16, 2001363. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202001363] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32390318]

6. Hassan, G.; Sajid, M.; Choi, C. Highly Sensitive and Full Range Detectable Humidity Sensor Using PEDOT:PSS, Methyl Red and Graphene Oxide Materials. Sci. Rep.; 2019; 9, 15227. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51712-w] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31645634]

7. Wang, B.; Thukral, A.; Xie, Z.; Liu, L.; Zhang, X.; Huang, W.; Yu, X.; Yu, C.; Marks, T.J.; Facchetti, A. Flexible and Stretchable Metal Oxide Nanofiber Networks for Multimodal and Monolithically Integrated Wearable Electronics. Nat. Commun.; 2020; 11, 2405. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16268-8]

8. Xiao, Y.; Wang, M.; Li, Y.; Sun, Z.; Liu, Z.; He, L.; Liu, R. High-Adhesive Flexible Electrodes and Their Manufacture: A Review. Micromachines; 2021; 12, 1505. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12121505]

9. Dzedzickis, A.; Sutinys, E.; Bucinskas, V.; Samukaite-Bubniene, U.; Jakstys, B.; Ramanavicius, A.; Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene, I. Polyethylene-Carbon Composite (Velostat®) Based Tactile Sensor. Polymers; 2020; 12, 2579. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122905]

10. Yang, Y.; Zhao, G.; Cheng, X.; Deng, H.; Fu, Q. Stretchable and Healable Conductive Elastomer Based on PEDOT:PSS/Natural Rubber for Self-Powered Temperature and Strain Sensing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2021; 13, pp. 14599-14611. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c00879]

11. Kim, Y.H.; Sachse, C.; MacHala, M.L.; May, C.; Müller-Meskamp, L.; Leo, K. Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Electrode with Optimized Solvent and Thermal Post-Treatment for ITO-Free Organic Solar Cells. Adv. Funct. Mater.; 2011; 21, pp. 1076-1081. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201002290]

12. Del Agua, I.; Mantione, D.; Ismailov, U.; Sanchez-Sanchez, A.; Aramburu, N.; Malliaras, G.G.; Mecerreyes, D.; Ismailova, E. DVS-Crosslinked PEDOT:PSS Free-Standing and Textile Electrodes toward Wearable Health Monitoring. Adv. Mater. Technol.; 2018; 3, 1700322. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700322]

13. Wang, Y.; Qu, Z.; Wang, W.; Yu, D. PVA/CMC/PEDOT:PSS Mixture Hydrogels with High Response and Low Impedance Electronic Signals for ECG Monitoring. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces; 2021; 208, 112088. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112088]

14. Gao, Q.; Wang, M.; Kang, X.; Zhu, C.; Ge, M. Continuous Wet-Spinning of Flexible and Water-Stable Conductive PEDOT: PSS/PVA Composite Fibers for Wearable Sensors. Compos. Commun.; 2020; 17, pp. 134-140. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2019.12.001]

15. Sun, F.; Huang, X.; Wang, X.; Liu, H.; Wu, Y.; Du, F.; Zhang, Y. Highly Transparent, Adhesive, Stretchable and Conductive PEDOT:PSS/Polyacrylamide Hydrogels for Flexible Strain Sensors. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp.; 2021; 625, 126897. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126897]

16. Wang, C.; Yokota, T.; Someya, T. Natural Biopolymer-Based Biocompatible Conductors for Stretchable Bioelectronics. Chem. Rev.; 2021; 121, pp. 2109-2146. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00897]

17. Cui, C.; Fu, Q.; Meng, L.; Hao, S.; Dai, R.; Yang, J. Recent Progress in Natural Biopolymers Conductive Hydrogels for Flexible Wearable Sensors and Energy Devices: Materials, Structures, and Performance. ACS Appl. Bio Mater.; 2021; 4, pp. 85-121. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.0c00807]

18. Pang, J.; Wang, L.; Xu, Y.; Wu, M.; Wang, M.; Liu, Y.; Yu, S.; Li, L. Skin-Inspired Cellulose Conductive Hydrogels with Integrated Self-Healing, Strain, and Thermal Sensitive Performance. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2020; 240, 116145. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116360]

19. Khan, S.; Ul-Islam, M.; Ullah, M.W.; Israr, M.; Jang, J.H.; Park, J.K. Nano-Gold Assisted Highly Conducting and Biocompatible Bacterial Cellulose-PEDOT:PSS Films for Biology-Device Interface Applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.; 2018; 107, pp. 865-873. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.064]

20. Lay, M.; Pèlach, M.À.; Pellicer, N.; Tarrés, J.A.; Bun, K.N.; Vilaseca, F. Smart Nanopaper Based on Cellulose Nanofibers with Hybrid PEDOT:PSS/Polypyrrole for Energy Storage Devices. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2017; 165, pp. 86-95. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.043]

21. Zhao, D.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, W.; Yi, X.; Liu, S.; Wang, Q.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.; Li, X.; Yu, H. Highly Flexible and Conductive Cellulose-Mediated PEDOT:PSS/MWCNT Composite Films for Supercapacitor Electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2017; 9, pp. 13213-13222. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01852]

22. Ko, Y.; Kim, D.; Kim, U.J.; You, J. Vacuum-Assisted Bilayer PEDOT:PSS/Cellulose Nanofiber Composite Film for Self-Standing, Flexible, Conductive Electrodes. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2017; 173, pp. 383-391. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.096]

23. Du, H.; Zhang, M.; Liu, K.; Parit, M.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Li, B.; Si, C. Conductive PEDOT:PSS/Cellulose Nanofibril Paper Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors with Superior Areal Capacitance and Cycling Stability. Chem. Eng. J.; 2022; 428, 131994. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131994]

24. González, F.; Tiemblo, P.; Hoyos, M. In-Situ Approaches for the Preparation of Polythiophene-Derivative Cellulose Composites with High Flexibility and Conductivity. Appl. Sci.; 2019; 9, 371. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163371]

25. Horikawa, M.; Fujiki, T.; Shirosaki, T.; Ryu, N.; Sakurai, H.; Nagaoka, S.; Ihara, H. The Development of a Highly Conductive PEDOT System by Doping with Partially Crystalline Sulfated Cellulose and Its Electric Conductivity. J. Mater. Chem. C; 2015; 3, pp. 8881-8887. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5TC02074C]

26. Lee, Y.; Choi, H.; Zhang, H.; Wu, Y.; Lee, D.; Wong, W.S.; Tang, X.S.; Park, J.; Yu, H.; Tam, K.C. Sensitive, Stretchable, and Sustainable Conductive Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite for Human Motion Detection. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.; 2021; 9, pp. 17351-17361. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06741]