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The history of the study on child socialization has revealed that parenting is a culturally bounded socialization activity that includes basic values, attitudes, and behaviors concerning child rearing and has critical implication for the optimal development of the child (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). Baumrind's (1971; 1980; 1991) conceptualization of parenting styles (i.e., authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive) is the most extensively cited and investigated construct in this arena. Two basic dimensions of parenting; responsiveness/ control and demandingness, were proposed and the four styles were defined at the intersection of these two dimensions: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive/ indulgent, and permissive/neglecting based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles (Darling & Steinberg, 1993; Maccoby & Martin, 1983; Steinberg, Mounts, Lamborn, & Dornbusch, 1991).
Using both parenting styles and dimensions, Baumrind and her followers consistently showed that whereas the authoritative parenting is positively associated with beneficial child outcomes; authoritarian, permissive, and neglecting parenting are associated with negative outcomes or a number of psychological dysfunctions in Western cultures. However, past studies in ethnic minority families in Western or Nonwestern cultures including Turkey have demonstrated that both the styles of parenting and the underlying dimensions of parenting, such parental control and "over" protection seem to have differential effects on children (e.g., Choe, 1994; Kagitçibasi, 2005).
In recent years, Barber and his colleagues has celebrated the concept of parental control into the two constructs as behavioral and psychological control, relatively corresponding to authoritative and authoritarian parenting (Barber, 1996: Barber, Maughan, & Olsen, 2005). According to this conceptualization, behavioral control involves monitoring the behaviors of child, having knowledge about these behaviors, and consistency in disciplining the child. Psychological control, however, refers to over controlling behaviors, such as love withdrawal, guilt induction, and intrusion. These behaviors have also cultural implications and need to...