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At the beginning of World War II, the states that were actually working on the development of an atomic bomb included Germany, England, the U.S., the U.S.S.R. and Japan. The Manhattan Project, the project to create an atomic bomb, began in the U.S. in 1942. British scientists also participated in this project. This is because they had obtained information that Nazi Germany had initiated a program to develop the A-bomb.
Total war had begun with World War I, and was developed thoroughly in WWII. Total war means the elimination of the distinctions between the front lines and the noncombatants on the homefront. Especially in WWII, the ethical prohibition on attacking civilians became extremely loose. Because it was a total war, the men and women who did not go to the front were making weapons behind the lines. They were regarded as part of the war effort.
The American people were largely isolationist, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was given as a reason allowing the U.S. to...