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Int.J. Behav. Med. (2014) 21:177185 DOI 10.1007/s12529-012-9278-6
Validation of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-8 in an Australian Pain Clinic Sample
John Baranoff & Stephanie J. Hanrahan & Dilip Kapur &
Jason P. Connor
Published online: 22 November 2012# International Society of Behavioral Medicine 2012
AbstractBackground Recently, an 8-item short-form version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ-8) was developed predominantly in an internet sample. Further investigation of the factor structure in a multidisciplinary pain clinic sample is required. Investigation of the concurrent validity of the CPAQ-8 after accounting for the effects of variables commonly measured in the pain clinic setting is also necessary.
Purpose This study examines the factor structure and concurrent validity of the CPAQ-8 in a sample of treatment-seeking patients who attended a multidisciplinary pain clinic.
Methods Participants were 334 patients who attended an Australian multidisciplinary pain service. Participants completed the CPAQ, a demographic questionnaire, and measures of patient adjustment and functioning.
Results Confirmatory factor analysis identified a two-factor 8-item model consisting of Activity Engagement and Pain Willingness factors (SRMR00.039, RMSEA00.063, CFI00.973, TLI00.960) was superior to both the CPAQ and CPAQ with an item removed. The CPAQ and CPAQ-8 total scores were highly correlated (r00.93). After accounting for pain intensity, the CPAQ-8 was a significant predictor of depression, anxiety, stress, and disability. The subscales of the CPAQ-8 were both unique contributors to depression and disability in regression analyses, after accounting for pain intensity and kinesiophobia, and after accounting for pain intensity and catastrophizing.
Conclusions The CPAQ-8 has a sound factor structure and similar psychometric properties to the CPAQ; it may have clinical utility as a measure of pain acceptance in treatment-seeking, chronic pain patients.
Keywords Chronic pain . Acceptance . Short-form . Psychometric properties
Introduction
The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) is a 20-item scale used to assess two related behavioral processes, namely activity engagement and pain willingness [1, 2]. Since 2004, more than 90 studies have investigated acceptance of chronic pain, with the majority employing the CPAQ due to its strong psychometric properties [3]. The total score, as well as the subscales of pain willingness and activity engagement, predict disability, quality of life, and distress [1]. The CPAQ contributes unique variance to pain disability, anxiety, and depression when considered in the context...