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Abstract
The University autonomy and academic freedom are principles that govern higher education in Romania, and also lifelong learning. The importance of these principles for the proper functioning and development of higher education is highlighted in the national and international reference documents. Consequently, a correct definition and circumstantiation of them are essential to give support and substance to this development. Considering the importance and necessity revealed, this study aims to identify the meanings of mentioned principles by reference to the national legislation and the international developments.
Keywords: university autonomy, academic freedom, higher education
JEL Classification: K23
I. Introduction
The Romanian Constitution and the infraconstitutional legislation governing the organization of education in Romania use the concept of "university autonomy". In the absence of definitions at constitutional level, the significance of this concept has often been discussed, in search of coordinates, landmarks and boundaries especially in relation to the state action and the control that it has or may have on higher education.
This given that a number of international documents in the field emphasize the importance, for the proper functioning of the institutions of higher education, of the university autonomy.
Therefore, the Bologna Declaration (1999), signed by the education ministers of 30 European countries, including Romania, mainly aims to create a European Higher Education Area, with consideration and respect for university autonomy, expressly stating in this sense that "the independence and autonomy of universities ensures the permanent adaptation of higher education and research systems to changing needs, society's demands and advances in scientific knowledge."
A series of subsequent releases and statements (Prague, May 19, 2001, Berlin - September 19, 2003, Bergen - 19to 20 May, 2005, London - May 19, 2007, Leuven - 28 to 29 April 2009, Budapest-Vienna - March 21, 2010) repeat and reinforce the ideas and principles enshrined in the Bologna Declaration, in achieving its objectives, highlighting the fact that academic freedom, autonomy and accountability of higher education institutions are the principles of the European Higher Education Area3.
Similarly, the European Commission and a number of European governments have recognized the need for university autonomy. In this regard, the Commission Communication of May 2006 on the Modernization Agenda for universities stipulates as priority the creation of a new framework for universities,...