Validated HPLC Method for Quantification of Pregabalin in Human Plasma Using 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as Derivatization Agent

Abstract

In this study, a sensitive, simple, and reliable HPLC method for quantification of pregabalin in human plasma was developed and validated. 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was used as precolumn derivatization agent. For chromatography, an analytical reversed phase (C18) column and a mixture of Na2HPO4 10 mM (pH 8.0)--methanol (35 : 65 v/v) were used as stationary and mobile phase, respectively. Detection was performed using a UV detector tuned at 360 nm. The linearity of the method was tested over the concentration range 1-4500 ng/mL in 500 μL of human plasma and satisfactory results were obtained (r 2 > 0.999). The method showed good precision and accuracy in terms of within--between days relative standard deviations and percent deviation from nominated values (in the range of 4.3-12.7% and 2.6-8.0%, resp.). The limit of quantification of the method was found to be 1 ng/mL which is better than previously reported method and indicates its potential application for sensitive bioanalysis.

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Reza Ahmadkhaniha 1 and Siavash Mottaghi 2 and Mohammad Zargarpoor 2 and Effat Souri 2

Academic Editor:Toyohide Takeuchi

1, Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran

Received 29 May 2014; Accepted 14 July 2014; 17 August 2014

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

Pregabalin (Figure 1), (S)-3-(amino ethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, an analogue of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) with lipophilic properties, is a potent agonist of α ₂ δ subunit of voltage dependent calcium channels [1]. Pregabalin reduces release of glutamate, noradrenalin, substance P, serotonin, and dopamine in central nervous system (CNS) [2-4] and could be used for the treatment of pathological conditions such as partial seizure, neuropathic pain, and generalized anxiety disorder [5-9]. After being taken orally, pregabalin is absorbed rapidly and reaches maximum plasma concentration ( _{C max ...} ) at about 1.3 h [10]. A range of ( _{C max ...} ) from 3.5 to 4.5 μ g/mL was reported after orally administration of 150 mg pregabalin to the volunteers [11].

Figure 1: Chemical structure of pregabalin.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

For determination of pregabalin in biological fluids, sophisticated methods such as methods based on LC-MS-MS were employed [11-14]. Although most of LC-MS-MS methods are sensitive and reliable, the instruments are too expensive and unavailable in most of clinical laboratories. Furthermore the carry-over and ion suppression effects are main analytical problems of LC-MS methods which are against the routine use of these methods [15, 16].

Pregabalin is an aliphatic agent without any significant chromophore group, which makes difficulty in its quantification by general HPLC-UV methods. Therefore, derivatizing reagents such as o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid, and picrylsulfonic acid were usually used to make better determination [10, 17, 18]. Unfortunately, most of these derivatization methods are complicated and time consuming and suffer from low recovery values. Based on our knowledge, there is only one report about liquid chromatographic analysis of pregabalin in human urine without derivatization [19]. However, the method sensitivity was not adequate for most of bioanalytical application such as pharmacokinetic studies. Pharmacokinetic studies require a simple, sensitive, selective, reliable, and rapid analytical method. In this study, a nucleophilic reagent, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) (Figure 2), was used for production of a chromophoric derivative of pregabalin. This reagent has been used before for the determination of pregabalin in bulk raw materials and also in pharmaceutical dosage forms [20-23]. However, based on our knowledge, there is no report about application of this derivatization agent for pregabalin bioanalysis. The purpose of our study was to develop a rapid, sensitive, and reliable bioanalytical method based on precolumn derivatization for analysis of pregabalin in human plasma.

Figure 2: Chemical structure of FDNB.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

2. Experimental

2.1. Chemicals

Pregabalin was from Sun Pharma (India) and was kindly provided by Bakhtar Bioshimi Co. (Kermanshah, Iran). Gabapentin (Internal Standard, I.S.) was from Ranbaxy (India). 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) and all other solvents and regents were of analytical grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The drug-free plasma of healthy volunteers was provided by the Blood Centre of Shariatee University Hospital (Tehran, Iran). HPLC grade water was prepared using a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA).

2.2. Instrumentation

An Agilent 1100 system (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) consisting of a degasser, a quaternary pump, a column oven, an auto sampler, and a variable wavelength UV detector was used for separation and determination of the target analytes.

2.3. Standard Solutions

The stock standard solutions of pregabalin and gabapentin (I.S.) were prepared at 25 μ g/mL in methanol. Calibration solutions of pregabalin were prepared by stepwise dilution using methanol as diluent. Stock solution of FDNB (0.06 M) was prepared by dissolving 1.14 g of the reagent in 100 mL of acetonitrile (this reagent should be handled carefully since it is a skin irritant). Appropriate amounts of H ₃ BO₃ and KCl were dissolved in water and the pH was adjusted to 8.2 by adding 2 M NaOH to prepare a 0.25 M borate buffer. All stock and working solutions were stored at 4°C until analysis.

2.4. Sample Preparation

To 500 μ L of drug-free plasma, 10 μ L of internal standard solution (25 μ g/mL), and 10 μ L of calibration standard solutions were added and the mixture was vortex-mixed for 10 s. After addition of 1 mL acetonitrile to the samples, the tubes were shaken for another 10 s. After centrifugation at 4472 ×g (4°C, 5 min), the upper layer was transferred into another vial containing borate buffer (100 μ L) and FDNB solution (50 μ L). The mixture was vortex-mixed for 10 s and kept at 65°C for 20 min. The samples was cooled to room temperature and after addition of saturated NaCl solution (100 μ L) and n-pentane (100 μ L), the mixture was shaken for 30 s. After centrifugation at 1610 ×g for 5 min, the lower layer was transferred into vials containing 250 μ L of HCl (3 M) and 500 μ L of chloroform. The mixture was shaken for 1 min and centrifuged at 1610 ×g for 5 min and the chloroform layer was transferred into another vial and evaporated at 50°C under nitrogen stream. The residue was reconstituted in 50 μ L of methanol, vortex-mixing for 10 s and an aliquot of 20 μ L was injected onto the HPLC system for analysis.

2.5. Chromatographic Conditions

Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase TRACER EXCEL ODS-A stainless steel column, (5 μ m, 150 × 4.6 mm i.d., Teknokroma, Barcelona, Spain) at ambient temperature. Mobile phase consisted of methanol (65%) and Na₂ HPO₄ (35%, pH = 8, 0.01 M). The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed at 360 nm.

2.6. Calibration

Standard calibration solutions in the range of 1-5000 ng/mL were prepared by spiking blank plasma samples with appropriate amounts of gabapentin (10 μ L × 25 μ g/mL) as internal standard and pregabalin calibration solutions to produce final concentrations equivalent to 1, 10, 25, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 5000 ng/mL of pregabalin. Calibration samples were prepared in five replicates and the results (ratio of peak areas versus nominal concentration) were used to compute the calibration equation. The quality of linear regression analysis was evaluated by comparing the results of determined concentrations to the nominal ones.

2.7. Quality Control Samples

The quality control samples (QC) were prepared in the same way as the calibration samples at different concentrations along the calibration range (1, 5, 75, 450, 550, 2500, and 4500 ng/mL). The calibration and quality control samples were under the same storage and analytical conditions.

2.8. Validation of the Method

The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, and precision using FDA guidelines [24]. Precision (expressed as % relative standard deviation, R.S.D) and accuracy (expressed as % error) were calculated for QC samples. Five replicates at each QC level were analyzed to determine the intraday accuracy and precision. This process was repeated over three days in order to determine the interday accuracy and precision. The extraction recoveries were determined by comparing the results of quality control samples with standard solutions at the same nominal concentrations.

2.9. Pharmacokinetic Study

The developed method was used for the determination of pregabalin concentration in human plasma after administration of a single oral dose of pregabalin (Parke-Davis, Germany, Lot number 0076125) to two healthy adult male volunteers. The subjects were informed about the aim, course, and possible risks of the study and then gave written consent to their participation. The protocol of study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the recommendations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. After an overnight fast, each subject received 400 mg of gabapentin in the form of tablet. Blood samples (5 mL) were drawn into heparinized test tubes immediately before (0 h) and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h after drug administration. Blood samples were centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 min and plasma samples were separated and stored at -20°C until analysis. Before analysis, the plasma samples were thawed at 18°C.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Derivatization Reaction

Reaction of FDNB with primary amines is usually carried out in mild basic medium. On the other hand, hydrolysis of the reagent occurs in alkaline conditions too [22]. The optimum condition for derivatization reaction was selected based on our previous study on gabapentin [23]. The time for reaction was exceeded to 20 min for achieving better results. The maximum UV absorption of the pregabalin derivative was determined at 360 nm using wavelength scan experiments in the range of 200-400 nm. A representative UV spectrum of synthesized pregabalin derivative was demonstrated in Figure 3. As indicated, the derivative shows absorption maxima at 360 nm whereas this absorption peak is absent in the parent compound (pregabalin).

Figure 3: A representative UV spectrum of pregabalin (a) and pregabalin-FDNB derivative (b).

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

3.2. Chromatography

The chromatographic conditions, especially the analytical column and the composition of mobile phase, were optimized through several trials to achieve the desired sensitivity, separation, run time, and peak shapes. Typical chromatograms obtained for blank plasma, a spiked plasma sample, and a real sample after drug administration are presented in Figure 4. Under described chromatographic conditions, pregabalin and I.S. were well resolved and eluted at about 4.5 and 5.2 min, respectively. No interferences from endogenous plasma components or derivatizing reagent were observed.

Figure 4: Typical HPLC chromatograms of pregabalin and I.S. derivative. (a) Drug free plasma; (b) plasma spiked with pregabalin (5 ng/mL) and I.S.; (c) plasma spiked with pregabalin (100 ng/mL) and I.S.; (d) a real sample (concentration of pregabalin was determined as 33 ng/mL).

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

3.3. Recovery and Analyte Stability

We evaluated a two-step liquid-liquid extraction method for sample preparation. As the results indicated, the extraction method produced a cleaner baseline and consequently higher sensitivity than previously reported one-step liquid-liquid extraction method [23]. In the first step of extraction, the basic condition ( pH > 9.5 ) , results in the conversion of carboxylic acid moiety of the analytes to carboxylate anion, consequently about 95% (as estimated in preliminary studies) of the analytes will remain in the aqueous phase. After decreasing pH value ( pH < 2 ) in the second step, the carboxylate anion converts to the corresponding carboxylic acid, which makes the compound only slightly soluble in the aqueous phase. Consequently, considerable amount of the analyte will be extracted by the organic phase. On the other hand, in acidic medium, the colored byproduct of the reaction converts to uncolored compound which results in a cleaner chromatogram. Chloroform was selected as extraction solvent in the second step due to its highest extraction yield. The mean recovery was estimated 88.5% with RSD value of 3.8%. Pregabalin was found to be stable in human plasma at -20°C for 60 days. The FDNB derivative of pregabalin was also found stable for at least 24 h at room temperature.

3.4. Validation

A good linear relationship was found between the peak area ratios (pregabalin derivative to that of the internal standard derivative) versus the corresponding concentration over the range of 1-5000 ng/mL. The calibration curve equation and the regression analysis data are presented in Table 1. The accuracy and precision of the proposed method were determined at different concentrations. Intraday and interday experiment data are presented in Table 2. RSD and error values, respectively, <12.7% and <8.0%, indicate adequate accuracy and precision of the method. Limit of quantification was found to be 1 ng mL ^-1 ( RSD < 12.7 % ) for pregabalin.

Table 1: Statistical data of calibration curves of pregabalin in standard solutions ( n = 5 ).

Parameters	Results
Linearity range	1-5000 (ng/mL)
Regression equation	Y = 0.025 X + 0.002
Standard deviation of slope	0.13
Relative standard deviation of slope (%)	0.72
Standard deviation of intercept	0.25
Correlation coefficient ( r 2 )	0.99

Table 2: Precision and accuracy of method for determination of pregabalin in standard solutions ( n = 15 ; five sets for 3 days).

Nominal concentration (ng/mL)	Intraday ( n = 5 )	Interday ( n = 15 )
Determined (ng/mL)	RSD (%)	Error (%)	Determined (ng/mL)	RSD (%)	Error (%)
1.00	1.07	10.5	7.0	1.08	12.7	8.0
5.00	5.17	8.1	3.4	5.23	10.7	4.6
75.00	78.10	6.2	4.1	70.33	10.1	- 6.2
450.00	438.40	4.3	- 2.6	413.87	4.7	- 8.0
550.00	528.50	6.4	- 3.9	511.17	8.3	- 7.1
2500.00	2419.53	8.6	- 3.2	2404.67	8.9	- 3.8
4500.00	4679.77	10.2	4.0	4325.10	10.4	- 3.9

3.5. Application to Pharmacokinetic Study

The average plasma concentration-time profile of pregabalin after administration of a single oral dose of pregabalin tablet (400 mg) to two volunteers is shown in Figure 5. As indicated in this graph, pregabalin has been quantified more than 5 elimination half-lives after _{C max ...} which shows the method applicability in pharmacokinetic studies. Under the above mentioned experimental condition, the main pharmacokinetic parameters were determined as _{C max ...} = 8.2 μ g/mL, _{T max ...} = 2 - 3 h, and mean elimination half time ( _{T 1 / 2} ) = 6.3 h.

Figure 5: Plasma concentration-time profile of pregabalin after administration of a single dose (400 mg) pregabalin to two volunteers.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

4. Conclusion

In this study, a simple HPLC method for quantification of pregabalin in human plasma was developed. The validated method is based on the precolumn derivatization of pregabalin with FDNB in alkaline medium. The colored derivative could be determined by general UV detector even at low concentration. A total analysis time (including both sample preparation and instrument run time) of less than 60 min makes this method suitable for high-throughput analysis. Based on our literature review, the best reported limit of quantification for HPLC determination of pregabalin in plasma was 0.13 μ g/mL [15, 16, 25]. The limit of quantification of the present method is better than these methods and is comparable to the previously LC-MS-MS reported methods [11-14] (Table 3).

Table 3: A brief comparison between different HPLC methods for determination of pregabalin in human plasma.

Reference	Derivatizing reagent	Linearity range ( μ g/mL)	Detection	Retention time (min)	LOQ (μ g/mL)
[15]	Picrylsulfonic acid	0.5-8	Fluorescence	17.0	0.25
[16]	o-Phthaldialdehyde	0-40	Fluorescence	15.0	0.13
[24]	4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofuran	0.4-30	Fluorescence	14.0	0.4
The method developed in this study	1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene	1-5000	UV	5.3	0.001

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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