根据2004年WHO最新肺肿瘤分类,已经明确细支气管肺泡癌(brochioloalveolar carcinoma, BAC)是肺腺癌的一个亚型,有着独特的临床与病理学特征[1-3]。
随着近年来分子靶向治疗药物吉非替尼(gefitinib)和埃罗替尼(erlotinib)即表皮生长因子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)在临床的应用,发现EGFR-TKI作为辅助治疗与一线化疗相结合,能够提高肺腺癌病人的生存率。38%具有BAC组织学特征的病人对gefitinib敏感,而其它类型肺腺癌只有8%有疗效,与BAC存在明显的差别[4,5]。大量的研究集中在寻找gefitinib和erlotinib治疗敏感的有效标志,包括EGFR基因突变、基因扩增、蛋白表达以及临床特征。目前尚未找到明确与EGFR-TKI疗效相关的标志物[6]。Allan等[7]在最近的研究中检测并分析了334例肺腺癌病例表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变、扩增和蛋白表达的关系,但没有区分BAC和经典型肺腺癌的差别。
我们通过在组织芯片上进行荧光原位杂交(FISH)的方法对BAC和经典型肺腺癌、混合亚型肺腺癌EGFR的基因扩增情况进行了比较分析,为进一步研究肺癌的发生和EGFR基因扩增的关系以及EGFR抑制剂应用的分子机制提供有价值的资料。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
对解放军总医院病理科2004年1月-2006年12月期间常规病理诊断中确诊为肺腺癌和BAC的病例进行重新整理回顾。由两名医师按照2004年WHO最新肺肿瘤分类标准重新分类。选取纯BAC 27例(男13例,女14例),经典型肺腺癌(BAC和含有BAC成分的腺癌之外所有其他类型的肺腺癌)23例(男11例,女12例),具有BAC成分的混合亚型肺腺癌39例(男18例,女21例),总计89例进行EGFR基因扩增的检测。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 组织芯片制作 首先在普通光镜下对肿瘤组织的HE切片进行形态学观察,选取组织结构正常、没有出血、坏死的肿瘤组织,并在蜡块的相应位置定位。根据病例数、肿瘤发生部位、年龄情况设计组织芯片的阵列,以正常肺组织作为正常对照。应用组织芯片制作仪(美国Beecher 公司)以0.6 mm直径空心取样针取样,芯片中每两个点相距0.6 mm,每个病例取3个点,切片厚3 μm-4 μm。
1.2.2 FISH检测 采用荧光原位杂交直接法,选用Vysis公司的EGFR探针试剂盒。切片脱蜡,自然干燥或45 ℃-50 ℃条件下干燥2 min-5 min;浸入0.2N HCL,25 min,蒸馏水洗;2×SSC洗;80 ℃预处理液处理30 min;蒸馏水洗;2×SSC pH7.0洗;去除组织周围多余缓冲液,37 ℃胃蛋白酶消化10 min;2×SSC洗;室温置中性福尔马林10 min,后固定;2×SSC洗;置变性液中变性5 min,(73±1)℃;酒精梯度脱水,切片干燥;干燥后加入探针(73 ℃±1 ℃、变性5 min),立即盖上盖玻片,放入37 ℃杂交仪(美国Stat Spin公司)杂交12 h-16 h;浸入2×SSC/0.3%NP40,使盖玻片自然脱落,室温;盖玻片自然脱落后迅速放入(73±1)℃, 2×SSC/0.3%NP40液中2 min;置于2×SSC/0.3%NP40中洗5 s-60 s;避光,空气干燥标本;DAPI染细胞核,室温15 min;荧光显微镜(日本OLYMPUS BX-51)观察,-20 ℃保存杂交玻片。
1.3 结果判定
荧光原位杂交信号:细胞核内绿色信号为7号染色体信号,橘红色信号为EGFR基因信号。当40%以上肿瘤细胞内出现成簇的橘红色扩增信号或肿瘤细胞内橘红色信号与绿色信号比值≥2,以及当肿瘤细胞为多倍体时,肿瘤细胞内有4个以上的散在橘红色信号出现者为阳性扩增[8]。
1.4 统计分析
对EGFR基因扩增结果运用SPSS统计软件进行χ2检验,P < 005为有统计学差异。
2 结果
组织芯片经HE染色后发现个别组织点发生脱片、移位,但每个病例均可保证有两个以上可供进行观察分析的点,组织学观察率为100%。其中2例定位有误,未见肿瘤细胞,剔除该病例,其余病例取材准确。
FISH检测到的EGFR基因扩增主要有三种形式存在,一种为肿瘤细胞内出现成簇的橘红色扩增信号,一种为肿瘤细胞内橘红色信号与绿色信号比值≥2,还有一种为当肿瘤细胞为多倍体时,肿瘤细胞内出现4个以上的散在扩增信号。
在27例BAC病例中,EGFR基因扩增仅有多倍体散在的扩增4例,无成簇的扩增出现,阳性扩增率为14.81%。23例经典型肺腺癌病例中,获得最终检测结果22例,其中多倍体扩增5例,成簇扩增5例,阳性扩增率为45.45%。39例混合亚型肺腺癌中,最终有效检测31例,多倍体扩增6例,呈簇扩增1例,阳性扩增率为22.58%。经典型肺腺癌的EGFR 基因扩增病例明显多于BAC和混合亚型肺腺癌(χ2=11.632, P < 005)。(图1) 在EGFR基因扩增的病例中,以散在扩增信号存在的病例为15例,以呈簇扩增信号存在的病例为6例,EGFR基因扩增多以散在信号存在(图2,图3)。
图 1 EGFR基因细支气管肺泡癌在细支气管肺泡癌 (BAC) 及经典型肺腺癌中的扩增 Fig 1 EGFR gene amplification in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and conventional adenocarcinoma of the lung
图 2 经典型肺腺癌肿瘤细胞内EGFR基因扩增信号呈成簇形式存在 蓝色为细胞核, 橘红色为EGFR基因信号, 绿色为EGFR基因所在7号染色体信号. A:EGFR基因无扩增;B:肿瘤细胞核内有成簇的橘红色信号, 说明有EGFR基因的扩增. Fig 2 Amplified EGFR are found to form clusters in cancer nuclei of conventional adenocarci noma of the lung Blue color is cell nuclei, orange signals are EGFR gene, green signals are chromosome 7. A: No amplification; B: Amplified EGFR gene shown as clusters of orange signals.
图 3 细支气管肺泡癌细胞内EGFR基因扩增信号以散在的形式存在 A:蓝色为细胞核;B:绿色为EGFR基因所在7号染色体信号;C:红色为扩增信号;D:蓝、绿、红三张图叠加. Fig 3 Scattered orange signals of EGFR gene are found in cell nuclei of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. A: Blue is cell nuclei; B: Chromosome 7 is green signal; C: Orange signals are EGFR gene amplification; D: Merging of three pictures (A, B, C).
3 讨论
组织芯片(tissue microarray, TMA )技术是基因芯片技术的延伸,由Kononen[9]于1998年首次提出,具有体积小、通量高的特点,是后基因组时代进行表达分析的有力工具。我们用其进行了FISH的研究,使得多个指标在大量组织中的同时检测成为可能,而且使原本需要成百上千张切片才可能完成的工作仅用几张切片就可以完成,大大节省了人力、物力。均一的实验条件使不同批次、不同时间等造成的实验系统误差大大减少进而使实验结果更具有可比性。Camp等[10]研究采用0.6 mm直径取样针取样,当取样为三个组织芯时其符合率可达98%左右,证明取样越多,芯片与常规切片的符合率越高,因此组织芯片可以提供比较准确的信息。我们采用了0.6 mm直径针进行取样,每个标本随机取三个肿瘤组织柱构建成组织芯片,最终显示三个点之间结果一致。由于组织芯片内组织的差异性,在处理过程中易造成消化的不一致性,因此消化程度的掌握是应用组织芯片进行FISH检测的关键。我们在检测中由于消化的不一致性有点位丢失,在观察和统计计算时将其舍去。
有研究[11]证实,在哺乳动物细胞中,高度扩增的DNA以两种不同的结构存在,一种结构为均一染色区域(homogeneously staining regions, HSRs),另一种结构为双微染色体(double minute chromosomal, DM),为无着丝粒的环形结构。通常我们所看到的成簇的FISH扩增信号是由均一染色区域扩增而来,而那些检测到的散在的信号则是双微染色体的扩增。EGFR的扩增大多以散在的信号存在,而Her-2多以成簇的扩增信号存在,因此,EGFR的扩增模式为DM,Her-2的扩增模式为HSRs[12]。我们在对EGFR FISH的扩增结果判定发现,EGFR的扩增一种为和Her-2相似的成簇扩增信号,一种为散在的扩增信号,并以散在的扩增信号为多见,与文献中报道一致[8]。
EGFR是位于细胞膜上的跨膜蛋白,属于HER家族的一员,由细胞外的结合区、跨膜区及主要由酪氨酸激酶组成的细胞内区等三个区域组成[13]。EGFR的过度表达将导致其下游信号途径的异常激活,与肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关。
分子靶向治疗是一种新型的抗癌治疗方式,gefitini——EGFR-TKI,通过选择性抑制表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶发挥作用[14],主要用于治疗那些对化疗已经不敏感的BAC及含有BAC成分的NSCLC病人[4,5]。有研究显示EGFR-TKI作为辅助治疗与一线化疗相结合,将提高病人的生存率。我们通过对BAC及经典型肺腺癌病例进行的EGFR FISH检测发现,EGFR基因的扩增在经典型肺腺癌和BAC之间明显不同,在经典型肺腺癌病例中EGFR基因的扩增率为45.45%,BAC病例中EGFR基因的扩增率为14.81%,经典型肺腺癌的扩增病例明显多于BAC(P< 005),肺腺癌的扩增率高于BAC。文献中也有相似的报道,EGFR基因扩增在BAC及肺腺癌中各不相同,有浸润成分存在时,EGFR基因的扩增高于无浸润者,EGFR在腺癌的蛋白表达高于BAC[15]。EGFR基因的扩增从分子层面解释了浸润成分的存在与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,可能是BAC向肺腺癌的发展变化过程中的重要分子。
既往的研究发现,BAC及具有BAC组织学特征的肺癌对gefitinib敏感,其对gefitinib的反应率大大高于其它腺癌。本组研究的结果显示EGFR的扩增在BAC及具有BAC组织学特征的肺癌中扩增率低于经典型肺腺癌,因此,提示EGFR的扩增可能与gefitinib疗效无关。这一结果与最近文献[16]报道erlotinib的疗效主要与EGFR的突变相关,而与EGFR的扩增和蛋白表达无关是一致的。目前,有关EGFR基因扩增、突变和蛋白表达的相互关系及与EGFRTKI敏感性的关系是研究的热点,还需更多的工作进一步阐明。
由于BAC病人与经典型肺腺癌病人不论在手术方案的确定,术后治疗手段的选择上以及预后均存在较大的差异[17,18],因此我们对经典型肺腺癌和BAC的EGFR基因扩增的检测将为使用EGFR抑制剂在治疗中的分子机制提供有价值的资料,为病人的预后以及治疗提供特殊的临床指导意义。
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1Department of Pathology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; 2Department of Pathology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Abstract
背景与目的 分子靶向治疗药物表皮生长因子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)可提高肺腺癌病人的生存率,不同组织类型疗效不同。本研究对细支气管肺泡癌和经典型肺腺癌中表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因扩增情况进行比较分析,为临床预后治疗提供依据。方法 根据2004年WHO最新肺肿瘤分类标准选取2004年1月-2006年12月期间中国人民解放军总医院病理科病理档案中细支气管肺泡癌(BAC)27例(男13例、女14例)、经典型肺腺癌23例(男11例、女12例),具有BAC成分的混合亚型肺腺癌39例(男18例,女21例),总计89例。应用组织芯片和荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)进行EGFR基因扩增的检测。结果 在经典型肺腺癌病例中EGFR基因的扩增率为45.45%,BAC病例中的EGFR基因的扩增率为14.81%,混合亚型肺腺癌为22.58%。经典型肺腺癌的扩增病例明显多于BAC和混合亚型肺腺癌,三组之间χ2=11.632,P <0.05。三组病例中EGFR 基因扩增多以散在信号存在。结论 EGFR基因在肺腺癌的扩增率高于BAC。
Background and objective Patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung have disproportionately response to the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). The aim of this study is to analyze the difference of EGFR gene amplification in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), adenocarcinma mixed subtype and conventional adenocarcinoma of the lung and provide some information to clinical therapies. Methods Lung cancer cases were collected and reviewed from the archives of the Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital during the time period from 2004 to 2006. The definite diagnosis of BAC based on 2004 WHO classification of lung tumors was made by two pathologists. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to detect EGFR gene amplification in pure BAC, adenocarcinma mixed subtype and conventional adenocarcinoma. Results Conventional adenocarcinoma had higher EGFR amplification compared with pure BAC and adenocarcinma mixed subtype (χ2=11.632, P<0.05). EGFR gene amplification was found in 45.45% of conventional adenocarcinoma, 14.81% in pure BACs, and 22.58% in adenocarcinma mixed subtype. EGFR gene amplification was observed as scattered signals in most cases. Conclusion EGFR gene amplification was seen more frequently in the invasive components than in BAC. EGFR gene amplification might be associated with the development of adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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