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The finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method is a time-domain full-wave analysis tool that has been used extensively to solve two- and three-dimension scattering problems. Authors J. Xia, S.H. Tan, and K. Arichandran of the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) used the method to model various type of microstrip antennas. In particular, FDTD was applied in a microstrip antenna designed with a substrate-superstrate method intended to increase the antenna's gain (such antennas are noted for narrow bandwidth and low gain). A microstrip antenna was fabricated and both simulated with FDTD software tools and measured electrically with a network analyzer. The simulated results came out in close agreement with the measured ones. Moreover, the antenna has a maximum gain of 10.4 dBi and wide bandwidth, which makes it applicable to mobile-satellite communications, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), remote sensing, and other microwave systems. See "Analysis of One Wide-Band and High-Gain Patch Microstrip Antenna Using the FDTD Method," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 6, November 1999, p. 468.